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Wang C, Ye X, Ding C, Zhou M, Li W, Wang Y, You Q, Zong S, Peng Q, Duanmu D, Chen H, Sun B, Qiao J. Two Resveratrol Oligomers Inhibit Cathepsin L Activity to Suppress SARS-CoV-2 Entry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5535-5546. [PMID: 36996017 PMCID: PMC10069644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c07811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) depends on specific host cell proteases, which are the key targets for preventing and treating viral infections. Herein, we describe miyabenol C and trans-ε-viniferin, two resveratrol oligomers that specifically inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry by targeting host protease cathepsin L. Several cell-based assays were used to demonstrate the effect of resveratrol oligomers, and their target was identified via screening of antiviral targets. Molecular docking analysis suggested that the oligomers could occupy the active cavity of cathepsin L. The surface plasmon resonance assay showed that the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) values of miyabenol C-cathepsin L and trans-ε-viniferin-cathepsin L were 5.54 and 8.54 μM, respectively, indicating their excellent binding ability for cathepsin L. Our study demonstrated the potential application of resveratrol oligomers as lead compounds in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting cathepsin L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghai Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology,
Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University,
Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiansheng Ye
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Chengchao Ding
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life
Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China
(USTC), Hefei 230026, China
| | - Mengqi Zhou
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Weiling Li
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Yuansong Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Qiang You
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Shan Zong
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Qian Peng
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Deqiang Duanmu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology,
Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University,
Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug
Target, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University,
Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Binlian Sun
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
| | - Jialu Qiao
- Wuhan Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056,
China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine
Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000,
China
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2
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Resveratrol trimer enhances gene delivery to hematopoietic stem cells by reducing antiviral restriction at endosomes. Blood 2020; 134:1298-1311. [PMID: 31416800 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic gene delivery to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) holds great potential as a life-saving treatment of monogenic, oncologic, and infectious diseases. However, clinical gene therapy is severely limited by intrinsic HSC resistance to modification with lentiviral vectors (LVs), thus requiring high doses or repeat LV administration to achieve therapeutic gene correction. Here we show that temporary coapplication of the cyclic resveratrol trimer caraphenol A enhances LV gene delivery efficiency to human and nonhuman primate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells with integrating and nonintegrating LVs. Although significant ex vivo, this effect was most dramatically observed in human lineages derived from HSCs transplanted into immunodeficient mice. We further show that caraphenol A relieves restriction of LV transduction by altering the levels of interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins IFITM2 and IFITM3 and their association with late endosomes, thus augmenting LV core endosomal escape. Caraphenol A-mediated IFITM downregulation did not alter the LV integration pattern or bias lineage differentiation. Taken together, these findings compellingly demonstrate that the pharmacologic modification of intrinsic immune restriction factors is a promising and nontoxic approach for improving LV-mediated gene therapy.
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Kim SH, Seo M, Hwang H, Moon DM, Son GH, Kim K, Rhim H. Physical and Functional Interaction between 5-HT 6 Receptor and Nova-1. Exp Neurobiol 2019; 28:17-29. [PMID: 30853821 PMCID: PMC6401546 DOI: 10.5607/en.2019.28.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is implicated in cognitive dysfunction, mood disorder, psychosis, and eating disorders. However, despite its significant role in regulating the brain functions, regulation of 5-HT6R at the molecular level is poorly understood. Here, using yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that human 5-HT6R directly binds to neuro-oncological ventral antigen 1 (Nova-1), a brain-enriched splicing regulator. The interaction between 5-HT6R and Nova-1 was confirmed using GST pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation assays in cell lines and rat brain. The splicing activity of Nova-1 was decreased upon overexpression of 5-HT6R, which was examined by detecting the spliced intermediates of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a known pre-mRNA target of Nova-1, using RT-PCR. In addition, overexpression of 5-HT6R induced the translocation of Nova-1 from the nucleus to cytoplasm, resulting in the reduced splicing activity of Nova-1. In contrast, overexpression of Nova-1 reduced the activity and the total protein levels of 5-HT6R. Taken together, these results indicate that when the expression levels of 5-HT6R or Nova-1 protein are not properly regulated, it may also deteriorate the function of the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hee Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Misun Seo
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Hongik Hwang
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Dong-Min Moon
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Gi Hoon Son
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Kyungjin Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.,Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea
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Cho H, Park JH, Ahn EK, Oh JS. Kobophenol A Isolated from Roots of Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehder Exhibits Anti-inflammatory Activity by Regulating NF-κB Nuclear Translocation in J774A.1 Cells. Toxicol Rep 2018; 5:647-653. [PMID: 30023311 PMCID: PMC6046687 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kobophenol A (KPA) is a biologically active natural compound isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica (Buc'hoz) Rehder (C. sinica). However, the anti-inflammatory effects of KPA have not been reported. This study aims to find out whether KPA isolated from roots of C. sinica can act as a potential substance on inflammation and analyze the molecular mechanism using the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated J774 A.1 macrophage cell line. We showed that KPA treatment significantly suppressed the production of nitric oxide (NO) by inhibiting inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in a dose-dependent manner without cytotoxicity. In the KPA also inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression and production, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in LPS-stimulated J774 A.1 cells. As continuing study on the mechanisms involved, we confirmed that these effects of KPA were related to the inhibition of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway including the suppression of IκB kinase α/β (IKKα/β) phosphorylation and translocation of NF-κB into the nucleus. Taken together, the present study is the first to demonstrate that KPA isolated from C. sinica suppresses the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation in LPS-stimulated J774 A.1 macrophages. KPA may be a potential candidate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the future.
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Key Words
- C. sinica, Caragana sinica
- IKKα/β, IκB kinase α/β
- IL-1β, interleukin-1β
- IL-6, interleukin-6
- IκB, inhibitory κB
- KPA, Kobophenol A
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MAPKs, Mitogen-activated protein kinases
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NO, nitric oxide
- NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
- PGE2, Prostaglandin E2
- TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
- inducible nitric oxide synthase
- kobophenol A
- nitric oxide
- nuclear factor-κB
- pro-inflammatory cytokines
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyoung Park
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- Bio-center, Gyeonggido Business and Science Accelerator, Gwanggyo-ro 147, Yeoungtong, Suwon, Gyeonggi 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea
- Correspondining author at: Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Dandae-ro 119, Dongnam, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong W, Ahn EK, Oh JS, Hong SS. Caragasinin C: a new oligostilbene from the roots of Caragana sinica. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2017; 19:1143-1147. [PMID: 28347167 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1302941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new oligostilbene, caragasinin C (1), and seven known compounds, betulinic acid (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), (‒)-medicarpin (4), wistin (5), (2E,4S)-4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid (6), pallidol (7), and (+)-α-viniferin (8), were isolated from the roots of Caragana sinica. The structure of caragasinin C was established on the basis of spectroscopic techniques, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D-NMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonsik Jeong
- a Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator , Suwon 16229 , Korea
| | - Eun-Kyung Ahn
- a Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator , Suwon 16229 , Korea
| | - Joa Sub Oh
- b College of Pharmacy , Dankook University , Cheonan 31116 , Korea
| | - Seong Su Hong
- a Bio-Center, Gyeonggido Business & Science Accelerator , Suwon 16229 , Korea
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Espinoza JL, Inaoka PT. Gnetin-C and other resveratrol oligomers with cancer chemopreventive potential. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1403:5-14. [PMID: 28856688 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol has been extensively studied to investigate its biological effects, including its chemopreventive potential against cancer. Over the past decade, various resveratrol oligomers, both naturally occurring and synthetic, have been described. These resveratrol oligomers result from the polymerization of two or more resveratrol units to form dimers, trimers, tetramers, or even more complex derivatives. Some oligomers appear to have antitumor activities that are similar or superior to monomeric resveratrol. In this review, we discuss resveratrol oligomers with anticancer potential, with emphasis on well-characterized compounds, such as the dimer gnetin-C and other oligomers from Gnetum gnemon, whose safety, pharmacokinetic, and biological activities have been studied in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Espinoza
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Pleiades T Inaoka
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
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The resveratrol trimer miyabenol C inhibits β-secretase activity and β-amyloid generation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115973. [PMID: 25629409 PMCID: PMC4309453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation and deposition of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) in the brain is a primary cause of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aβ is generated from amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) through sequential cleavages first by β-secretase and then by γ-secretase. Inhibiting β-secretase activity is believed to be one of the most promising strategies for AD treatment. In the present study, we found that a resveratrol trimer, miyabenol C, isolated from stems and leaves of the small-leaf grape (Vitisthunbergii var. taiwaniana), can markedly reduce Aβ and sAPPβ levels in both cell cultures and the brain of AD model mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that miyabenol C affects neither protein levels of APP, the two major α-secretases ADAM10 and TACE, and the γ-secretase component Presenilin 1, nor γ-secretase-mediated Notch processing and TACE activity. In contrast, although miyabenol C has no effect on altering protein levels of the β-secretase BACE1, it can inhibit both in vitro and in vivo β-secretase activity. Together, our results indicate that miyabenol C is a prominent β-secretase inhibitor and lead compound for AD drug development.
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Resveratrol and its oligomers: modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling in disease. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2213-32. [PMID: 25344023 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural compound endowed with multiple health-promoting effects, has received much attention given its potential for the treatment of cardiovascular, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, metabolic and age-related diseases. However, the translational potential of resveratrol has been limited by its specificity, poor bioavailability and uncertain toxicity. In recent years, there has been an accumulation of evidence demonstrating that resveratrol modulates sphingolipid metabolism. Moreover, resveratrol forms higher order oligomers that exhibit better selectivity and potency in modulating sphingolipid metabolism. This review evaluates the evidence supporting the modulation of sphingolipid metabolism and signaling as a mechanism of action underlying the therapeutic efficacy of resveratrol and oligomers in diseases, such as cancer.
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Wright NE, Snyder SA. 9-Membered carbocycle formation: development of distinct Friedel-Crafts cyclizations and application to a scalable total synthesis of (±)-caraphenol A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:3409-13. [PMID: 24677499 PMCID: PMC4106019 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201311299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Explorations into a series of different approaches for 9-membered carbocycle formation have afforded the first reported example of a 9-exo-dig ring closure via a Au(III)-promoted reaction between an alkyne and an aryl ring as well as several additional, unique Friedel-Crafts-type cyclizations. Analyses of the factors leading to the success of these transformations are provided, with the application of one of the developed 9-membered ring closures affording an efficient and scalable synthesis of the bioactive resveratrol trimer caraphenol A. That synthesis proceeded with an average yield of 89% per step (7.8% overall yield) and has provided access to more than 600 mg of the target molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan E. Wright
- Dept. of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
| | - Scott A. Snyder
- Dept. of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY 10027
- Dept. of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458
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Resveratrol oligomers for the prevention and treatment of cancers. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:765832. [PMID: 24799982 PMCID: PMC3988857 DOI: 10.1155/2014/765832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (3,4′,5-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally derived phytoalexin stilbene isolated from grapes and other plants, playing an important role in human health and is well known for its extensive bioactivities, such as antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, anticancer. In addition to resveratrol, scientists also pay attention to resveratrol oligomers, derivatives of resveratrol, which are characterized by the polymerization of two to eight, or even more resveratrol units, and are the largest group of oligomeric stilbenes. Resveratrol oligomers have multiple beneficial properties, of which some are superior in activity, stability, and selectivity compared with resveratrol. The complicated structures and diverse biological activities are of significant interest for drug research and development and may provide promising prospects as cancer preventive and therapeutical agents. This review presents an overview on preventive or anticancer properties of resveratrol oligomers.
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Direct interaction and functional coupling between human 5-HT6 receptor and the light chain 1 subunit of the microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP1B-LC1). PLoS One 2014; 9:e91402. [PMID: 24614691 PMCID: PMC3948860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) receptors of type 6 (5-HT6R) play important roles in mood, psychosis, and eating disorders. Recently, a growing number of studies support the use of 5-HT6R-targeting compounds as promising drug candidates for treating cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the mechanistic linkage between 5-HT6R and such functions remains poorly understood. By using yeast two-hybrid, GST pull-down, and co-immunoprecipitation assays, here we show that human 5-HT6R interacts with the light chain 1 (LC1) subunit of MAP1B protein (MAP1B-LC1), a classical microtubule-associated protein highly expressed in the brain. Functionally, we have found that expression of MAP1B-LC1 regulates serotonin signaling in a receptor subtype-specific manner, specifically controlling the activities of 5-HT6R, but not those of 5-HT4R and 5-HT7R. In addition, we have demonstrated that MAP1B-LC1 increases the surface expression of 5-HT6R and decreases its endocytosis, suggesting that MAP1B-LC1 is involved in the desensitization and trafficking of 5-HT6R via a direct interaction. Together, we suggest that signal transduction pathways downstream of 5-HT6R are regulated by MAP1B, which might play a role in 5-HT6R-mediated signaling in the brain.
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Wright NE, Snyder SA. 9-Membered Carbocycle Formation: Development of Distinct Friedel-Crafts Cyclizations and Application to a Scalable Total Synthesis of (±)-Caraphenol A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201311299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Jin Q, Han XH, Hong SS, Lee C, Choe S, Lee D, Kim Y, Hong JT, Lee MK, Hwang BY. Antioxidative oligostilbenes from Caragana sinica. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 22:973-6. [PMID: 22209460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Two new oligostilbenes, caragasinins A (5) and B (10), and eight known compounds, kobophenol A (1), (+)-α-viniferin (2), (+)-ampelopsin F (3), pallidol (4), (+)-isoampelopsin F (6), miyabenol C (7), carasinaurone (8) and caraphenol B (9) were isolated from the ethylacetate-soluble extract of the roots of Caragana sinica. The structures of the isolates were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D, 2D NMR and HRESI-MS. These compounds were assessed for antioxidant activities. Caragasinin A (5), caraphenol B (9), and caragasinin B (10) showed moderate DPPH scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activities with IC(50) values ranging from 34.7±1.0 to 89.1±2.3μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
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