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Chronic clomipramine treatment increases hippocampal volume in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:245. [PMID: 35688836 PMCID: PMC9187713 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that neuroinflammation is closely related to the pathophysiology of depression. Due to individual differences in clinical research, the reduction of hippocampal volume in patients with depression is still controversial. In this experiment, we studied a typical kind of tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine. We designed a series of experiments to find its role in depressive-like behavior, hippocampal neuroinflammation as well as hippocampal volume changes induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CMS). Rats exhibited defective behavior and hippocampal neuroinflammation after 12 weeks of CMS, which included elevated expression of cleaved interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and NLRP3 inflammasome together with the activation of microglia. Rats exposed to CMS showed weakened behavioral defects, reduced expression of IL-18, IL-6, and IL-1β along with reversed activation of microglia after clomipramine treatment. This indicates that the antidepressant effect of clomipramine may be related to the reduced expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and cleaved IL-1β. Moreover, we found an increased hippocampal volume in rats exposed to CMS after clomipramine treatment while CMS failed to affect hippocampal volume. All these results indicate that the NLRP3 inflammasome of microglia in the hippocampus is related to the antidepressant effects of clomipramine and CMS-induced depressive-like behavior in rats.
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Lipponen A, Natunen T, Hujo M, Ciszek R, Hämäläinen E, Tohka J, Hiltunen M, Paananen J, Poulsen D, Kansanen E, Ekolle Ndode-Ekane X, Levonen AL, Pitkänen A. In Vitro and In Vivo Pipeline for Validation of Disease-Modifying Effects of Systems Biology-Derived Network Treatments for Traumatic Brain Injury-Lessons Learned. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215395. [PMID: 31671916 PMCID: PMC6861918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a pipeline for the discovery of transcriptomics-derived disease-modifying therapies and used it to validate treatments in vitro and in vivo that could be repurposed for TBI treatment. Desmethylclomipramine, ionomycin, sirolimus and trimipramine, identified by in silico LINCS analysis as candidate treatments modulating the TBI-induced transcriptomics networks, were tested in neuron-BV2 microglial co-cultures, using tumour necrosis factor α as a monitoring biomarker for neuroinflammation, nitrite for nitric oxide-mediated neurotoxicity and microtubule associated protein 2-based immunostaining for neuronal survival. Based on (a) therapeutic time window in silico, (b) blood-brain barrier penetration and water solubility, (c) anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in vitro (p < 0.05) and (d) target engagement of Nrf2 target genes (p < 0.05), desmethylclomipramine was validated in a lateral fluid-percussion model of TBI in rats. Despite the favourable in silico and in vitro outcomes, in vivo assessment of clomipramine, which metabolizes to desmethylclomipramine, failed to demonstrate favourable effects on motor and memory tests. In fact, clomipramine treatment worsened the composite neuroscore (p < 0.05). Weight loss (p < 0.05) and prolonged upregulation of plasma cytokines (p < 0.05) may have contributed to the worsened somatomotor outcome. Our pipeline provides a rational stepwise procedure for evaluating favourable and unfavourable effects of systems-biology discovered compounds that modulate post-TBI transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anssi Lipponen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Teemu Natunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mika Hujo
- School of Computing, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Robert Ciszek
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Elina Hämäläinen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mikko Hiltunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Jussi Paananen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
- Bioinformatics Center, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - David Poulsen
- Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Buffalo, 875 Ellicott St, 6071 CTRC, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
| | - Emilia Kansanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Xavier Ekolle Ndode-Ekane
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Anna-Liisa Levonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Othman H, Ammari M, Lassoued A, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Zinc improves clomipramine effects on depressive and locomotor behavior and reverses its oxidative stress in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 374:112122. [PMID: 31376442 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a common mental disease affecting a lot of people of all ages around the world. Today, improving the therapeutic effects of currently used antidepressants such as clomipramine and, especially when they are administered at high doses is a topic of interest. The study aims to evaluate the eventual role of zinc (30 mg/Kg) in ameliorating clomipramine (75 mg/Kg) effects on behavior and oxidative stress equilibrium following a 6 day treatment in male Wistar rats. Our main findings showed that zinc improved clomipramine antidepressant and locomotor effects. Moreover, zinc reversed the oxidative stress induced by this drug in the liver. Thus, zinc at 30 mg/Kg may constitute an efficient adjuvant for clomipramine used at a high dose (75 mg/Kg) by boosting its efficacy on behavior and alleviating its negative effects on oxidative balance in liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Othman
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, 7021, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Ammari
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, 7021, Tunisia; University of Tunis El Manar, Higher Institute of Applied Biological Sciences of Tunis, 9, Rue Zouhair Essafi, 1006, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amal Lassoued
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Environment Biomonitoring Laboratory, Jarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Mohsen Sakly
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
| | - Hafedh Abdelmelek
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Jarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
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Balk RDS, Silva MHD, Bridi JC, Carvalho NR, Portella RDL, Dobrachinski F, Amaral GP, Barcelos R, Dias GRM, Rocha JBTD, Barbosa NBV, Soares FAA. Effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine on Na+/K+-ATPase activity and behavior in rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2011; 29:909-16. [PMID: 21762772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (LHPA) and the release of glucocorticoids are fundamental for the adaptive response and immediate survival of an organism in reaction to acute stimuli. However, high levels of glucocorticoids in the brain may produce neuronal injury and a decrease of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, with effects on neurotransmitter signaling, neural activity, as well as the whole animal behavior. Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine by indirect actions on the dopaminergic system and LHPA axis. Its chronic use increases the body's ability to cope with stress; however, high doses can potentiate its side effects on memory, learning, and sensory motor function. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of repeated restraint stress and clomipramine treatment on Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity and on the behavior of male rats. Changes in the behavioral response were evaluated by measuring the memory, learning, anxiety, and exploratory responses. Our results showed that exposure to repeated restraint stress reduced levels of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in brain structures and changed short and long-term memory, learning, and exploratory response when compared to the control group. Exposure to clomipramine treatment increased anxiety levels and reduced Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity in the cerebral cortex as well as short term memory, learning, and exploratory response. In conclusion, the present results provide additional evidence concerning how repeated restraint stress and clomipramine chronically administered at higher dose levels affect the neural activity and behavior of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo de Souza Balk
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Clomipramine Treatment and Repeated Restraint Stress Alter Parameters of Oxidative Stress in Brain Regions of Male Rats. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1761-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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McAllister EJ, Dhurandhar NV, Keith SW, Aronne LJ, Barger J, Baskin M, Benca RM, Biggio J, Boggiano MM, Eisenmann JC, Elobeid M, Fontaine KR, Gluckman P, Hanlon EC, Katzmarzyk P, Pietrobelli A, Redden DT, Ruden DM, Wang C, Waterland RA, Wright SM, Allison DB. Ten putative contributors to the obesity epidemic. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; 49:868-913. [PMID: 19960394 PMCID: PMC2932668 DOI: 10.1080/10408390903372599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The obesity epidemic is a global issue and shows no signs of abating, while the cause of this epidemic remains unclear. Marketing practices of energy-dense foods and institutionally-driven declines in physical activity are the alleged perpetrators for the epidemic, despite a lack of solid evidence to demonstrate their causal role. While both may contribute to obesity, we call attention to their unquestioned dominance in program funding and public efforts to reduce obesity, and propose several alternative putative contributors that would benefit from equal consideration and attention. Evidence for microorganisms, epigenetics, increasing maternal age, greater fecundity among people with higher adiposity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical iatrogenesis, reduction in variability of ambient temperatures, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic are reviewed herein. While the evidence is strong for some contributors such as pharmaceutical-induced weight gain, it is still emerging for other reviewed factors. Considering the role of such putative etiological factors of obesity may lead to comprehensive, cause specific, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this global epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J McAllister
- Department of Infections and Obesity, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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