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Abbattista R, Feinberg NG, Snodgrass IF, Newman JW, Dandekar AM. Unveiling the "hidden quality" of the walnut pellicle: a precious source of bioactive lipids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1395543. [PMID: 38957599 PMCID: PMC11217525 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1395543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Tree nut consumption has been widely associated with various health benefits, with walnuts, in particular, being linked with improved cardiovascular and neurological health. These benefits have been attributed to walnuts' vast array of phenolic antioxidants and abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, recent studies have revealed unexpected clinical outcomes related to walnut consumption, which cannot be explained simply with the aforementioned molecular hallmarks. With the goal of discovering potential molecular sources of these unexplained clinical outcomes, an exploratory untargeted metabolomics analysis of the isolated walnut pellicle was conducted. This analysis revealed a myriad of unusual lipids, including oxylipins and endocannabinoids. These lipid classes, which are likely present in the pellicle to enhance the seeds' defenses due to their antimicrobial properties, also have known potent bioactivities as mammalian signaling molecules and homeostatic regulators. Given the potential value of this tissue for human health, with respect to its "bioactive" lipid fraction, we sought to quantify the amounts of these compounds in pellicle-enriched waste by-products of mechanized walnut processing in California. An impressive repertoire of these compounds was revealed in these matrices, and in notably significant concentrations. This discovery establishes these low-value agriculture wastes promising candidates for valorization and translation into high-value, health-promoting products; as these molecules represent a potential explanation for the unexpected clinical outcomes of walnut consumption. This "hidden quality" of the walnut pellicle may encourage further consumption of walnuts, and walnut industries may benefit from a revaluation of abundant pellicle-enriched waste streams, leading to increased sustainability and profitability through waste upcycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Abbattista
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Noah G. Feinberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Isabel F. Snodgrass
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - John W. Newman
- Western Human Nutrition Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Davis, CA, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, Genome Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Hirai T, Wang W, Murono N, Iwasa K, Inoue M. Potential role of Akt in the regulation of fibroblast growth factor 21 by berberine. J Nat Med 2024; 78:169-179. [PMID: 37951850 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-023-01755-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is expressed in several organs, including the liver, adipose tissue, and cardiovascular system, and plays an important role in cross-talk with other organs by binding to specific FGF receptors and their co-receptors. FGF21 represents a potential target for the treatment of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The production of FGF21 in skeletal muscle was recently suggested to be beneficial for metabolic health through its autocrine and paracrine effects. However, the regulatory mechanisms of FGF21 in skeletal muscle remain unclear. In the present study, we showed that berberine regulated FGF21 production in C2C12 myotubes in a dose-dependent manner. We also examined the effects of A-674563, a selective Akt1 inhibitor, on the berberine-mediated regulation of FGF21 expression in C2C12 myotubes. Berberine significantly increased the secretion of FGF21 in C2C12 myotubes, while A-674563 attenuated this effect. Moreover, a pre-treatment with A-674563 effectively suppressed berberine-induced increases in Bmal1 expression in C2C12 myotubes, indicating that the up-regulation of Bmal1 after the berberine treatment was dependent on Akt1. Additionally, berberine-induced increases in FGF21 secretion were significantly attenuated in C2C12 cells transfected with Bmal1 siRNA, indicating the contribution of the core clock transcription factor BMAL1 to Akt-regulated FGF21 in response to berberine. Collectively, these results indicate that berberine regulates the expression of FGF21 through the Akt1 pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Moreover, the core clock gene Bmal1 may participate in the control of the myokine FGF21. Berberine stimulated Akt1-dependent FGF21 expression in C2C12 myotubes. The up-regulation of FGF21 through the modulation of PI3K/AKT1/BMAL1 in response to berberine may be involved in the regulation of cellular function (such as Glut1 expression) by acting in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan.
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, 1-1 Gakuendai, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan.
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Naoko Murono
- Community Health Nursing, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan
| | - Kazuo Iwasa
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural Nursing University, Kahoku, Ishikawa, 929-1210, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Medicinal Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, 464-8650, Japan
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Zeng Y, Yang J, Chen J, Pu X, Li X, Yang X, Yang L, Ding Y, Nong M, Zhang S, He J. Actional Mechanisms of Active Ingredients in Functional Food Adlay for Human Health. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154808. [PMID: 35956759 PMCID: PMC9369982 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal and food homologous adlay (Coix lachryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) plays an important role in natural products promoting human health. We demonstrated the systematic actional mechanism of functional ingredients in adlay to promote human health, based on the PubMed, CNKI, Google, and ISI Web of Science databases from 1988 to 2022. Adlay and its extracts are rich in 30 ingredients with more than 20 health effects based on human and animal or cell cultures: they are anti-cancer, anti-inflammation, anti-obesity, liver protective, anti-virus, gastroprotective, cardiovascular protective, anti-hypertension, heart disease preventive, melanogenesis inhibiting, anti-allergy, endocrine regulating, anti-diabetes, anti-cachexia, osteoporosis preventive, analgesic, neuroprotecting, suitable for the treatment of gout arthritis, life extending, anti-fungi, and detoxifying effects. Function components with anti-oxidants are rich in adlay. These results support the notion that adlay seeds may be one of the best functional foods and further reveal the action mechanism of six major functional ingredients (oils, polysaccharides, phenols, phytosterols, coixol, and resistant starch) for combating diseases. This review paper not only reveals the action mechanisms of adding adlay to the diet to overcome 17 human diseases, but also provides a scientific basis for the development of functional foods and drugs for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Zeng
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
- Correspondence: or (Y.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-871-65894145 (Y.Z.)
| | - Jiazhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China;
| | - Jia Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiaoying Pu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xia Li
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Li’e Yang
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yumei Ding
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Agricultural Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China; (J.C.); (X.P.); (X.L.); (X.Y.); (L.Y.); (Y.D.)
| | - Mingying Nong
- Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan 663099, China; (M.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shibao Zhang
- Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan 663099, China; (M.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jinbao He
- Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan 663099, China; (M.N.); (S.Z.)
- Correspondence: or (Y.Z.); (J.H.); Tel.: +86-871-65894145 (Y.Z.)
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Rawlings AV, Wandeler E, Bendik I, Fuchs P, Monneuse JM, Imfeld D, Schütz R. Effect of regioisomers of hydroxystearic acids as peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists to boost the anti-ageing potential of retinoids. Int J Cosmet Sci 2021; 43:619-626. [PMID: 34403541 PMCID: PMC9255590 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction We report on the in vitro and ex vivo effects of chiral (R)‐10‐hydroxystearic acid (10‐HSA) compared with other mono‐hydroxystearic acid regioisomers and stearic acid (SA) together with its benefit when combined with retinol. Methods Following treatment with hydroxystearic acids peroxisomal proliferator‐activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activity was determined in a luciferase reporter gene assay, collagen type I was assessed in primary human dermal fibroblasts by immunohistochemistry, modification of the intracellular fibroblast collagen proteome was studied by mass‐spectrometry‐based proteomics and collagen type III was assessed by immunohistochemistry on human ex vivo skin. Results 10‐HSA was the most effective PPARα agonist (15.7× induction; p < 0.001), followed by 9‐HSA (10.1× induction) and then 12‐HSA (4.9× induction) with 17‐HSA (1.7× induction) being similar to the effects of stearic acid (1.8× induction). Collagen type I levels were increased in primary human fibroblasts by 2.12× and 1.56× for 10‐HSA and 9‐HSA, respectively, in vitro with the10‐HSA being significant (p < 0.05), whereas 12‐HSA and SA had no statistical effect over the untreated control. 10‐HSA and 12‐HSA modified the intracellular fibroblast collagen proteome slightly with significant increases in collagen alpha‐1 (VI) and alpha‐3 (VI) proteins but only 10‐HSA increased levels of collagen alpha‐2 (V), alpha‐1 (III), alpha‐1 (I) and alpha‐2 (I) (all p < 0.05) with the increases being significantly different between 10‐HSA and 12‐HSA for collagen alpha‐1 (I), collagen‐3 (VI) and collagen alpha‐2 (I) (p < 0.01). Collagen type III in ex vivo skin was increased +47% (p < 0.05) by 0.05% (1.7 mM) retinol, +70% (p < 0.01) by 0.01% (0.33 mM) 10‐HSA and the combination increased levels by +240% (p < 0.01 for either ingredient). Conclusion Chiral (R)‐10‐HSA has been shown to be superior to 9, 12 and 17‐HSA as a PPARα agonist. Moreover, 10‐HSA stimulated collagen synthesis in monolayer fibroblast culture as assessed by proteomics and immunohistochemically. Furthermore, we also show the synergistic effects of 10‐HSA with retinol on collagen III synthesis in skin explants. These results further highlight the efficacy of 10‐HSA as a cosmetically acceptable PPARα agonist and anti‐ageing ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Bendik
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Fuchs
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rolf Schütz
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
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Oleic Acid Prevents Isoprenaline-Induced Cardiac Injury: Effects on Cellular Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Histopathological Alterations. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2020; 20:28-48. [PMID: 31154622 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-019-09531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to assess the cardio-protective role of oleic acid in myocardial injury (MI) induced by intra-peritoneal injection of isoprenaline (ISO) in rats for 2 consecutive days. Oleic acid (OA) was administered orally (@ 5 mg/kg b.wt and 10 mg/kg b.wt) for 21 days before inducing MI. Pre-exposure to OA at higher dose significantly improved the HW/BW ratio, myocardial infarct size, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, HDL-C) and cardiac injury biomarkers (LDH, CK-MB, cardiac troponin-I, MMP-9), thus suggesting its cardio-protective role. The ameliorative potential of the higher dose of OA was further substantiated by its ability to reduce the cardiac oxidative stress as evidenced by significant decrease in lipid peroxidation coupled with increase in superoxide dismutase activity and reduced glutathione level. Significant decrease in heart rate as well as increase in RR and QT intervals in oleic acid pre-exposed rats were also observed. OA pre-treatment also reduced the histopathological alterations seen in myocardial injury group rats. The mRNA expression of cardiac UCP-2 gene, a regulator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, was significantly increased in oleic acid pre-exposure group compared to the ISO-induced myocardial injury group. Thus increase in expression of UCP-2 gene in cardiac tissue seems to be one of the protective measures against myocardial injury. Based on the above findings, it may be inferred that oleic acid possesses promising cardio-protective potential against myocardial injury due to its anti-oxidative property and ability to modulate cardiac metabolic processes.
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Shramko VS, Polonskaya YV, Kashtanova EV, Stakhneva EM, Ragino YI. The Short Overview on the Relevance of Fatty Acids for Human Cardiovascular Disorders. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081127. [PMID: 32751513 PMCID: PMC7464661 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review presents existing evidence of the influence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids on cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data are discussed regarding the roles of the most relevant fatty acids, such as myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), linoleic (C18:2), α-linolenic (C18:3, ω-3), γ-linolenic (C18:3, ω-6), arachidonic (C20:4), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5), docosahexaenoic (C22:6), and docosapentaenoic (C22:5) acid. The accumulated knowledge has expanded the understanding of the involvement of fatty acids in metabolic processes, thereby enabling the transition from basic exploratory studies to practical issues of application of these biomolecules to CVD treatment. In the future, these findings are expected to facilitate the interpretation and prognosis of changes in metabolic lipid aberrations in CVD.
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Hydes TJ, Ravi S, Loomba R, E Gray M. Evidence-based clinical advice for nutrition and dietary weight loss strategies for the management of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Mol Hepatol 2020; 26:383-400. [PMID: 32674529 PMCID: PMC7641567 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and affects approximately one third of adults in the United States. The disease is becoming a global epidemic as a result of the rising rates of obesity and metabolic disease. Emerging data suggest weight loss of ≥10% overall body weight is beneficial in resolving steatosis and reversing fibrosis. Prospective trials comparing various diets are limited by lack of sufficient power as well as pre- and post-treatment histopathology, and therefore no specific diet is recommended at this time. In this narrative review we examine the pathophysiology behind specific macronutrient components that can either promote or reverse NAFLD to help inform more specific dietary recommendations. Overall, the data supports reducing saturated fat, refined carbohydrates, and red and processed meats in the diet, and increasing the consumption of plant-based foods. Diets that incorporate these recommendations include plant-based diets such as the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, Mediterranean, vegetarian, and vegan diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa J Hydes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sujan Ravi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meagan E Gray
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Scholz B, Stiegler V, Eisenreich W, Engel KH. Strategies for UHPLC-MS/MS-Based Analysis of Different Classes of Acyl Chain Oxidation Products Resulting from Thermo-Oxidation of Sitostanyl Oleate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:12072-12083. [PMID: 31577433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytostanyl fatty acid esters, which are being added to a variety of foods owing to their cholesterol-lowering properties, are susceptible to thermally induced oxidation reactions. Using sitostanyl oleate as an example, we, in this study, aimed at developing strategies for the detection and the quantitation of acyl chain oxidation products (ACOPs). The elaborated ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry MS/MS-based approach involves (i) derivatizations of hydroxy and oxo groups, (ii) combined use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization and electrospray ionization as ionization techniques, and (iii) establishment of selective multireaction monitoring transitions. These strategies allow the identification of a broad spectrum of nonpolar short-chain as well as polar short- and long-chain hydroxy, epoxy, and oxo ACOPs. Semiquantitative assessments showed that sitostanyl 9,10-epoxystearate was the predominating ACOP resulting from thermo-oxidation of sitostanyl oleate at 180 °C for 30 min. The elaborated analytical approach paves the way to narrow the existing knowledge gap on the fate of phytostanyl fatty acid esters upon heat treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Scholz
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Veronika Stiegler
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , D-85748 Garching , Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Engel
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine Lebensmitteltechnologie , Technische Universität München , Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
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Raas Q, Saih FE, Gondcaille C, Trompier D, Hamon Y, Leoni V, Caccia C, Nasser B, Jadot M, Ménétrier F, Lizard G, Cherkaoui-Malki M, Andreoletti P, Savary S. A microglial cell model for acyl-CoA oxidase 1 deficiency. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:567-576. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ruhl T, Storti G, Pallua N. Proliferation, Metabolic Activity, and Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Preadipocytes Exposed to 2 Surfactants In Vitro. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1408-1415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Igami K, Shimojo Y, Ito H, Miyazaki T, Nakano F, Kashiwada Y. Fermented Ginseng Contains an Agonist of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors α and γ. J Med Food 2017; 19:817-22. [PMID: 27627700 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) is a nuclear receptor that is one of the transcription factors regulating lipid and glucose metabolism. Fermented ginseng (FG) is a ginseng fermented by Lactobacillus paracasei A221 containing minor ginsenosides and metabolites of fermentation. DNA microarray analysis of rat liver treated with FG indicated that FG affects on lipid metabolism are mediated by PPAR-α. To identify a PPAR-α agonist in FG, PPAR-α transcription reporter assay-guided fractionation was performed. The fraction obtained from the MeOH extract of FG, which showed potent transcription activity of PPAR-α, was fractionated by silica gel column chromatography into 16 subfractions, and further separation and crystallization gave compound 1 together with four known constituents of ginseng, including 20(R)- and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, and 20(R)- and 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh1. The structure of compound 1 was identified as 10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid by (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectra and by EI-MS analysis of the methyl ester of 1. Compound 1 demonstrated much higher transcription activity of PPAR-α than the other isolated compounds. In addition, compound 1 also showed 5.5-fold higher transcription activity of PPAR-γ than vehicle at the dose of 20 μg/mL. In the present study, we identified 10-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid as a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist in FG. Our study suggested that metabolites of fermentation, in addition to ginsenosides, contribute to the health benefits of FG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Igami
- 1 Research & Development Center, Nagase and Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan .,2 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shimojo
- 1 Research & Development Center, Nagase and Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | - Hisatomi Ito
- 1 Research & Development Center, Nagase and Co., Ltd. , Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Fusako Nakano
- 2 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- 2 Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
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Peng H, Sun J, Alharbi HA, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Wiseman S. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ is a Sensitive Target for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water: Effects on Adipogenesis and Identification of Ligands. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7816-7824. [PMID: 27340905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of toxic components of complex mixtures is a challenge. Here, oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) was used as a case study to identify those toxic components with a known protein target. Organic chemicals in OSPW exhibited dose-dependent activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) at concentrations less than those currently in the environment (0.025× equivalent of full-strength OSPW), by use of a luciferase reporter gene assay. Activation of PPARγ-mediated adipogenesis by OSPW was confirmed in 3T3L1 preadipocytes, as evidenced by accumulation of lipids and up-regulation of AP2, LPL, and PPARγ gene expression after exposure to polar fractions of OSPW. Unexpectedly, the nonpolar fractions of OSPW inhibited differentiation of preadipocytes via activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. Organic chemicals in OSPW that were ligands of PPARγ were identified by use of a pull-down system combined with untargeted chemical analysis (PUCA), with a recombinant PPARγ protein. Thirty ligands of PPARγ were identified by use of the PUCA assay. High resolution MS(1) and MS(2) spectra were combined to predict the formulas or structures of a subset of ligands, and polyoxygenated or heteroatomic chemicals, especially hydroxylated carboxylic/sulfonic acids, were the major ligands of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
| | - Hattan A Alharbi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5C8
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada S7N 5B3
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- School of Biology, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada , S7N 5B3
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Balas L, Bertrand-Michel J, Viars F, Faugere J, Lefort C, Caspar-Bauguil S, Langin D, Durand T. Regiocontrolled syntheses of FAHFAs and LC-MS/MS differentiation of regioisomers. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:9012-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob01597b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A regiospecific synthesis of branched fatty acyl hydroxyl-fatty acids (FAHFA) has been achieved for the development of LC-MS/MS detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Balas
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
| | | | - Fanny Viars
- INSERM
- UMR 1048
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Toulouse
- France
| | - Julien Faugere
- INSERM
- UMR 1048
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Toulouse
- France
| | - Corinne Lefort
- INSERM
- UMR 1048
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Toulouse
- France
| | | | - Dominique Langin
- INSERM
- UMR 1048
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Toulouse
- France
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247
- CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
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14
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Programmed regulation of rat offspring adipogenic transcription factor (PPARγ) by maternal nutrition. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2015; 6:530-8. [PMID: 26286138 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174415001440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We determined the protein expression of adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and its co-repressor and co-activator complexes in adipose tissue from the obese offspring of under- and over-nourished dams. Female rats were fed either a high-fat (60% kcal) or control (10% kcal) diet before mating, and throughout pregnancy and lactation (Mat-OB). Additional dams were 50% food-restricted from pregnancy day 10 to term [intrauterine growth-restricted (IUGR)]. Adipose tissue protein expression was analyzed in newborn and adult male offspring. Normal birth weight Mat-OB and low birth weight IUGR newborns had upregulated PPARγ with variable changes in co-repressors and co-activators. As obese adults, Mat-OB and IUGR offspring had increased PPARγ with decreased co-repressor and increased co-activator expression. Nutritionally programmed increased PPARγ expression is associated with altered expression of its co-regulators in the newborn and adult offspring. Functional studies of PPARγ co-regulators are necessary to establish their role in PPARγ-mediated programmed obesity.
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15
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Reprint of “Heated vegetable oils and cardiovascular disease risk factors”. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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16
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Nakashima KI, Murakami T, Tanabe H, Inoue M. Identification of a naturally occurring retinoid X receptor agonist from Brazilian green propolis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3034-41. [PMID: 24972164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brazilian green propolis (BGP), a resinous substance produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia by Africanized honey bees (Apis mellifera), is used as a folk medicine. Our present study explores the retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonistic activity of BGP and the identification of an RXR agonist in its extract. METHODS RXRα agonistic activity was evaluated using a luciferase reporter gene assay. Isolation of the RXRα agonist from the ethanolic extract of BGP was performed using successive silica gel and a reversed phase column chromatography. The interaction between the isolated RXRα agonist and RXRα protein was predicted by a receptor-ligand docking simulation. The nuclear receptor (NR) cofactor assay was used to estimate whether the isolated RXRα agonist bound to various NRs, including RXRs and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). We further examined its effect on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. RESULTS We identified drupanin as an RXRα agonist with an EC50 value of 4.8 ± 1.0 μM. Drupanin activated three RXR subtypes by a similar amount and activated PPARγ moderately. Additionally, drupanin induced adipogenesis and elevated aP2 mRNA levels in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS Drupanin, a component of BGP, is a novel RXR agonist with slight PPARγ agonistic activity. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study revealed for the first time that BGP activates RXR and drupanin is an RXR agonist in its extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Nakashima
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Tohru Murakami
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanabe
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Laboratory of Natural Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, 1-100 Kusumoto-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan.
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17
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Ng CY, Leong XF, Masbah N, Adam SK, Kamisah Y, Jaarin K. Heated vegetable oils and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 61:1-9. [PMID: 24632108 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It may result from the interactions between multiple genetic and environmental factors including sedentary lifestyle and dietary habits. The quality of dietary oils and fats has been widely recognised to be inextricably linked to the pathogenesis of CVD. Vegetable oil is one of the essential dietary components in daily food consumption. However, the benefits of vegetable oil can be deteriorated by repeated heating that leads to lipid oxidation. The practice of using repeatedly heated cooking oil is not uncommon as it will reduce the cost of food preparation. Thermal oxidation yields new functional groups which may be potentially hazardous to cardiovascular health. Prolonged consumption of the repeatedly heated oil has been shown to increase blood pressure and total cholesterol, cause vascular inflammation as well as vascular changes which predispose to atherosclerosis. The harmful effect of heated oils is attributed to products generated from lipid oxidation during heating process. In view of the potential hazard of oxidation products, therefore this review article will provide an insight and awareness to the general public on the consumption of repeatedly heated oils which is detrimental to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yi Ng
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xin-Fang Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Clinical Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norliana Masbah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Khadijah Adam
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yusof Kamisah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kamsiah Jaarin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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18
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Antiplatelet effects of natural bioactive compounds by multiple targets: Food and drug interactions. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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19
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Mauritia flexuosa Presents In Vitro and In Vivo Antiplatelet and Antithrombotic Activities. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:653257. [PMID: 24454503 PMCID: PMC3878763 DOI: 10.1155/2013/653257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fruit from the palm Mauritia flexuosa is one of the most important species in Peru, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, and Guyana. The present study aimed to investigate the antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of oil extracted from Mauritia flexuosa. The fatty acid contents were determined by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. Oil extract of peel of Mauritia flexuosa was extracted by soxhlet extraction. The oil extract inhibited platelet secretion and aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, and TRAP-6 by a concentration-dependent way (0.1 to 1 mg/mL) without the participation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway and diminished platelet rolling and firm adhesion under flow conditions. Furthermore, the oil extract induced a marked increase in the rolling speed of leukocytes retained on the platelet surface, reflecting a reduction of rolling and less adhesion. At the concentrations used, the oil extract significantly decreased platelet release of sP-selectin, an atherosclerotic-related inflammatory mediator. Oil extract inhibited thrombus growth at the same concentration as that of aspirin, a classical reference drug. Finally, the data presented herein also demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge the protective effect of oil extracted from Mauritia flexuosa on platelet activation and thrombosis formation.
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20
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Fuentes E, Fuentes F, Palomo I. Mechanism of the anti-platelet effect of natural bioactive compounds: Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors activation. Platelets 2013; 25:471-9. [DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2013.849334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Relationship between Platelet PPARs, cAMP Levels, and P-Selectin Expression: Antiplatelet Activity of Natural Products. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:861786. [PMID: 24324520 PMCID: PMC3845334 DOI: 10.1155/2013/861786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelets are no longer considered simply as cells participating in thrombosis. In atherosclerosis, platelets are regulators of multiple processes, with the recruitment of inflammatory cells towards the lesion sites, inflammatory mediators release, and regulation of endothelial function. The antiplatelet therapy has been used for a long time in an effort to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, limited efficacy in some patients, drug resistance, and side effects are limitations of current antiplatelet therapy. In this context, a large number of natural products (polyphenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, and fatty acids) have been reported with antiplatelet activity. In this sense, the present paper describes mechanisms of antiplatelet action of natural products on platelet P-selectin expression through cAMP levels and its role as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors agonists.
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22
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Fandel D, Wasmuht D, Avila-Martín G, Taylor JS, Galán-Arriero I, Mey J. Spinal cord injury induced changes of nuclear receptors PPARα and LXRβ and modulation with oleic acid/albumin treatment. Brain Res 2013; 1535:89-105. [PMID: 23958344 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In previous studies with animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI) pharmacological activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) and liver X receptors (LXR) were used to reduce tissue damage and promote behavioral recovery in animal models. We have studied the endogenous expression of the transcription factors PPARα and LXRβ in the chronic stage after SCI in rats. The immunohistochemical investigation revealed a long lasting increase in the level of PPARα in white matter in the vicinity of the lesion site. The source of this signal was identified in a subpopulation of astrocytes outside of the glial scar area. Intrathecal injections of oleic acid/albumin reduced the lesion-induced PPARα immunoreactivity. In addition, ependymal cells displayed a prominent PPARα signal in the non-injured spinal cord, and continued to express the receptor as they proliferated and migrated within the damaged tissue. The nuclear receptor LXRβ was detected at similar levels after SCI as in sham operated animals. We found high levels of immunoreactivity in the gray matter, while in the white matter it was present in subpopulations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Macrophages that had accumulated within the center of the lesion contained LXRβ in their cell nuclei. Possible endogenous functions of PPARα and LXRβ after SCI are discussed, specifically the control of fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism and the regulation of inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fandel
- Laboratorio Regeneración Nerviosa, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla la Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Abstract
Fatty acid regulation of hepatic gene transcription was first reported in the early 1990s. Several transcription factors have been identified as targets of fatty acid regulation. This regulation is achieved by direct fatty acid binding to the transcription factor or by indirect mechanisms where fatty acids regulate signaling pathways controlling the expression of transcription factors or the phosphorylation, ubiquitination, or proteolytic cleavage of the transcription factor. Although dietary fatty acids are well-established regulators of hepatic transcription factors, emerging evidence indicates that endogenously generated fatty acids are equally important in controlling transcription factors in the context of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Our first goal in this review is to provide an up-to-date examination of the molecular and metabolic bases of fatty acid regulation of key transcription factors controlling hepatic metabolism. Our second goal is to link these mechanisms to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a growing health concern in the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald B Jump
- Nutrition Program, School of Biological and Population Health Science, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Nutraceuticals as Ligands of PPARγ. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:858352. [PMID: 22792089 PMCID: PMC3388323 DOI: 10.1155/2012/858352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that respond to several exogenous and endogenous ligands by modulating genes related to lipid, glucose, and insulin homeostasis. PPARγ, expressed in adipose tissue and liver, regulates lipid storage and glucose metabolism and is the target of type 2 diabetes drugs, thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Due to high levels of toxicity associated with the first generation TZDs, troglitazone (Rezulin), rosiglitazone (Avandia), and pioglitazone (Actos), there is a renewed search for newer PPAR drugs that exhibit better efficacy but lesser toxicity. In recent years, there has been a definite increase in the consumption of dietary supplements among diabetics, due to the possible health benefits associated with these nutraceutical components. With this impetus, investigations into alternative natural ligands of PPARs has also risen. This review highlights some of the dietary compounds (dietary lipids, isoflavones, and other flavanoids) that bind and transactivate PPARγ. A better understanding of the physiological effects of this PPAR activation by nutraceuticals and the availability of high-throughput technologies should lead to the discovery of less toxic alternatives to the PPAR drugs currently on the market.
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Specific unsaturated fatty acids enforce the transdifferentiation of human cancer cells toward adipocyte-like cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 7:898-909. [PMID: 21499706 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Differentiation therapy pursues the discovery of novel molecules to transform cancer progression into less aggressive phenotypes by mechanisms involving enforced cell transdifferentiation. In this study, we examined the identification of transdifferentiating adipogenic programs in human cancer cell lines (HCCLs). Our findings showed that specific unsatturated fatty acids, such as palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids, trigger remarkable phenotypic modifications in a large number of human cancer cell lines (HCCLs), including hepatocarcinoma HUH-7, ovarian carcinoma SK-OV-3, breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 and melanoma MALME-3M. In particular, we characterized a massive biogenesis of lipid droplets (LDs) and up-regulation of the adipogenic master regulator, PPARG, resulting in the transdifferentiation of HCCLs into adipocyte-like cells. These findings suggest the possibility of a novel strategy in cancer differentiation therapy via switching the identity of HCCLs to an adipogenic phenotype through unsaturated fatty acid-induced transdifferentiation.
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