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Qian H, Li Y. Nandina domestica Thunb.: a review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1407140. [PMID: 39045046 PMCID: PMC11263726 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1407140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nandina domestica: Thunb. is a traditional Chinese herbal drug that has long been used in China and Japan for the treatment of colds, fevers, asthma, chronic bronchitis, conjunctivitis, whooping cough, pharyngeal tumors, etc. Published data have reported at least 366 constituents from N. domestica, including alkaloids, flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, phenolic acids and their derivatives, fatty acids, and others. Of these, the isoquinoline alkaloids are considered characteristic markers for N. domestica. These alkaloids also showed the most promising bioactivities. The crude extracts or semi-purified constituents of N. domestica exhibit a variety of activities, including antitumor, dermatological, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and detoxification activities, as well as effects on respiratory system, etc. The fruit is considered poisonous when eaten raw, with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain as side effects after ingestion. Most traditional uses are supported by biological activities demonstrated in modern experimental studies, suggesting a potential medicinal value of N. domestica. However, more information is needed on its mechanisms of activity, pharmacokinetic profile of the constituents, and its safety and efficacy profile in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanling Li
- College of Pharmacy, Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Du J, Mehrabi Nasab E, Athari SS, Qian L. Bronchodilatory effect of higenamine as antiallergic asthma treatment. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1753-1758. [PMID: 35410888 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex airway disease that affects more than 350 million humans worldwide. Allergic asthma symptoms are induced by Th2 immune response with the release of cytokines and allegro-inflammatory mediators that amplify the inflammatory response, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and hyperproduction of mucus. Higenamine, as a chemical compound, is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist and can be used as bronchodilator in allergic asthma.BALB/c mice were allocated in four groups and then allergic asthma was induced in three groups. One of the asthmatic groups was treated with albuterol and other one was treated with higenamine. At least, methacholine challenge to determine the AHR, measurement of cytokines, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), LTB4 and LTC4 levels, evaluation of gene expression of Muc5ac, Muc5b, Agr2 and Arg1, and histopathological study were done.Higenamine treatment reduced AHR, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 levels, mRNA expression of MUC5ac, MUC5b, Arg1 and Agr2, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus hypersecretion. Higenamine had no significant effect on IL-5, interferon-γ (INF-γ), IgE, LTB4, LTC4 levels and eosinophilic inflammation in lung tissue.Higenamine treatment controls asthma acute attack and breathlessness and can be used as asthma treatment with control of AHR and decrease of airflow obstruction and mucus hypersecretion and had allegro-immune-regulatory effect. But higenamine treatment had no notable effect on the inflammation and inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Hospital Infection Management, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Entezar Mehrabi Nasab
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Linlin Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng No.1 Peoples's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
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Rangelov Kozhuharov V, Ivanov K, Ivanova S. Higenamine in Plants as a Source of Unintentional Doping. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:354. [PMID: 35161335 PMCID: PMC8838985 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higenamine is a β2 agonist of plant origin. The compound has been included in WADA's prohibited list since 2017. Higenamine may be detected in different plants and many food supplements of natural origin. METHODS Our literature search was conducted through PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Web of Science studies investigating the presence of higenamine in plants that are used in traditional folk medicine or included in food supplements. Our study aimed to assess the risk of adverse analytical findings caused by higenamine-containing plants. RESULTS Based on our literature search, Nelumbo nucifera, Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica, Gnetum parvifolium, Asarum siebodii,Asarum heterotropoides, Aconitum carmichaelii, and Aristolochia brasiliensis are higenamine-containing plants. Based on data from Eastern folk medicine, these plants can provide numerous health benefits. Professional athletes likely ingest these plants without knowing that they contain higenamine; these herbs are used in treatments for different conditions and various foods/food supplements in addition to folk medicine. CONCLUSION Athletes and their teams must be aware of the issues associated with the use of plant-based products. They should avoid consuming higenamine-containing plants during and outside of competition periods.
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Wang R, Xiong X, Yang M, He S, Xu X. A pharmacokinetics study of orally administered higenamine in rats using LC–MS/MS for doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:485-495. [PMID: 31881121 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University P.R. CHINA
| | - Xiaoping Xiong
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University P.R. CHINA
| | | | - Sirui He
- Department of Sport, Sichuan Conservatory of Music P.R. CHINA
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University P.R. CHINA
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Wen J, Zhang L, Wang J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang R, Li R, Liu H, Wei S, Li H, Zou W, Zhao Y. Therapeutic effects of higenamine combined with [6]-gingerol on chronic heart failure induced by doxorubicin via ameliorating mitochondrial function. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4036-4050. [PMID: 32073745 PMCID: PMC7171398 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Higenamine (HG) is a natural benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Aconitum with positive inotropic and chronotropic effects. This study aimed to investigate the possible cardioprotective effects of HG combined with [6]-gingerol (HG/[6]-GR) against DOX-induced chronic heart failure (CHF) by comprehensive approaches. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity model in rats and H9c2 cells was established. Therapeutic effects of HG/[6]-GR on haemodynamics, serum indices and histopathology of cardiac tissue were analysed. Cell mitochondrial energy phenotype and cell mitochondrial fuel flex were measured by a Seahorse XFp analyser. Moreover, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS was performed to explore the potential metabolites affecting the therapeutic effects and pathological process of CHF. To further investigate the potential mechanism of HG/[6]-GR, mRNA and protein expression levels of RAAS and LKB1/AMPK/Sirt1-related pathways were detected. The present data demonstrated that the therapeutic effects of HG/[6]-GR combination on CHF were presented in ameliorating heart function, down-regulation serum indices and alleviating histological damage of heart tissue. Besides, HG/[6]-GR has an effect on increasing cell viability of H9c2 cells, ameliorating DOX-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and elevating mitochondrial OCR and ECAR value. Metabolomics analyses showed that the therapeutic effect of HG/[6]-GR combination is mainly associated with the regulation of fatty acid metabolites and energy metabolism pathways. Furthermore, HG/[6]-GR has an effect on down-regulating RAAS pathway-related molecules and up-regulating LKB1/AMPKα/Sirt1-related pathway. The present work demonstrates that HG/[6]-GR prevented DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via the cardiotonic effect and promoting myocardial energy metabolism through the LKB1/AMPKα/Sirt1 signalling pathway, which promotes mitochondrial energy metabolism and protects against CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Wen
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiabo Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lifu Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruilin Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Honghong Liu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shizhang Wei
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haotian Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jo A, Yoo HJ, Lee M. Robustaflavone Isolated from Nandina domestica Using Bioactivity-Guided Fractionation Downregulates Inflammatory Mediators. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091789. [PMID: 31072069 PMCID: PMC6540067 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nandina domestica (Berberidaceae) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cough. This plant is distributed in Korea, Japan, China, and India This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory phytochemicals obtained from the N. domestica fruits. We isolated a biflavonoid-type phytochemical, robustaflavone (R), from N. domestica fruits through bioactivity-guided fractionation based on its capacity to inhibit inflammation. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of R isolated from N. domestica has not yet been studied. In the present study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activities of R using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. We have shown that R reduces the production of nitric oxide (NO), pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-6. Western blot analysis showed that R suppresses the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and downregulates the expression of LPS-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the phosphorylation of extracellular-regulated kinases (pERK 1/2). Moreover, R inhibited IL-8 release in LPS-induced human colonic epithelial cells (HT-29). These results suggest that R could be a potential therapeutic candidate for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ara Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ji Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
| | - Mina Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungangno, Suncheon-si 57922, Jeonnam, Korea.
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The Role of PGE 2 in Alveolar Epithelial and Lung Microvascular Endothelial Crosstalk. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7923. [PMID: 28801643 PMCID: PMC5554158 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08228-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the blood-air barrier, which is formed by lung microvascular endothelial and alveolar epithelial cells, is a hallmark of acute lung injury. It was shown that alveolar epithelial cells release an unidentified soluble factor that enhances the barrier function of lung microvascular endothelial cells. In this study we reveal that primarily prostaglandin (PG) E2 accounts for this endothelial barrier-promoting activity. Conditioned media from alveolar epithelial cells (primary ATI-like cells) collected from BALB/c mice and A549 cells increased the electrical resistance of pulmonary human microvascular endothelial cells, respectively. This effect was reversed by pretreating alveolar epithelial cells with a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor or by blockade of EP4 receptors on endothelial cells, and in A549 cells also by blocking the sphingosine-1-phosphate1 receptor. Cyclooxygenase-2 was constitutively expressed in A549 cells and in primary ATI-like cells, and was upregulated by lipopolysaccharide treatment. This was accompanied by enhanced PGE2 secretion into conditioned media. Therefore, we conclude that epithelium-derived PGE2 is a key regulator of endothelial barrier integrity via EP4 receptors under physiologic and inflammatory conditions. Given that pharmacologic treatment options are still unavailable for diseases with compromised air-blood barrier, like acute lung injury, our data thus support the therapeutic potential of selective EP4 receptor agonists.
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Zhang N, Lian Z, Peng X, Li Z, Zhu H. Applications of Higenamine in pharmacology and medicine. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 196:242-252. [PMID: 28007527 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aconitum has been used as local and traditional medicines in many asian regions for the treatment of various diseases such as collapse, syncope, painful joints, oedema, bronchial asthma et al. Higenamine, a plant-based alkaloid, was initially isolated from Aconitum and identified as the active cardiotonic component of Aconitum. It has been tested as a candidate of pharmacologic stress agent in the detection of coronary artery diseases (CADs) and now researchers have just accomplished the phase III clinical studies successfully in China. Besides, a large number of studies have revealed the various pharmacological properties and potentially multi-spectral medical applications of higenamine. However, to date, no comprehensive review on higenamine has been published. AIM OF THE REVIEW This present paper aims to compile a comprehensive update regarding the biochemistry, pharmacokinetic features, pharmacological activities, clinical and potential clinical uses and toxicities on higenamine with the ultimate objective of providing a guide for future research on this drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS The selection of relevant data was made through a search using the keyword "higenamine" in "Web of science", "Pubmed", and "China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI)". Information was also acquired from local classic herbal literature, government reports and conference papers. RESULTS In addition to Aconitum, higenamine also exists in many other plants including Tinospora crispa, Nandina domestica THUNBERG, Gnetum Parvifolium C.Y. Cheng, sarum Heterotropoides,Nelumbo nucifera,N.nucifera. The pharmacokinetic studies conducted in animals and humans showed that higenamine conformed to a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Studies over the last four decades on higenamine have revealed its various pharmacological properties such as positive inotropic and chronotropic effect, activating slow channel effect, vascular and tracheal relaxation effect, anti-thrombotic, anti-apoptotic and anti-oxidative effect, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect. This phytochemical constituent has shown its potential therapeutic effects for diseases like heart failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), shock, arthritis, asthma, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries and erectile dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS Extensive basic and clinical studies on higenamine showed valuable therapeutic effects on different disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of higenamine have not been established. Therefore, the safety, tolerability and efficacy of higenamine are as yet, not fully understood. Additionally, some of the studies were small sample-sized and unreliable. To sum up, there is a need for deeper investigation in the mechanisms of higenamine action, as well as well-designed preclinical and clinical trials studies to test the safety and clinical value of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zeqin Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xueying Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zijian Li
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Haibo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Beijing, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of New Drug Mechanisms and Pharmacological Evaluation Study, Beijing, PR China; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China.
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Shi R, Wang Q, Ouyang Y, Wang Q, Xiong X. Picfeltarraenin IA inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cytokine production by the nuclear factor-κB pathway in human pulmonary epithelial A549 cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 11:1195-1200. [PMID: 26893718 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of picfeltarraenin IA (IA) on respiratory inflammation by analyzing its effect on interleukin (IL)-8 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. The expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) in human pulmonary adenocarcinoma epithelial A549 cells in culture was also examined. Human pulmonary epithelial A549 cells and the human monocytic leukemia THP-1 cell line were used in the current study. Cell viability was measured using a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay. The production of IL-8 and PGE2 was investigated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of COX2 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)-p65 was examined using western blot analysis. Treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 µg/ml) resulted in the increased production of IL-8 and PGE2, and the increased expression of COX2 in the A549 cells. Furthermore, IA (0.1-10 µmol/l) significantly inhibited PGE2 production and COX2 expression in cells with LPS-induced IL-8, in a concentration-dependent manner. The results suggested that IA downregulates LPS-induced COX2 expression, and inhibits IL-8 and PGE2 production in pulmonary epithelial cells. Additionally, IA was observed to suppress the expression of COX2 in THP-1 cells, and also to regulate the expression of COX2 via the NF-κB pathway in the A549 cells, but not in the THP-1 cells. These results indicate that IA regulates LPS-induced cytokine release in A549 cells via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Yang Ouyang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Xiong
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, P.R. China
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Yu F, Kong L, Wang S. Influence of racemic higenamine on the sinus node. Exp Ther Med 2012; 5:591-595. [PMID: 23403401 PMCID: PMC3570077 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2012.813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the mechanism of racemic higenamine in the treatment of sick sinus syndrome (SSS). A total of 40 New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into normal sinus node and damaged sinus node (SND) groups, and each group was randomly divided into treatment and control groups (n=10). The SND model was established by formaldehyde wet dressing of the sinus node area. The treatment groups were administered an intravenous infusion of 0.04 mg/kg racemic higenamine via the marginal ear vein within 5 min. The electrophysiological indicators of sinoatrial function, including the sinus node recovery time (SNRT), corrected sinus node recovery time (CSNRT), total sinoatrial conduction time (TSACT) and sinus cycle length (SCL), were determined before and 20 min after medication and the changes in these indicators were evaluated. The two control groups were administered 10 ml physiological saline. Following the administration of racemic higenamine, the SNRT, CSNRT, TSACT and SCL in the normal sinus node and SND groups were significantly shortened compared with those in the control groups (P<0.01). The electrophysiological influence of racemic higenamine on sinoatrial function in the SND group was significantly greater than that in the normal sinus node group (P<0.01), and its effect in the treatment of arrhythmia caused by a damaged sinus node was statistically significant (P<0.05). The main electrophysiological mechanism of racemic higenamine in the treatment of SSS was the enhancement of sinus node self-discipline and improvement of sinoatrial and atrioventricular conduction function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxia Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264001, P.R. China
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