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Liu M, Wu E, Pan F, Tian K, Fu J, Yu Y, Guo Z, Ma Y, Wei A, Yu X, Zhan C, Qian J. Effects of drug-induced liver injury on the in vivo fate of liposomes. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 201:114389. [PMID: 38945407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Liposomes represent one of the most extensively studied nano-carriers due to their potential in targeted drug delivery. However, the complex in vivo fate, particularly under pathological conditions, presents challenges for clinical translation of liposomal therapeutics. Liver serves as the most important organ for liposome accumulation and metabolism. Unfortunately, the fate of liposomes under pathological liver conditions has been significantly overlooked. This study aimed to investigate the in vivo pharmacokinetic profile and biodistribution profile of liposomes under drug-induced liver injury (DILI) conditions. Two classic DILI animal models, i.e. acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury (AILI) and triptolide-induced subacute liver injury (TILI), were established to observe the effect of pathological liver conditions on the in vivo performance of liposomes. The study revealed significant changes in the in vivo fate of liposomes following DILI, including prolonged blood circulation and enhanced hepatic accumulation of liposomes. Changes in the composition of plasma proteins and mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS)-related cell subpopulations collectively led to the altered in vivo fate of liposomes under liver injury conditions. Despite liver injury, macrophages remained the primary cells responsible for liposomes uptake in liver, with the recruited monocyte-derived macrophages exhibiting enhanced ability to phagocytose liposomes under pathological conditions. These findings indicated that high capture of liposomes by the recruited hepatic macrophages not only offered potential solutions for targeted delivery, but also warned the clinical application of patients under pathological liver conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education & Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ercan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education & Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Kaisong Tian
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Jiaru Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yifei Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Yinyu Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Anqi Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education & Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Changyou Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Pudong Medical Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
| | - Jun Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery (Fudan University), Ministry of Education & Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Zhou J, Li M, Yu Z, Li C, Zhou L, Zhou X. Protective effect of Qingluotongbi formula against Tripterygium wilfordii induced liver injury in mice by improving fatty acid β-oxidation and mitochondrial biosynthesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:80-88. [PMID: 36541729 PMCID: PMC9788700 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2157842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Qingluotongbi formula (QLT) is a Chinese medicine compound consisting of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (Celastraceae, TW), Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F.H.Chen (Araliaceae, PN), Rehmannia glutinosa (Gaertn.) DC. (Orobanchaceae, RG), Sinomenium acutum (Thunb.) Rehder & E.H. Wilson (Menispermaceae, SA), and Bombyx mori L. (Bombycidae, BM). OBJECTIVE This study investigated the protective effect and possible mechanism of QLT against TW-induced liver injury in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS To establish the model of TW-induced liver injury in mice, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, low-dose TW group, middle-dose TW group, and high-dose TW group. To observe the effects of QLT and its individual ingredients against TW-induced liver injury, C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into 7 groups: control group, TW group, QLT group, PN group, RG group, SA group, BM group.After administration for 7 days, C57BL/6J mice were tested for biochemical indicators and liver pathological changes. Then, we evaluated the mitochondrial function and analysed the gene and protein expression related to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) pathway by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. RESULTS Compared with the control group (0.30 ± 0.35), TW significantly increased mice liver histological score (L, 0.95 ± 1.14; M, 1.25 ± 1.16; H, 4.00 ± 1.13). QLT and its ingredients significantly improved the pathology scores (CON, 0.63 ± 0.74; TW, 4.19 ± 1.53; QLT, 1.56 ± 0.62; PN, 1.94 ± 0.68; RG, 2.75 ± 1.39; SA, 4.13 ± 0.99; BM, 4.13 ± 0.99). Western blot and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that QLT and its ingredients reversed TW-induced suppression of PPARα/PGC1-α pathway.Discussion and conclusions: These findings provide valuable information for compound compatibility studies and TW clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Changqing Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Material Medical, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ma ZT, Shi Z, Xiao XH, Wang JB. New Insights into Herb-Induced Liver Injury. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:1138-1149. [PMID: 36401515 PMCID: PMC10259609 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Herbs are widely used worldwide. However, inappropriate use of some of the herbs can lead to herb-induced liver injury (HILI). Intriguingly, HILI incidents are on the rise, and our understanding of the underlying etiologies is in progress, and hence, an update on the current status of incidents as well as our understanding on the etiologies of HILI is appropriate. Recent Advances: HILI reports due to the use of some herbs that are traditionally considered to be safe are also on the rise. Furthermore, HILI due to the use of certain herbs in combination with other herbs (herb-herb interaction [HHI]) or non-herb components (herb-drug interaction [HDI]) has also been reported, suggesting a potentially important new type of inappropriate use of herbs. Critical Issues: Updated overviews focus on the epidemiology, etiology, phenotypes, and risk factors of HILI, as well as HDI and HHI, and analysis on several types of newly reported "toxic" effects of herbs based on types of hepatotoxicity and the HILI mechanisms. Future Directions: HILI will continue to be a significant public health challenge in the near future. In the light of the lack of broadly available guidelines and regulations for proper and safe uses of herbs worldwide, raising the public awareness of HILI will remain one of the most effective measures. In particular, it should include a better understanding of the contributing factors; a more detail subclassification and description of HILI, better characterization of the components/substances that could induce HILI; and development of HILI diagnosis based on the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM). Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 1138-1149.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Tao Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuo Shi
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics of Chinese Materia Medica, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Xu Y, Guo Y, Lu C, Yu L, Fang C, Li C. Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharide Inhibited Liver Cancer in a Simulated Tumor Microenvironment by Eliminating TLR4/STAT3 Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1249-1259. [PMID: 37661404 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most aggressive tumors and one of the most common malignant tumors which seriously threatens human health. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was reported to resist the proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer cells. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential anti-cancer effect of Polygonatum sibiricum polysaccharide (PSP) on the tumor immune microenvironment in liver cancer cells. HepG2 and Hep3B cells were pretreated in the absence or the presence of PSP (20, 50, 100 µg/mL) for a period of 24 h. Subsequently, dendritic cells (DCs) were co-cultured with HepG2 and Hep3B cell supernatant to investigate the effect of PSP on the tumor microenvironment. The results showed that PSP dose-dependently inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of HepG2 and Hep3B cells. Meanwhile, PSP dose-dependently inhibited migration, invasion, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of liver cancer cells. In addition, PSP dose-dependently induced inflammatory response of DCs, characterized by increases of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in DCs. Mechanically, PSP dose-dependently reduced the activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and noncanonical nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways. TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reversed the anti-oncogenic effects of PSP in liver cancer cells. Taken together, PSP inhibited liver cancer in a simulated tumor microenvironment by eliminating TLR4/STAT3 pathway. PSP promises an important and useful alternative to liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunke Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Changyou Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Linlin Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Chao Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
| | - Chuntao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University
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Hu Y, Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhou H, Yang T. The molecular pathogenesis of triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:979307. [PMID: 36091841 PMCID: PMC9449346 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.979307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major pharmacologically active ingredient and toxic component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. However, its clinical potential is limited by a narrow therapeutic window and multiple organ toxicity, especially hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, TP-induced hepatotoxicity shows significant inter-individual variability. Over the past few decades, research has been devoted to the study of TP-induced hepatotoxicity and its mechanism. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of TP-induced hepatotoxicity. Studies have demonstrated that TP-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with CYP450s, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), oxidative stress, excessive autophagy, apoptosis, metabolic disorders, immunity, and the gut microbiota. These new findings provide a comprehensive understanding of TP-induced hepatotoxicity and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqing Hu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiguo Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Anqing Medical College, Anqing, China
| | - Yulin Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yang, ; Hua Zhou,
| | - Tao Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Yang, ; Hua Zhou,
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Design, synthesis, and antitumor activity evaluation of steroidal oximes. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116360. [PMID: 34425478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Steroidal compounds were proven to be efficient drugs against several types of cancer. Oximes are also chemical structures frequently associated with anticancer activity. The main goal of this work was to combine the two referred structures by synthesizing steroidal oximes and evaluating them in several cancer cell lines. Compounds (17E)-5α-androst-3-en-17-one oxime (3,4 - OLOX), (17E)-3α,4α-epoxy-5α-androstan-17-one oxime (3,4 - EPOX), (17E)-androst-4-en-17-one oxime (4,5 - OLOX) and (17E)-4α,5α-epoxyandrostan-17-one oxime (4,5 - EPOX) were synthesized and their cytotoxicity evaluated in four human cancer cell lines, namely colorectal adenocarcinoma (WiDr), non-small cell lung cancer (H1299), prostate cancer (PC3) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2). A human non-tumour cell line, CCD841 CoN (normal colon cell line) was also used. MTT assay, flow cytometry, fluorescence and hemocompatibility techniques were performed to further analyse the cytotoxicity of the compounds. 3,4 - OLOX was the most effective compound in decreasing tumour cell proliferation in all cell lines, especially in WiDr (IC50 = 9.1 μM) and PC3 (IC50 = 13.8 μM). 4,5 - OLOX also showed promising results in the same cell lines (IC50 = 16.1 μM in WiDr and IC50 = 14.5 μM in PC3). Further studies also revealed that 3,4 - OLOX and 4,5 - OLOX induced a decrease in cell viability accompanied by an increase in cell death, mainly by apoptosis/necroptosis for 3,4 - OLOX in both cell lines and for 4,5 - OLOX in WiDr cells, and by necrosis for 4,5 - OLOX in PC3 cells. These compounds might also exert their cytotoxicity by ROS production and are not toxic for non-tumour CCD841 CoN cells. Additionally, both compounds did not induce haemoglobin release, proving to be safe for intravenous administration. 3,4 - OLOX and 4,5 - OLOX might be the starting point for an optimization program towards the discover of new steroidal oximes for anticancer treatment.
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Pires AS, Varela CL, Marques IA, Abrantes AM, Gonçalves C, Rodrigues T, Matafome P, Botelho MF, Roleira FMF, Tavares-da-Silva E. Oxymestane, a cytostatic steroid derivative of exemestane with greater antitumor activity in non-estrogen-dependent cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 212:105950. [PMID: 34271024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A new promising steroid derivative of Exemestane (Exe), the drug used for the treatment of estrogen-dependent breast cancer, was synthesized and evaluated against a set of human cancer cell lines. The new compound (Oxymestane-D1, Oxy) was tested comparatively with Exe against colon (C2BBe1, WiDr), liver (HepG2, HuH-7), lung (A549, H1299) and prostate (LNCaP, PC3) human cancer cell lines. Likewise, its effect on human colon normal cells (CCD-841 CoN) and human normal fibroblast cells (HFF-1) was studied. The cytostatic activity of Oxy was also compared with that of the reference cytostatic drugs used in chemotherapy protocols, namely carboplatin, cisplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin, etoposide, flutamide, 5-fluorouracil, irinotecan, oxaliplatin and sorafenib. In all cell lines tested, Oxy proved to be more powerful cytostatic than Exe. Additionally, the IC50 at 72 h showed a three-fold activity greater than 5-fluorouracil in the WiDr cell line, twice as high as cisplatin for cell line A549 and five times higher than cisplatin for cell line H1299. Also, Oxy surprisingly revealed to induce DNA damage and inhibit the DNA damage response (DDR) proteins ATM, ATR, CHK1 and CHK2. The results obtained allow concluding that Oxy can be a promising anticancer agent to be used in chemotherapy protocols. Furthermore, its ability to inhibit crucial components of DDR can also be useful for the monotherapy or for combination with chemo and/or radiotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Pires
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Carla L Varela
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, FFUC, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Inês A Marques
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Ana M Abrantes
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Cristina Gonçalves
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Tiago Rodrigues
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Laboratory of Physiology of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Matafome
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Laboratory of Physiology of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Maria F Botelho
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra, Praceta Prof. Mota Pinto, Coimbra, 3004-561, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Fernanda M F Roleira
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, FFUC, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
| | - Elisiário Tavares-da-Silva
- University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, FFUC, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pólo III - Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal.
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Amin N, Du X, Chen S, Ren Q, Hussien AB, Botchway BOA, Hu Z, Fang M. Therapeutic impact of thymoquninone to alleviate ischemic brain injury via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:597-612. [PMID: 34236288 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated inflammation plays a crucial role in ischemic brain injury. Therefore, the activation of the nuclear erythroid 2 related protein and heme-oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway by thymoquinone (TQ) could ameliorate ischemic brain damage.Areas covered: The photo-thrombotic method was employed to assess the impact of TQ in attenuating ischemic brain damage in C57BL/6 J mice and thy1-YFP-16 transgenic mice. In vitro study of TQ efficiency to attenuate the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) induced cell death by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACs) analysis was also analyzed. The protein expression levels of Nrf2/HO-1, inflammatory, and apoptotic were evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blot techniques. Besides, mRNA expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), proto-oncogene (c-MYC), proto-oncogene (c-FOS), 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT), and autophagy-related 5 (Atg5) were evaluated by RT-qPCR. The dendritic spine density of YFP slices was determined by confocal microscope.Results: Our in vivo and in vitro results indicated that TQ significantly mitigates brain damage and motor dysfunction after ischemic stroke. These observations coincided with curtailed cell death, inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy. Most importantly, Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway activation by TQ was vital in the modulation of the above processes. Lastly, we found TQ to have minimal toxicity in liver tissue.Conclusion: Our study gives credence to TQ as a promising intervention therapy for cerebral ischemia that decreases inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal cell death via the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, along with modulation of apoptotic and autophagic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa Amin
- Gastroenterology department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxue Du
- Translational Medicine Center, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shijia Chen
- Gastroenterology department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiannan Ren
- Gastroenterology department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Azhar B Hussien
- Gastroenterology department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiying Hu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Zhejiang Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Marong Fang
- Gastroenterology department, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Ren Q, Li M, Deng Y, Lu A, Lu J. Triptolide delivery: Nanotechnology-based carrier systems to enhance efficacy and limit toxicity. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105377. [PMID: 33484817 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) possesses a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities involved in the treatment of various diseases. However, widespread usages of TP raise the urgent issues of the severe toxicity, which hugely limits its further clinical application. The novel functional nanostructured delivery system, which is of great significance in enhancing the efficacy, reducing side effects and improving bioavailability, could improve the enrichment, penetration and controlled release of drugs in the lesion location. Over the past decades, considerable efforts have been dedicated to designing and developing a variety of TP delivery systems with the intention of alleviating the adverse toxicity effects and enhancing the bioavailability. In this review, we briefly summarized and discussed the recent functionalized nano-TP delivery systems for the momentous purpose of guiding further development of novel TP delivery systems and providing perspectives for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China; Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Meimei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Yun Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine & Translational Science, Hong Kong Baptist University Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, 518000, China; Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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10
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Tavares-da-Silva E, Pereira E, Pires AS, Neves AR, Braz-Guilherme C, Marques IA, Abrantes AM, Gonçalves AC, Caramelo F, Silva-Teixeira R, Mendes F, Figueiredo A, Botelho MF. Cold Atmospheric Plasma, a Novel Approach against Bladder Cancer, with Higher Sensitivity for the High-Grade Cell Line. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10010041. [PMID: 33435434 PMCID: PMC7828061 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bladder cancer has a high incidence and mortality. Besides this, currently available therapies for this type of cancer have low efficacy and show considerable adverse effects, urging the need of new therapeutic approaches. Cold Atmospheric Plasma treatment presents itself as a promising alternative, having demonstrated antitumor effects against several types of cancer. The present work arises from a multidisciplinary team, namely, medical doctors and researchers, in an attempt to find new therapeutic strategies to fight bladder cancer. Therefore, our main objective is to evaluate Cold Atmospheric Plasma effects against bladder cancer, as well as the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects. The results obtained demonstrate that Cold Atmospheric Plasma treatment has a promising antitumor effect on bladder cancer, with higher sensitivity for the high-grade cell line. This new approach using Cold Atmospheric Plasma for the treatment of bladder cancer presents enormous clinical benefits, since it is able to selectively treat the tumor tissue, sparing the normal urothelium, with an additional glaring positive economic impact, since it entails a decrease in the cost of therapy in comparison with conventional therapeutic options. Abstract Antitumor therapies based on Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) are an emerging medical field. In this work, we evaluated CAP effects on bladder cancer. Two bladder cancer cell lines were used, HT-1376 (stage III) and TCCSUP (stage IV). Cell proliferation assays were performed evaluating metabolic activity (MTT assay) and protein content (SRB assay). Cell viability, cell cycle, and mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) were assessed using flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were evaluated by fluorescence. The assays were carried out with different CAP exposure times. For both cell lines, we obtained a significant reduction in metabolic activity and protein content. There was a decrease in cell viability, as well as a cell cycle arrest in S phase. The Δψm was significantly reduced. There was an increase in superoxide and nitric oxide and a decrease in peroxide contents, while GSH content did not change. These results were dependent on the exposure time, with small differences for both cell lines, but overall, they were more pronounced in the TCCSUP cell line. CAP showed to have a promising antitumor effect on bladder cancer, with higher sensitivity for the high-grade cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Tavares-da-Silva
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.T.-d.-S.); (E.P.)
| | - Eurico Pereira
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.T.-d.-S.); (E.P.)
| | - Ana S. Pires
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Neves
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Project Development Office, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), PO Box 513 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Catarina Braz-Guilherme
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Porto, Faculty of Medicine, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Inês A. Marques
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Abrantes
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Gonçalves
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Francisco Caramelo
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Laboratory of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rafael Silva-Teixeira
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Mendes
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTeSC, DCBL, Rua 5 de Outubro-SM Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arnaldo Figueiredo
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Filomena Botelho
- University of Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.S.P.); (I.A.M.); (A.M.A.); (A.C.G.); (F.M.); (M.F.B.)
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.R.N.); (C.B.-G.); (F.C.); (R.S.-T.)
- University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Biophysics Institute of Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Zhang Y, Mao X, Li W, Chen W, Wang X, Ma Z, Lin N. Tripterygium wilfordii: An inspiring resource for rheumatoid arthritis treatment. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:1337-1374. [PMID: 33296090 DOI: 10.1002/med.21762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF)-based therapy is among the most efficient and crucial therapeutics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which indicates that TwHF is a potential source of novel anti-RA drugs. However, accumulating studies have observed that TwHF-based therapy induces multi-organ toxicity, which prevents the wide use of this herb in clinical practice, although several recent studies have attempted to reduce the toxicity of TwHF. Notably, our research group developed a "Clinical Practice Guideline for Tripterygium Glycosides/Tripterygium wilfordii Tablets in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis" (No. T/CACM 1337-2020) approved by the China Association of Chinese Medicine to standardize the clinical application of TwHF-based therapy and thus avoid adverse effects. Although great strides have been made toward the characterization of TwHF-based therapy and revealing its underlying pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms, several crucial gaps in knowledge remain as potential barriers to enhance its therapeutic effects on the premise of safety assurance. This review offers a global view of TwHF, ranging from its chemical constituents, quality control, clinical observations, and underlying pharmacological mechanisms to toxic manifestations and mechanisms. We focus on the important and emerging aspects of this field and highlight the major challenges and strategies for using novel techniques and approaches to gain new insights into unresolved questions. We hope that this review will improve the understanding of TwHF application and draw increasing interdisciplinary attention from clinicians that practice both Chinese and Western medicine, basic researchers, and computer scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaochen Ma
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lin
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics and metabolomics to understand triptolide-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Lett 2020; 333:290-302. [PMID: 32835833 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide, a major active component of Triptergium wilfordii Hook. f, is used in the treatment of autoimmune disease. However, triptolide is associated with severe adverse reactions, especially hepatotoxicity, which limits its clinical application. To examine the underlying mechanism of triptolide-induced liver injury, a combination of dose- and time-dependent toxic effects, RNA-seq and metabolomics were employed. Triptolide-induced toxicity occurred in a dose- and time-dependent manners and was characterized by apoptosis and not necroptosis. Transcriptomics profiles of the dose-dependent response to triptolide suggested that PI3K/AKT, MAPK, TNFα and p53 signaling pathways were the vital steps in triptolide-induced hepatocyte apoptosis. Metabolomics further revealed that glycerophospholipid, fatty acid, leukotriene, purine and pyrimidine metabolism were the major metabolic alterations after triptolide exposure. Finally, acylcarnitines were identified as potential biomarkers for the early detection of triptolide-induced liver injury.
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13
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Song CY, Xu YG, Lu YQ. Use of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: progress and future prospects. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2020; 21:280-290. [PMID: 32253838 PMCID: PMC7183448 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1900607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F has significant anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and is widely used for treating autoimmune and inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and kidney disease, especially in traditional Chinese medicine. The mechanisms underlying its effects may be diverse but they remain unclear, and its toxicity and side effects limit its wider clinical application. This review summarizes the clinical application of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in recent years, as well as the results of studies into its mechanisms and toxicity, to provide a reference for its future clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-ying Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Ying-ge Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yuan-qiang Lu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Aging and Physic-chemical Injury Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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14
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Potential Anticancer Effect of Celastrol on Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Suppressing CXCR4-related Signal and Impeding Tumor Growth in Vivo. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:297-302. [PMID: 32169299 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential agents that can effectively treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are being continuously explored. METHODS Celastrol extracted from roots of an ancient Chinese herb, Tripterygium wilfordii (Thunder god vine), has been identified as a potential anti-tumor agent. In this study, the molecular mechanisms underlying the action of celastrol on cell proliferation and chemokine CXCR4-related signal pathway associated with tumor growth were investigated. RESULTS The CXCR4 expression was diminished by celastrol treatment in a dose-dependent manner, and its downstream associated pathways, including PI3K and Akt were also downregulated. Celastrol also significantly attenuated proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells, and induced cell apoptosis in vitro. Additionally, significant inhibition of HCC growth was observed in the celastrol-treated group as compared with the control group in vivo as well. CONCLUSION Celastrol is capable of attenuating cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis, leading to inhibition of HCC growth through the suppression of CXCR4-related signal pathway.
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Pan X, Zhou J, Chen Y, Xie X, Rao C, Liang J, Zhang Y, Peng C. Classification, hepatotoxic mechanisms, and targets of the risk ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine-induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2020; 323:48-56. [PMID: 32017980 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has become a crucial cause of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Differ from chemical medicines, TCM feature more complex and mostly indefinite components. This review aimed to clarify the classification, underlying mechanisms and targets of the risk components in TCM-induced liver injury to further guide the secure application of TCM. Relevant studies or articles published on the PubMed database from January 2008 to December 2019 were searched. Based on the different chemical structures of the risk ingredients in TCM, they are divided into alkaloids, glycosides, toxic proteins, terpenoids and lactones, anthraquinones, and heavy metals. According to whether drug metabolism is activated or hepatocytes are directly attacked during TCM-induced liver injury, the high-risk substances can be classified into metabolic activation, non-metabolic activation, and mixed types. Mechanisms of the hepatotoxic ingredients in TCM-induced hepatotoxicity, including cytochrome P450 (CYP450) induction, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, apoptosis, and idiosyncratic reaction, were also summarized. The targets involved in the risk ingredient-induced hepatocellular injury mainly include metabolic enzymes, nuclear receptors, transporters, and signaling pathways. Our periodic review and summary on the risk signals of TCM-induced liver injury must be beneficial to the integrated analysis on the multi-component, multi-target, and multi-effect characteristics of TCM-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Pan
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Xiaofang Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Jie Liang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China.
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Khan T, Ali M, Khan A, Nisar P, Jan SA, Afridi S, Shinwari ZK. Anticancer Plants: A Review of the Active Phytochemicals, Applications in Animal Models, and Regulatory Aspects. Biomolecules 2019; 10:E47. [PMID: 31892257 PMCID: PMC7022400 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cancer worldwide calls for an alternative treatment solution. Herbal medicine provides a very feasible alternative to western medicine against cancer. This article reviews the selected plant species with active phytochemicals, the animal models used for these studies, and their regulatory aspects. This study is based on a meticulous literature review conducted through the search of relevant keywords in databases, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Twenty plants were selected based on defined selection criteria for their potent anticancer compounds. The detailed analysis of the research studies revealed that plants play an indispensable role in fighting different cancers such as breast, stomach, oral, colon, lung, hepatic, cervical, and blood cancer cell lines. The in vitro studies showed cancer cell inhibition through DNA damage and activation of apoptosis-inducing enzymes by the secondary metabolites in the plant extracts. Studies that reported in vivo activities of these plants showed remarkable results in the inhibition of cancer in animal models. Further studies should be performed on exploring more plants, their active compounds, and the mechanism of anticancer actions for use as standard herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tariq Khan
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara 18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Buner, Sowari 17290, Pakistan;
| | - Parveen Nisar
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Sohail Ahmad Jan
- Department of Biotechnology, Hazara University, Mansehra 21120, Pakistan;
| | - Shakeeb Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
| | - Zabta Khan Shinwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (P.N.); (S.A.); (Z.K.S.)
- National Council for Tibb, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zhang B, Wei P, Men J, Zhang S, Shao H, Zhang Z. Crotonaldehyde-induced alterations in testicular enzyme function and hormone levels, and apoptosis in the testes of male Wistar rats are associated with oxidative damage. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:19-32. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1646369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ping Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Shandong Tumor Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Jinlong Men
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Shuman Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hua Shao
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhihu Zhang
- Shandong Academy of Occupational Health and Occupational Medicine, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
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18
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Hasnat M, Yuan Z, Ullah A, Naveed M, Raza F, Baig MMFA, Khan A, Xu D, Su Y, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity is associated with the Drp1 activation. Toxicol Mech Methods 2019; 30:124-133. [PMID: 31557070 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2019.1669247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
How triptolide is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in connection with its hepatotoxicity remains unclear. The objective of our study was to find out the link between mitochondrial dynamics and cell death in triptolide induced hepatotoxicity. We treated L02 cells with 25 nM concentration of triptolide. The results demonstrated that triptolide treatment caused an increase in apoptotic cell death, mitochondrial depolarization, ROS overproduction, a decrease in ATP production, and mitochondrial fragmentation which in turn is associated with the activation of Drp1 fission protein. Triptolide treatment led to the translocation of Drp1 from the cytosol into outer mitochondrial membrane where it started mitochondrial fission. This fission event is coupled with the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and subsequently caspase-3 activation. TEM analysis of rat liver tissues revealed the distortion of mitochondrial morphology in triptolide-treated group. Western blot analysis explained that disruption in mitochondrial morphology was attached with the recruitment of Drp1 to mitochondria, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. However, Mdivi-1 co-treatment inhibited the activation of Drp1 and caspase-3 and blocked the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In short, inhibiting Drp1 protein activation may provide a new potential target for curing Drp1-associated apoptosis in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hasnat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Faisal Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mirza Muhammad Faran Ashraf Baig
- State Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Asifullah Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dengqiu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuwen Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Linxin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Wei YM, Luan ZH, Liu BW, Wang YH, Chang YX, Xue HQ, Ren JH. Autophagy in Triptolide-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Hepatic Cells. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:436-444. [PMID: 31342801 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819864518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is a major active ingredient isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. However, its use in clinical practice is limited due to its severe hepatotoxicity. Autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular process, is essential for maintaining cytoplasmic homeostasis. Considering that abnormalities in autophagy are closely associated with drug-mediated hepatotoxicity, we applied human normal liver HL7702 cells to elucidate the roles of autophagy in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study revealed that triptolide was cytotoxic to HL7702 cells. It markedly increased autophagosome formation and expression of autophagy-related proteins, namely Beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3II, and induced oxidative stress. These proautophagic effects were counteracted by pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine, a reactive oxygen species scavenger. Moreover, the pharmacological suppression of autophagy further exacerbated triptolide-elicited decrease in cell viability, increase in lactate dehydrogenase leakage, and activation of apoptosis proteases (caspase 3 and caspase 9). Our findings suggest that triptolide-induced oxidative stress consequently enhances autophagic activity, and autophagy is a cytoprotective mechanism against triptolide-induced cytotoxicity in HL7702 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ming Wei
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Hua Luan
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bi Wang Liu
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Hui Wang
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Xia Chang
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qing Xue
- Experimental Management Centre, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Hong Ren
- College of Chinese Medicine and Food Engineering, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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20
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Yuan Z, Hasnat M, Liang P, Yuan Z, Zhang H, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. The role of inflammasome activation in Triptolide-induced acute liver toxicity. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105754. [PMID: 31352325 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), the major active compound derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F, possesses an excellent pharmacological profile of immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. However, the application of TP was restricted due to its narrow therapeutic window and side effects, especially its hepatotoxicity. This study was designed to investigate the role of inflammasome in TP-induced acute liver toxicity. After the administration of TP at the dose of 600 μg/kg for 12 h or 24 h, we examined the serum biochemical parameters, liver histopathological changes, the expression of liver inflammatory factors, and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Mice treated with TP displayed liver injury with a time-dependent increase of serum transaminases and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, accompanied by the elevation of neutrophils infiltration. Further results implied that the activation of TLR4-Myd88-NF-κB pathway and oxidative stress induced by a single dose of TP (600 μg/kg) might participate in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. To investigate whether the activation of inflammasome participates in the liver damage induced by TP, a single dose of Ac-Yvad-Cmk (Caspase-1 inhibitor) was injected before TP administration. Ac-Yvad-Cmk pretreatment effectively prevented the increase of Cleaved Caspase-1 and inhibited the maturity of IL-1β. Additional studies revealed that Ac-Yvad-Cmk pretreatment decreased the recruitment of neutrophils and inhibited the production of massive pro-inflammatory factors. Taken together, our results revealed that activation of inflammasome aggravated the acute liver toxicity induced by TP. Inhibition of inflammasome could serve as a novel therapeutic target for the amelioration of TP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Outfall road, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Peishi Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zihang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Research and Development, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 21009, China.
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Xu P, Li Y, Yu Z, Yang L, Shang R, Yan Z. Protective Effect of Vitamin C on Triptolide-induced Acute Hepatotoxicity in Mice through mitigation of oxidative stress. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019; 91:e20181257. [PMID: 31241707 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920181257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a purified diterpenoid from the herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook.f., was widely used to treat many diseases. However, the hepatotoxicity of triptolide limited its clinical use. Research showed oxidative stress played an important role in triptolide-induced liver injury. To investigate the effect of vitamin C, which was one of the most effective antioxidants, on triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity and its potential mechanism in mice. In the present study, acute liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of triptolide and vitamin C was orally administered. The results showed treatment with vitamin C prevented the triptolide-induced liver injury by reducing the levels of aspartate transaminase from 286.86 to 192.48 U/mL and alanine aminotransferase from 746.75 to 203.36 U/mL. Histopathological changes of liver corresponded to the same trend. Furthermore, vitamin C also protected the liver against triptolide-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the generation of malondialdehyde (2.22 to 1.49 nmol/mgprot) and hydrogen peroxide (14.74 to 7.19 mmol/gprot) and restoring the level of total superoxide dismutase (24.32 to 42.55 U/mgprot) and glutathione (7.69 to 13.03 μg/mgprot). These results indicated that vitamin C could protect against triptolide-induced liver injury via reducing oxidative stress, and vitamin C may pose a significant health protection in the clinical use of triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjuan Xu
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Youyou Li
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zhichao Yu
- Scientific Research Office, Tianjin Sino-German University of Applied Sciences, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lin Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Rong Shang
- School of Nursing, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Zihang Yan
- College of Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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Liu H, Shen M, Zhao D, Ru D, Duan Y, Ding C, Li H. The Effect of Triptolide-Loaded Exosomes on the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Human Ovarian Cancer SKOV3 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:2595801. [PMID: 31240207 PMCID: PMC6556367 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2595801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Triptolide has been proven to possess anticancer efficacy; however, its application in the clinical practice was limited by poor water solubility, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. In this study, a triptolide-loaded exosomes delivery system (TP-Exos) was constructed and its effects on the proliferation and apoptosis of SKOV3 cells in vitro and in vivo were observed. SKOV3-exosomes (SK-Exos) were collected by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration centrifugation. TP-Exos was constructed by sonication and ultrafiltration centrifugation. SK-Exos and TP-Exos were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, western blotting, nanoparticle-tracking analysis, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Cellular uptake of exosomes, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell proliferation assay, and cell apoptosis experiment were used to study the effect of TP-Exos on ovarian cancer in vitro. Tumor-targeting study of exosomes, monitoring the tumor volume of mice, and TdT-mediated dUTP Nick-End labeling (TUNEL) assay were used to evaluate the effect of TP-Exos on ovarian cancer in vivo. The toxicity of TP-Exos in vivo was evaluated by liver and kidney function and histopathology of major organs (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, and ovary). The results revealed that TP-Exos not only have the general characteristics of exosomes but also have high drug encapsulation efficiency. Besides, PKH26 labeled exosomes (PKH26-Exos) could be uptaken by SKOV3 cells, and Dir labeled exosomes (Dir-Exos) could be enriched to the tumor site of tumor bearing mice. Furthermore, the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on SKOV3 cells of TP-Exos were weaker than those of free TP, and tumor cell proliferation inhibition and tumor growth inhibition were stronger than that of free TP. Moreover, TP-Exos have toxic effect on liver and spleen. In conclusion, the TP-Exos could be a promising strategy for ovarian cancer, but they need to be further optimized to attenuate the damage to liver and spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Ming Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - De Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Dan Ru
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenhuan Ding
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - He Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
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Research Progress on the Animal Models of Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Current Status and Further Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1283824. [PMID: 31119149 PMCID: PMC6500714 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1283824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major concern in clinical studies as well as in postmarketing surveillance. It is necessary to establish an animal model of DILI for thorough investigation of mechanisms of DILI and searching for protective medications. This article reviews the current status and future perspective on establishment of DILI models based on different hepatotoxic drugs, as well as the underlying mechanisms of liver function damage induced by specific medicine. Therefore, information from this article can help researchers make a suitable selection of animal models for further study.
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Feng Z, Zhou C, Dong S, Liu Z, Liu T, Zhou L, Zhou X. Catalpol and panax notoginseng saponins synergistically alleviate triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity through Nrf2/ARE pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 56:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wang SR, Chen X, Ling S, Ni RZ, Guo H, Xu JW. MicroRNA expression, targeting, release dynamics and early-warning biomarkers in acute cardiotoxicity induced by triptolide in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1467-1477. [PMID: 30841462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. is a plant used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis in China. However, its main active substance, triptolide, has toxic effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys, which limit its clinical application. Therefore, determining the mechanism of cardiotoxicity in triptolide and identifying effective early-warning biomarkers is beneficial for preventing irreversible myocardial injury. We observed changes in microRNAs and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) as potential biomarkers in triptolide-induced acute cardiotoxicity by using techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The results revealed that triptolide increased the heart/body ratio and caused myocardial fiber breakage, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, increased cell gaps, and nuclear dissolution in treated male rats. Real-time PCR array detection revealed a more than 2-fold increase in the expression of 108 microRNA genes in the hearts of the male rats; this not only regulated the signaling pathways of ErbB, FOXO, AMPK, Hippo, HIF-1α, mTOR, and PI3K-Akt but also participated in biological processes such as cell adhesion, cell cycling, action potential, locomotory behavior, apoptosis, and DNA binding. Moreover, triptolide reduced the circulatory and cardiac levels of AhR protein as a target of these microRNAs and the messenger RNA expression of its downstream gene CYP1 A1. However, decreases in myocardial lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase MB, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activity and an increase in circulating cardiac troponin I were observed only in male rats. Moreover, plasma microRNAs exhibited dynamic change. These results revealed that circulating microRNAs and AhR protein are potentially early-warning biomarkers for triptolide-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Rong Wang
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaomiao Chen
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuang Ling
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Ni
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huining Guo
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jin-Wen Xu
- Epigenetics Laboratory, Institute of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Yuan Z, Zhang H, Hasnat M, Ding J, Chen X, Liang P, Sun L, Zhang L, Jiang Z. A new perspective of triptolide-associated hepatotoxicity: Liver hypersensitivity upon LPS stimulation. Toxicology 2019; 414:45-56. [PMID: 30633930 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate whether the mice treated with triptolide (TP) could disrupt the liver immune homeostasis, resulting in the inability of the liver to eliminate the harmful response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In addition, we explored whether apoptosis and necroptosis played a critical role in the progression of the hepatotoxicity induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were continuously administrated with two different doses of TP (250 μg/kg and 500 μg/kg) intragastrically for 7 days. Subsequently, a single dose of LPS (0.1 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to testify whether the liver possesses the normal immune function to detoxicate the exogenous pathogen's stimulation. To prove the involvement of apoptosis and necroptosis in the liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment, apoptosis inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (FMK) and necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin (Nec-1) were applied before the stimulation of LPS to diminish the apoptosis and necroptosis respectively. RESULTS TP or LPS alone did not induce significant liver damage. However, compared with TP or LPS treated mice, TP-LPS co-treatment mice showed obvious hepatotoxicity with a remarkable elevation of serum ALT and AST accompanied by abnormal bile acid metabolism, a depletion of liver glycogen storage, aberrant glucose metabolism, an up-regulation of inflammatory cell infiltration, and an increase of apoptosis and necroptosis. Intraperitoneal injection of FMK or Nec-1 could counteract the toxic reactions induced by TP-LPS co-treatment. CONCLUSION TP could disrupt the immune response, resulting in hypersensitivity of the liver upon LPS stimulation, ultimately leading to abnormal liver function and cell death. Additionally, apoptosis and necroptosis played a vital role in the development of liver damage induced by TP-LPS co-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiao Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Muhammad Hasnat
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaxin Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Peishi Liang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Center for Drug Screening and Pharmacodynamics Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 21009, China.
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Drp1-associated mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial autophagy: a novel mechanism in triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 35:267-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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In vitro and in silico approaches to unveil the mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effect of juncunol on human hepatocarcinoma cells. Pharmacol Rep 2018; 70:896-899. [PMID: 32002965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juncunol is a phenanthrene isolated from the halophyte species Juncus acutus, with selective cytotoxic activity towards human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. METHODS The in vitro cytotoxic mechanism of juncunol was evaluated on HepG2 cells through several methods to elucidate its potential to induce apoptotic features, decrease mitochondrial membrane potential, promote internal ROS production and influence cell cycle. We also report its haemolytic activity on human erythrocytes and in silico DNA-binding studies. RESULTS Juncunol induced an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in a concentration-dependent manner, accompanied by a decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential. No significant differences were observed in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, juncunol application at the IC50 value significantly induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase comparatively to the control group. No significant haemolysis was detected. In silico studies indicate that juncunol seems to bind between GC base pairs. CONCLUSION Juncunol reduced HepG2 cells proliferation through the induction of apoptotic cellular death, in a concentration-dependent manner. Apoptosis induction seems to be related with a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential but not with ROS production. Juncunol had no haemolytic activity and may act as a DNA intercalator. Our data suggests juncunol as a suitable candidate for more detailed studies, including in vivo experiments, in order to completely characterize its mode of action.
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Smutný T, Harjumäki R, Kanninen L, Yliperttula M, Pávek P, Lou YR. A feasibility study of the toxic responses of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes to phytochemicals. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 52:94-105. [PMID: 29902661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines have been increasingly used in the last three decades. Despite their popularity, safety issues with herbal products need to be addressed. We performed a feasibility study of the toxic responses of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes (iHep cells) to phytochemicals in comparison with hepatoblasoma-derived HepG2 cells and long-term human hepatocytes (LTHHs). The iHep cells expressed typical hepatocyte markers cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α, and albumin despite the expression of immature markers α-fetoprotein and cytokeratin 19. We studied the responses of iHep cells to phytochemicals saikosaponin D, triptolide, deoxycalyciphylline B, and monocrotaline with different mode of toxicity employing MTS and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Saikosaponin D and triptolide caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity in the iHep cells, which were more sensitive than LTHHs and HepG2 cells. Saikosaponin D-induced cytotoxicity tightly correlated with increased LDH leakage in the iHep cells. Although deoxycalyciphylline B did not exhibit toxic effect on the iHep and HepG2 cells when compared with LTHHs, it decreased CYP3A7 expression in the iHep cells and increased CYP1A2 expression in HepG2 cells. We hereby show the feasibility of using iHep cells to detect toxic effects of phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Smutný
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Riina Harjumäki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Liisa Kanninen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Marjo Yliperttula
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Petr Pávek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovského 1203, Hradec Králové 50005, Czech Republic
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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Zhou L, Zhou C, Feng Z, Liu Z, Zhu H, Zhou X. Triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity can be alleviated when combined with Panax notoginseng saponins and Catapol. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:232-239. [PMID: 29277608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The hepatotoxicity of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (TW), due to the presence of triptolide (TP), limits its therapeutic potential. Based on the traditional Chinese medicine theory, the theory of "Yi lei xiang zhi" was proposed that Chinese herbs with different efficacy can restrict each other to achieve the least adverse reactions. AIM OF THE STUDY To observe the effects of Catapol (CAT) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS), active ingredients in Rehmannia glutinosa (RG) and Panax notoginseng (PN) respectively, on reducing TP-induced hepatotoxicity, and further to explore the mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The human hepatic cell line L-02 was cultured and treated with CAT, PNS or Combinations, and then treated with TP. The cytotoxic assay, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential and the expressions of NF-E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) and its downstream targets were detected. Rats were treated with TP, TP + CAT, TP + PNS, or the combinations for 4 weeks. The levels of ALT, AST and LDH in serum, apoptosis of liver cells, mitochondria injury and the protein expressions of Caspase 3 and Nrf1 were investigated. RESULTS CAT, PNS or CAT+PNS pre-treatment inhibited TP-induced toxicity in L-02 cells, distinctly decreased the apoptosis, alleviated the reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, and modulated the expressions of Nrf1 and its downstream target, the mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and cytochrome C (Cyt-C). CAT, PNS or CAT+PNS inhibited the TP-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by reducing the mitochondria injury, decreasing the cells apoptosis and increasing the Nrf1 protein expression. Noticeably, TP + PNS + CAT combinations exhibited more effective than any single ingredient alone. CONCLUSION PNS and CAT were able to effectively attenuate TP-induced hepatotoxicity. The efficiency benefits from their modulating Nrf1 and its downstream genes TFAM and Cyt-C, and further influencing mitochondrial functions and cells apoptosis. The combination is more effective than single ingredient alone.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Biomarkers/blood
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/blood
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/pathology
- Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Cytoprotection
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Diterpenes
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Epoxy Compounds
- Female
- Humans
- Liver/drug effects
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/pathology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- NF-E2-Related Factor 1/metabolism
- Panax/chemistry
- Phenanthrenes
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/pharmacology
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Saponins/isolation & purification
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Cong Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Wuxi No.9 People's Hospital, Soochow University & Wuxi Hand Surgery Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214062, PR China
| | - Zhe Feng
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhangpu Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Material Medica, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Wang Y, Guo SH, Shang XJ, Yu LS, Zhu JW, Zhao A, Zhou YF, An GH, Zhang Q, Ma B. Triptolide induces Sertoli cell apoptosis in mice via ROS/JNK-dependent activation of the mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:311-327. [PMID: 28905938 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), an oxygenated diterpene, has a variety of beneficial pharmacodynamic activities but its clinical applications are restricted due to severe testicular injury. This study aimed to delineate the molecular mechanisms of TP-induced testicular injury in vitro and in vivo. TP (5-50000 nmol/L) dose-dependently decreased the viability of TM4 Sertoli cells with an IC50 value of 669.5-269.45 nmol/L at 24 h. TP (125, 250, and 500 nmol/L) dose-dependently increased the accumulation of ROS, the phosphorylation of JNK, mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in TM4 cells. These processes were attenuated by co-treatment with the antioxidant N-acetyl cysteine (NAC, 1 mmol/L). Furthermore, TP treatment inhibited the translocation of Nrf2 from cytoplasm into the nucleus as well as the expression of downstream genes NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), catalase (CAT) and hemeoxygenase 1 (HO-1), thus abrogating Nrf2-mediated defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. Moreover, siRNA knockdown of Nrf2 significantly potentiated TP-induced apoptosis of TM4 cells. The above results from in vitro experiments were further validated in male mice after oral administration of TP (30, 60, and 120 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 14 d), as evidenced by the detected indexes, including dose-dependently decreased SDH activity, increased MDA concentration, altered testicle histomorphology, elevated caspase-3 activation, apoptosis induction, increased phosphorylation of JNK, and decreased gene expression of NQO1, CAT and HO-1 as well as nuclear protein expression of Nrf2 in testicular tissue. Our results demonstrate that TP activates apoptosis of Sertoli cells and injury of the testis via the ROS/JNK-mediated mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathway and down-regulates Nrf2 activation.
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32
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Wang D, Zhao XH, Cui Y, Zhang TT, Wang F, Hu YH. Efficacy and safety of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F for CKD in Mainland China: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2017; 32:436-451. [PMID: 29193402 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF) is a promising Chinese traditional medicine used to significantly reduce proteinuria and improve renal function. However, its efficacy and safety in treatment of chronic kidney disease need to be further explored in order to promote its application in clinics. This review compared the efficacy and safety of TwHF with the placebo, conventional Western medicine and other immunosuppressive medicine in a range of kidney disorders. One hundred three randomized controlled trials were included. TwHF therapy decreased 24-hr proteinuria by 0.59 g/day (95% confidence interval [CI; -0.68, -0.50]), serum creatinine level by 1.93 μmol/L (95% CI [-3.69, -0.17]), and blood urea nitrogen level by 0.24 mmol/L (95% CI [-0.41, -0.07]); increased the total effective rate by 27% (95% CI [1.24, 1.30]); and decreased the incidence of adverse reactions by 19% (95% CI [0.68, 0.96]) overall. Meta regression results showed that the duration of therapy and mean age of participants were the major sources of high heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that our statistic results were relatively stable and credible. The present findings suggested that TwHF possibly has nephroprotective effects by decreasing proteinuria, serum creatinine level, and blood urea nitrogen level and no more adverse reactions compared with control group in most kidney disorders. However, these findings still need to be further confirmed by high-quality trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiao-Han Zhao
- The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yi Cui
- Information Technology Department, Hebei Youth Administrative Cadres College, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yong-Hong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
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33
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Shi S, Yao L, Guo K, Wang X, Wang Q, Li W. Hepatocellular toxicity of oxalicumone A via oxidative stress injury and mitochondrial dysfunction in healthy human liver cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:743-752. [PMID: 29115483 PMCID: PMC5780151 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine-derived oxalicumone A (POA) has been demonstrated as a potent anti-tumor bioactive agent for a variety of human carcinoma, but to the best of our knowledge, remains to be evaluated in healthy liver cells. As many drugs distribute preferentially in the liver, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of POA on apoptosis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in L-02 healthy liver cells. A Cell-Counting kit-8 assay demonstrated that POA inhibits the proliferation of L-02 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, POA induced apoptosis by increasing the percentage of cells in early apoptosis and the sub-G1 cell cycle, along with causing S-phase arrest in L-02 cells. Additionally, POA activated caspase 3, increased the protein expression levels of Fas ligand and B-cell lymphoma X-associated protein, and decreased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2. POA additionally reduced the content of GSH and the activity of superoxide dismutase, elevated malondialdehyde and nitric oxide levels, increased reactive oxygen species production and the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, which suggested that POA induced lipid peroxidation injury in L-02 cells and that oxidative stress serves an important role. Furthermore, POA caused alternations of mitochondrial function, including an abrupt depletion of adenosine triphosphate synthesis, mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and depletion of mitochondrial membrane potential in L-02 cells. These data suggested that POA exerts cytotoxicity, at least in part, by inducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and eventually apoptosis. Changes in mitochondrial function and oxidative stress by POA may therefore be critical in POA-induced toxicity in L-02 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Shi
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Limei Yao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine Healthcare, Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510520, P.R. China
| | - Kunbin Guo
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Weirong Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Zhou Y, Hong F, Tian Y, Zhao X, Hong J, Ze Y, Wang L. Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide-inhibited dendritic development is involved in apoptosis and autophagy of hippocampal neurons in offspring mice. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:889-901. [PMID: 30090551 PMCID: PMC6062220 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated that, upon maternal exposure, nano-TiO2 can cross the placental barrier, accumulate in offspring animals, and cause neurotoxicity. However, the neurotoxic mechanisms are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of nano-TiO2 on the dendritic outgrowth of hippocampal neurons and confirm the role of apoptosis and excessive autophagy in the neurotoxicity of offspring mice caused by nano-TiO2, as well as its molecular mechanisms. Methods: Pregnant mice were intragastrically administered 1, 2, or 3 mg per kg body weight nano-TiO2 consecutively from prenatal day 7 to postpartum day 21. The ultrastructure, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and peroxides, and ATP contents, along with the expression of apoptosis- and autophagy-related factors, were investigated. Results: The dendritic length of hippocampal neurons was lower in the group treated with nano-TiO2 than in the control group. Apoptosis, excessive autophagy, and nano-TiO2 aggregation in hippocampal neurons resulted from maternal exposure to nano-TiO2. Maternal exposure to nano-TiO2 also resulted in the over-production of ROS, increases in malondialdehyde and protein carbonylation, reductions in MMP and ATP contents, up-regulation of apoptosis- or autophagy-related factors including histone H2AX at serine 139 (γH2AX), cytochrome C (Cyt C), caspase 3, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K3C), Beclin 1, c-Jun, LC3I, LC3II, JNK and p-JNK expression, and an increase of LC3II/LC3I, as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in hippocampal neurons of offspring mice. Conclusions: Maternal exposure to nano-TiO2 inhibited the dendritic outgrowth of hippocampal neurons. This effect is closely associated with excessive autophagy, which is related to severe oxidative stress and alterations in the expressions of apoptosis- and autophagy-related factors in the hippocampal neurons of offspring mice, due to maternal exposure to nano-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutritional Function , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutritional Function , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Yusheng Tian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutritional Function , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Xiangyu Zhao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China .
- Laboratory for Food Safety and Nutritional Function , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake , Huaiyin Normal University , Huaian 223300 , China
| | - Jie Hong
- Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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35
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Xi C, Peng S, Wu Z, Zhou Q, Zhou J. WITHDRAWN: Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017:S1382-6689(17)30271-5. [PMID: 29037923 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xi
- Pharmaceutical Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shaojun Peng
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Zhengping Wu
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Qingping Zhou
- Internet and Education Technology Center, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Medicine, Yichun University, 576 XueFu Road, Yuanzhou District, Yichun 336000, PR China.
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36
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Yang J, Hu S, Rao M, Hu L, Lei H, Wu Y, Wang Y, Ke D, Xia W, Zhu CH. Copper nanoparticle-induced ovarian injury, follicular atresia, apoptosis, and gene expression alterations in female rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:5959-5971. [PMID: 28860760 PMCID: PMC5571856 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s139215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported the accumulation of copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) in organs and the corresponding damage, although whether Cu NPs can be translocated to the ovaries and their ovarian toxicity are still unknown. In this study, three groups of female rats were injected with 3.12, 6.25, or 12.5 mg/kg Cu NPs for 14 consecutive days. The pathological changes, hormone levels, apoptosis and apoptotic proteins, oxidative stress, and gene expression characteristics in the ovaries were then investigated. The results demonstrated that the Cu NPs exhibited obvious accumulation in the rat ovaries, leading to ovarian injury, an imbalance of sex hormones, and ovarian cell apoptosis. Cu NP exposure activated caspase 3, caspase 8, caspase 9, and tBid, decreased the protein levels of Bcl-2, increased the expression levels of the proteins Bax and cytochrome c, and promoted malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and superoxide dismutase (SOD) reduction. Furthermore, gene microarray analysis showed that Cu NPs (12.5 mg/kg/d) caused 321 differentially expressed genes. Of these, 180 and 141 genes were upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Hsd17b1, Hsd3b1, Hsd3b6, and Hsd3b were involved in steroid and hormone metabolism, whereas Mt3 and Cebpb were associated with apoptosis. Overall, these findings provide strong evidence that Cu NPs trigger both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and regulate key ovarian genes in oxidative stress-mediated ovarian dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Shifu Hu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Meng Rao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Lixia Hu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinxiang Medical University, Henan Province, Xinxiang
| | - Hui Lei
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Yingying Wang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Dandan Ke
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Wei Xia
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Hong Zhu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei.,Reproductive Medicine Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
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37
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Tang Y, Wang J, Cheng J, Wang L. Antiestrogenic Activity of Triptolide in Human Breast Cancer Cells MCF-7 and Immature Female Mouse. Drug Dev Res 2017; 78:164-169. [PMID: 28608490 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Tang
- Department of Cardiology; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Jinghua Cheng
- Department of Cardiology; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Cardiology; Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine; Nanjing Jiangsu China
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38
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Toxicity of triptolide and the molecular mechanisms involved. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:531-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Zhou LL, Zhou C, Liang XW, Feng Z, Liu ZP, Wang HL, Zhou XP. Self-protection against triptolide-induced toxicity in human hepatic cells via Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 pathway. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:929-936. [PMID: 28523535 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find the signaling pathway of triptolide (TP)-induced liver injury and to reveal whether NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays an important role in cellular self-protection. METHODS The L-02 and HepG2 cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of TP. The cell viability was observed, and the cell medium was collected for detecting the aspartate aminotransferase (ALT), alanine aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and L-glutathione production (GSH) levels. Nrf2 and its downstream target NAD(P)H: quinine oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and the binding ability of Nrf2 and antioxidant response element (ARE) were also identified. Meanwhile, shRNA was used to silence Nrf2 in L-02 cells to find out whether Nrf2 plays a protective role. RESULTS The viability of the L-02 and HepG2 cells treated with TP decreased in a doseand time-dependent manner, and TP (20-80 μg/mL) markedly induced the release of ALT, AST and LDH (P<0.05 or P<0.01), reduced the levels of SOD and GSH (P<0.01), and increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species. Meanwhile, TP augmented the Nrf2 expression in L-02 and HepG2 cells (P<0.05 or P<0.01), induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, increased the Nrf2 ARE binding activity, and increased HO-1 and NQO1 expressions. Nrf2 knockdown revealed a more severe toxic effect of TP (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Human hepatic cells treated with TP induced oxidative stress, and led to cytotoxicity. Self-protection against TP-induced toxicity in human hepatic cells might be via Nrf2-ARE-NQO1 transcriptional pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ling Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Cong Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuxi No.9 People's Hospital, Soochow University, Wuxi Hand Surgery Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, 214062, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Liang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 4102, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhe Feng
- School of Pharmacy, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhang-Pu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hao-Lu Wang
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 4102, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Xue-Ping Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, The First Clinical Medical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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40
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Yang J, Sun L, Wang L, Hassan HM, Wang X, Hylemon PB, Wang T, Zhou H, Zhang L, Jiang Z. Activation of Sirt1/FXR Signaling Pathway Attenuates Triptolide-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:260. [PMID: 28536529 PMCID: PMC5422577 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP), a diterpenoid isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, has an excellent pharmacological profile of immunosuppression and anti-tumor activities, but its clinical applications are severely restricted due to its severe and cumulative toxicities. The farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is the master bile acid nuclear receptor and plays an important role in maintaining hepatic metabolism homeostasis. Hepatic Sirtuin (Sirt1) is a key regulator of the FXR signaling pathway and hepatic metabolism homeostasis. The aims of this study were to determine whether Sirt1/FXR signaling pathway plays a critical role in TP-induced hepatotoxicity. Our study revealed that the intragastric administration of TP (400 μg/kg body weight) for 28 consecutive days increased bile acid accumulation, suppressed hepatic gluconeogenesis in rats. The expression of bile acid transporter BSEP was significantly reduced and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) was markedly increased in the TP-treated group, whereas the genes responsible for hepatic gluconeogenesis were suppressed in the TP-treated group. TP also modulated the FXR and Sirt1 by decreasing its expression both in vitro and in vivo. The Sirt1 agonist SRT1720 and the FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) were used both in vivo and in vitro. The remarkable liver damage induced by TP was attenuated by treatment with either SRT1720 or OCA, as reflected by decreased levels of serum total bile acids and alkaline phosphatase and increased glucose levels. Meanwhile, SRT1720 significantly alleviated TP-induced FXR suppression and FXR-targets involved in hepatic lipid and glucose metabolism. Based on these results, we conclude that Sirt1/FXR inactivation plays a critical role in TP-induced hepatotoxicity. Moreover, Sirt1/FXR axis represents a novel therapeutic target that could potentially ameliorate TP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
| | - Lixin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hozeifa M Hassan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, RichmondVA, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, RichmondVA, USA.,McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, RichmondVA, USA
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Center for Pharmacodynamics Research and Evaluation, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, China Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of EducationNanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
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41
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Toxicity study of oxalicumone A, derived from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium oxalicum, in cultured renal epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2611-2619. [PMID: 28260084 PMCID: PMC5428325 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxalicumone A (POA), a novel dihydrothiophene-condensed chromone, was isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium oxalicum. Previous reports demonstrated that POA exhibits strong activity against human carcinoma cells, thus it has been suggested as a bioactive anticancer agent. To research the toxic effect of POA on cultured normal epithelial human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells and evaluate its clinical safety, cell survival was evaluated by the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and apoptosis was evaluated by Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, caspase-3 activity assay and western blotting. 2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate and JC-1 dye staining was used to evaluate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), respectively. The results indicated that POA inhibited HK-2 cell growth and promoted apoptosis, by increasing levels of Fas cell surface cell receptor and the B-cell lymphoma 2 associated protein X apoptosis regulator (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma 2 apoptosis regulator (Bcl-2) ratio. POA treatment also induced release of ROS and loss of MMP in HK-2 cells. Compared with untreated control, a significant decrease was also demonstrated in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content with POA treatment, accompanied by enhanced release of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, increased leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, increased malondialdehyde formation and increased release of nitric oxide. In conclusion, the present in vitro study revealed that POA exhibits antiproliferation activity on HK-2 cells, through stimulation of apoptosis and oxidative stress injury, which may be relevant to its clinical application. The present study may, therefore, offer valuable new information regarding the use of POA as a candidate novel antitumor drug for clinical use.
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42
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Lu Y, Xie T, Zhang Y, Zhou F, Ruan J, Zhu W, Zhu H, Feng Z, Zhou X. Triptolide Induces hepatotoxicity via inhibition of CYP450s in Rat liver microsomes. Altern Ther Health Med 2017; 17:15. [PMID: 28056947 PMCID: PMC5217299 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1504-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Triptolide (TP), an active constituent of Tripterygium wilfordii, possesses numerous pharmacological activities. However, its effects on cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) in rats remain unexplored. Methods In this study, the effects of triptolide on the six main CYP450 isoforms (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A) were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. We monitored the body weight, survival proportions, liver index, changes in pathology, and biochemical index upon TP administration, in vivo. Using a cocktail probe of CYP450 isoform-specific substrates and their metabolites, we then carried out in vitro enzymatic studies in liver microsomal incubation systems via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Finally, we verified our results at the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein level through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemical detection. Results The in vivo toxicity study confirmed that Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats exhibited dose-dependent hepatotoxicity after intragastric administration of TP [200, 400, and 600 μg/(kg.day)] for 28 days. In case of the CYP450 isoforms 3A, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1, the in vitro metabolic study demonstrated a decrease in the substrate metabolic rate, metabolite production rate, and Vmax, with an increase in the Km value, compared with that observed in the control group. Additionally, a TP dose-dependent decrease in the mRNA levels was observed in the four major isoforms of CYP3A subfamily (3A1/3A23, 3A2, 3A9, and 3A62) and CYP2C9. A similar effect was also observed with respect to the protein levels of CYP2C19 and CYP2E1. Conclusions This study suggests that TP can cause hepatotoxicity by reducing the substrate affinity, activity, and expression at the transcriptional and protein levels of the CYP450 isoforms 3A, 2C9, 2C19, and 2E1. TP also has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions when co-administered with drugs metabolized by these four isoforms. However, further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the significance of this interaction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1504-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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43
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Ascorbic acid and colon cancer: an oxidative stimulus to cell death depending on cell profile. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:208-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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44
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Proteomic Analysis of Anticancer TCMs Targeted at Mitochondria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:539260. [PMID: 26568766 PMCID: PMC4629060 DOI: 10.1155/2015/539260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a rich resource of anticancer drugs. Increasing bioactive natural compounds extracted from TCMs are known to exert significant antitumor effects, but the action mechanisms of TCMs are far from clear. Proteomics, a powerful platform to comprehensively profile drug-regulated proteins, has been widely applied to the mechanistic investigation of TCMs and the identification of drug targets. In this paper, we discuss several bioactive TCM products including terpenoids, flavonoids, and glycosides that were extensively investigated by proteomics to illustrate their antitumor mechanisms in various cancers. Interestingly, many of these natural compounds isolated from TCMs mostly exert their tumor-suppressing functions by specifically targeting mitochondria in cancer cells. These TCM components induce the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the accumulation of ROS, initiating apoptosis cascade signaling. Proteomics provides systematic views that help to understand the molecular mechanisms of the TCM in tumor cells; it bears the inherent limitations in uncovering the drug-protein interactions, however. Subcellular fractionation may be coupled with proteomics to capture and identify target proteins in mitochondria-enriched lysates. Furthermore, translating mRNA analysis, a new technology profiling the drug-regulated genes in translatome level, may be integrated into the systematic investigation, revealing global information valuable for understanding the action mechanism of TCMs.
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45
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Protection of Quercetin against Triptolide-induced apoptosis by suppressing oxidative stress in rat Leydig cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 240:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Hong F, Zhao X, Chen M, Zhou Y, Ze Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Ge Y, Zhang Q, Ye L. TiO2 nanoparticles-induced apoptosis of primary cultured Sertoli cells of mice. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:124-35. [PMID: 26238530 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), as largest production and use of nanomaterials, have been demonstrated to have a potential toxicity on reproductive system. However, the mechanism underlying male reproductive toxicity of TiO2 NPs remains limited. Thus, our study was designed to examine the cellular viability, apoptosis, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and expression of apoptotic cytokines in primary cultured Sertoli cells isolated from mice under TiO2 NPs exposure. Results showed that TiO2 NPs exposure from 5 to 30 μg/mL resulted in reduction of cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase release, and induction of apoptosis or death on Sertoli cells. TiO2 NPs could migrate to Sertoli cells, which induced mitochondria-mediated or endoplasmic-reticulum-mediated apoptotic changes including elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and reductions in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and releases of cytochrome c into the cytosol. In addition, upregulation of cytochrome c, Bax, caspase-3, glucose-regulated protein 78, and C/EBP homologous protein and caspase-12 protein expression, and downregulation of bcl-2 protein expression in primary cultured Sertoli cells induced by TiO2 NPs treatment. All of the results suggested that ROS generation may play a critical role in the initiation of TiO2 NPs-induced apoptosis by mediation of the disruption of ΔΨm, the cytochrome c release, and further the activation of caspase cascade and unfolded protein response signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fashui Hong
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuguan Ze
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- Library of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yushuang Ge
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingqun Ye
- Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
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47
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Ma B, Qi H, Li J, Xu H, Chi B, Zhu J, Yu L, An G, Zhang Q. Triptolide disrupts fatty acids and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) levels in male mice testes followed by testicular injury: A GC-MS based metabolomics study. Toxicology 2015. [PMID: 26219505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Triptolide is the major active ingredient of Tripterygium Glycosides (TG), a traditional Chinese medicine with very potent anti-inflammatory effects and has been used in China for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and many other inflammatory diseases. However, clinical application of triptolide is restricted due to its multiple side effects, especially male infertility. The mechanism of triptolide on reproduction toxicity remains unclear. In the present study, a GC-MS based metabolomic approach was employed to evaluate the mechanism of triptolide-induced reproductive toxicity as well as identify potential novel biomarkers for the early detection of spermatogenesis dysfunction. In brief, male mice were divided into two groups with or without triptolide intraperitoneal injection at 60 μg/kg/day for 2 weeks and toxic effect of triptolide on testicular tissues were examined by biochemical indicator analysis, testis histopathologic analysis, and sperm quantity analysis. Metabolomics technology was then performed to evaluate systematically the endogenous metabolites profiling. Our results demonstrated that triptolide suppressed the marker-enzymes of spermatogenesis and testosterone levels, decreased sperm counts, reduced the gonad index and destroyed the microstructure of testis. Multivariate data analysis revealed that mice with triptolide induced testicular toxicity could be distinctively differentiated from normal animals and 35 and 39 small molecule metabolites were changed significantly in testis and serum, respectively (Fold-changes >1.5, P<0.05), in triptolide-treated mice. Abnormal level of fatty acids, an important energy source of sertoli cells with critical role in maintaining normal function of the testis tissue, was observed in triptolide-treated mice. Additionally, the protein expressions of PPAR, a transcription factor known to play a pivotal role in lipid and energy metabolism was significantly decreased in the testis tissue of triptolide-treated mice. In summary, our study represents the first comprehensive GC-MS based metabolomics analysis of triptolide-induced testicular toxicity. We reported for the first time that exposure to triptolide led to marked changes of a panel of endogenous metabolites in both testis and serum. The impairment of spermatogenesis may be caused by abnormal lipid and energy metabolism in testis via the down-regulation of PPARs mediated by triptolide. The presence of research suggested that PPARs and its related fatty acids metabolism may serve as potential targets for intervention or treatment of male infertility induced by triptolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Chi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisha Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua An
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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48
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Qu L, Qu F, Jia Z, Wang C, Wu C, Zhang J. Integrated targeted sphingolipidomics and transcriptomics reveal abnormal sphingolipid metabolism as a novel mechanism of the hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity of triptolide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 170:28-38. [PMID: 25978956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TWHF) is a traditional herbal medicine in China. Triptolide (TP), the primary bioactive compound of TWHF, is an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive compound that can also injure the liver and kidney. Unfortunately, the toxicity mechanism remains unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study is to understand the regulatory role of sphingolipid (SPL) pathways in the TP-induced toxic mechanism in the liver and kidney in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) Balb\c mouse. MATERIAL AND METHODS 76 core sphingolipids and 29 species of related metabolic enzymes in liver, kidney and plasma were analyzed with previous HPLC-MS/MS and real time qPCR method, respectively. Furthermore, the data generated from these two omics underwent integrated analysis to describe TP-induced abnormal sphingolipid metabolism and identify the specific biomarkers of TP toxicity using bioinformation method. RESULTS High-dose (LD50) TP could induce severe liver and kidney injuries. Moreover, TP comprehensively influenced the enzymes involved in the sphingolipids metabolism in the liver and kidney at the mRNA expression level. Furthermore, the total levels of ceramides (Cers), sphingomyelins (SMs) and sphingosine (Sph) were all elevated, while dihydroceramides (dhCers) and hexosylceramides (HexCers) were all down-regulated. Several enzymes, including kdsr, CerS2, CerS4, CerS5 and CerS6 in the liver and Cerk in the kidney were probably responsible for the TP-induced toxic effect, identifying them as possible novel therapeutic targets. Besides, fractions of long chain SPL (C16-C20) exhibited significant increase, and fractions of unsaturated dhCer and Cer were significantly changed, both of which above may be due to the change of mRNA expression level of CerSs. Moreover, several biomarkers for the diagnosis of TP poisoning were discovered. CONCLUSION In summary, the regulation of SPL metabolism uncovered a novel mechanism underlying TP poisoning in the liver and kidney. In addition, key biomarkers and enzymes may play an important role in reducing the clinical risk associated with the use of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Feng Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Zhixin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Caisheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
| | - Jinlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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49
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Liu X, Liu Y, Cheng M, Xiao H. Metabolomic Responses of Human Hepatocytes to Emodin, Aristolochic Acid, and Triptolide: Chemicals Purified from Traditional Chinese Medicines. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:533-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- Graduate Division; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine; Dalian Medical University; Dalian 116044 People's Republic of China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Da lian Institute of Chemical Physics; Chinese Academy of Science; Dalian 116023 People's Republic of China
- Systems Analysis and Innovative Drug Research Center; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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50
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Kong LL, Zhuang XM, Yang HY, Yuan M, Xu L, Li H. Inhibition of P-glycoprotein Gene Expression and Function Enhances Triptolide-induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11747. [PMID: 26134275 PMCID: PMC4488747 DOI: 10.1038/srep11747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Triptolide (TP) is the major active principle of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. and very effective in treatment of autoimmune diseases. However, TP induced hepatotoxicity limited its clinical applications. Our previous study found that TP was a substrate of P-glycoprotein and its hepatobiliary clearance was markedly affected by P-gp modulation in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. In this study, small interfering RNA (siRNA) and specific inhibitor tariquidar were used to investigate the impact of P-gp down regulation on TP-induced hepatotoxicity. The results showed that when the function of P-gp was inhibited by mdr1a-1 siRNA or tariquidar, the systemic and hepatic exposures of TP were significantly increased. The aggravated hepatotoxicity was evidenced with the remarkably lifted levels of serum biomarkers (ALT and AST) and pathological changes in liver. The other toxicological indicators (MDA, SOD and Bcl-2/Bax) were also significantly changed by P-gp inhibition. The data analysis showed that the increase of TP exposure in mice was quantitatively correlated to the enhanced hepatotoxicity, and the hepatic exposure was more relevant to the toxicity. P-gp mediated clearance played a significant role in TP detoxification. The risk of herb-drug interaction likely occurs when TP is concomitant with P-gp inhibitors or substrates in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Lei Kong
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhuang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Mei Yuan
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Liang Xu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Hua Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China [2] Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
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