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Alhusban M, Pandey P, Ahn J, Avula B, Haider S, Avonto C, Ali Z, Khan SI, Ferreira D, Khan IA, Chittiboyina AG. Computational Tools to Expedite the Identification of Potential PXR Modulators in Complex Natural Product Mixtures: A Case Study with Five Closely Related Licorice Species. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:26824-26843. [PMID: 35936409 PMCID: PMC9352242 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The genus Glycyrrhiza, comprising approximately 36 spp., possesses complex structural diversity and is documented to possess a wide spectrum of biological activities. Understanding and finding the mechanisms of efficacy or safety for a plant-based therapy is very challenging, yet it is crucial and necessary to understand the polypharmacology of traditional medicines. Licorice extract was shown to modulate the xenobiotic receptors, which might manifest as a potential route for natural product-induced drug interactions. However, different mechanisms could be involved in this phenomenon. Since the induced herb-drug interaction of licorice supplements via Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is understudied, we ventured out to analyze the potential modulators of PXR in complex mixtures such as whole extracts by applying computational mining tools. A total of 518 structures from five species of Glycyrrhiza: 183 (G. glabra), 180 (G. uralensis), 100 (G. inflata), 33 (G. echinata), and 22 (G. lepidota) were collected and post-processed to yield 387 unique compounds. Visual inspection of top candidates with favorable ligand-PXR interactions and the highest docking scores were identified. The in vitro testing revealed that glabridin (GG-14) is the most potent PXR activator among the tested compounds, followed by licoisoflavone A, licoisoflavanone, and glycycoumarin. A 200 ns molecular dynamics study with glabridin confirmed the stability of the glabridin-PXR complex, highlighting the importance of computational methods for rapid dereplication of potential xenobiotic modulators in a complex mixture instead of undertaking time-consuming classical biological testing of all compounds in a given botanical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alhusban
- Department
of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Pankaj Pandey
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jongmin Ahn
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Saqlain Haider
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Cristina Avonto
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Zulfiqar Ali
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Shabana I. Khan
- Department
of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Daneel Ferreira
- Department
of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- Department
of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amar G. Chittiboyina
- National
Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
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Schmid C, Mittermeier-Kleßinger V, Tabea Peters VC, Berger F, Kramler M, Heuberger H, Rinder R, Hofmann T, Gutjahr C, Dawid C. Quantitative Mapping of Flavor and Pharmacologically Active Compounds in European Licorice Roots ( Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) in Response to Growth Conditions and Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Symbiosis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13173-13189. [PMID: 34723522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Application of a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MSMRM method enabled the simultaneous quantitation of 23 sweet-, licorice-, and bitter-tasting saponins in Glycyrrhiza glabra L., Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., different licorice plants and root compartments, processed licorice, as well as different Glycyrrhiza spp. The combination of quantitative data with sweet, licorice, and bitter taste thresholds led to the determination of dose-over-threshold factors to elucidate the sweet, licorice, and bitter impact of the individual saponins with and without mycorrhiza symbiosis to evaluate the licorice root quality. Aside from glycyrrhizin (1), which is the predominant sweet- and licorice-tasting saponin in all licorice samples, 20 out of 22 quantitated saponins contributed to the taste profile of licorice roots. Next to sweet-/licorice-tasting glycyrrhizin (1), 24-hydroxy-glycyrrhizin (9), 30-hydroxy-glycyrrhizin (11), and 11-deoxo-24-hydroxy-glycyrrhizin (14) as well as licorice tasting saponins 20α-galacturonic acid glycyrrhizin (17), 24-hydroxy-20α-glycyrrhizin (21), and 11-deoxo-glycyrrhizin (12) were determined as key contributors to licorice root's unique taste profile. A quantitative comparison of 23 saponins as well as 28 polyphenols between licorice roots inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and controls showed that important taste-mediating saponins were increased in mycorrhizal roots, and these alterations depended on the growth substrate and the level of phosphate fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Mittermeier-Kleßinger
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Verena Christina Tabea Peters
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Florian Berger
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Marlene Kramler
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Heidi Heuberger
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Vöttinger Str. 38, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rinder
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Vöttinger Str. 38, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil Ramann Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lise-Meitner-Str. 34, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität München, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Glycyrrhiza Genus: Enlightening Phytochemical Components for Pharmacological and Health-Promoting Abilities. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7571132. [PMID: 34349875 PMCID: PMC8328722 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7571132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Glycyrrhiza genus, generally well-known as licorice, is broadly used for food and medicinal purposes around the globe. The genus encompasses a rich pool of bioactive molecules including triterpene saponins (e.g., glycyrrhizin) and flavonoids (e.g., liquiritigenin, liquiritin). This genus is being increasingly exploited for its biological effects such as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic activities. The species Glycyrrhiza glabra L. and the compound glycyrrhizin (glycyrrhizic acid) have been studied immensely for their effect on humans. The efficacy of the compound has been reported to be significantly higher on viral hepatitis and immune deficiency syndrome. This review provides up-to-date data on the most widely investigated Glycyrrhiza species for food and medicinal purposes, with special emphasis on secondary metabolites' composition and bioactive effects.
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Ibrahim RS, Mahrous RSR, Abu El-Khair RM, Ross SA, Omar AA, Fathy HM. Biologically guided isolation and ADMET profile of new factor Xa inhibitors from Glycyrrhiza glabra roots using in vitro and in silico approaches. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9995-10001. [PMID: 35423517 PMCID: PMC8695410 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective factor Xa inhibitors effectively block coagulation cascade with a broader therapeutic window than multitargeted anticoagulants. They have evolved as a crucial part of prevention and treatment of thromboembolic diseases and in therapeutic protocols involved in many clinical trials in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Biologically-guided isolation of specific FXa inhibitors from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract furnished ten flavonoids. By detailed analysis of their 1H, 13C NMR and MS data, the structures of these flavonoids were established as 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone (1), formononetin (2), 3-R-glabridin (3), isoliquiritigenin (4), liquiritin (5), naringenin 5-O-glucoside (6), 3,3',4,4'-tetrahydroxy-2-methoxychalcone (7), liquiritinapioside (8) and the two isomers isoliquiritigenin-4'-O-β-d-apiosylglucoside (9) and isoliquiritigenin-4-O-β-d-apiosylglucoside (10). All the isolated compounds were assessed for their FXa inhibitory activity using in vitro chromogenic assay for the first time. Liquirtin (5) showed the most potent inhibitory effects with an IC50 of 5.15 μM. The QikProp module was implemented to perform ADMET predictions for the screened compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham S Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria Egypt
| | | | | | - Samir A Ross
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, Thad Cochran Research Center Oxford MS USA
- BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi University MS USA
| | - Abdallah A Omar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria Egypt
| | - Hoda M Fathy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Alexandria Egypt
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Wang Q, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Lin P, Lan T, Qin Z, Xu D, Wu H, Yao Z. Characterization of chemical profile and quantification of major representative components of Wendan decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:1036-1061. [PMID: 33403778 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wendan decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting of six herbal medicines, has been widely used in clinical treatments for thousands of years due to the expectorant effects. However, the chemical basis of Wendan decoction remains unclear, which hinders the elucidation of the scientific connotation and mechanism of its effective components. In this study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry method was first developed for characterization of its chemical profile, and a total of 142 chemical components including flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, pungent phytochemicals, and other types were detected, among which 41 components were definitively identified with authentic standards. Furthermore, 14 major representative components were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, indicating that the content levels of flavonoids were the most abundant in Wendan decoction. In summary, this study established sensitive and practical methods to systematically characterize chemical profile for the first time and simultaneous quantify representative components of Wendan decoction. These findings above would provide a solid chemical basis for disclosure of potential effective components by further in vivo disposal study, and promote therapeutic mechanism researches of Wendan decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zou
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yezi Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pei Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Taohua Lan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zifei Qin
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P. R. China
| | - Danping Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Huanlin Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Li F, Liu B, Li T, Wu Q, Xu Z, Gu Y, Li W, Wang P, Ma T, Lei H. Review of Constituents and Biological Activities of Triterpene Saponins from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Its Solubilization Characteristics. Molecules 2020; 25:E3904. [PMID: 32867101 PMCID: PMC7503449 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is regarded as one of the most popular and commonly used herbal medicines and has been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions for over 2000 years. Pentacyclic triterpene saponins are common secondary metabolites in these plants, which are synthesized via the isoprenoid pathway to produce a hydrophobic triterpenoid aglycone containing a hydrophilic sugar chain. This paper systematically summarizes the chemical structures of triterpene saponins in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and reviews and updates their main biological activities studies. Furthermore, the solubilization characteristics, influences, and mechanisms of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are elaborated. Solubilization of the triterpene saponins from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma occurs because they contain the nonpolar sapogenin and water-soluble sidechain. The possible factors affecting the solubilization of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma are mainly other crude drugs and the pH of the decoction. Triterpene saponins represented by glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma characteristically form micelles due to amphiphilicity, which makes solubilization possible. This overview provides guidance regarding a better understanding of GlycyrrhizaeRadix et Rhizoma and its TCM compatibility, alongside a theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Bin Liu
- COFCO Nutrition and Health Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China;
| | - Tong Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Qianwen Wu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Zhiyong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China;
| | - Yuhao Gu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Penglong Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
| | - Haimin Lei
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China; (F.L.); (T.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.G.); (W.L.); (P.W.); (T.M.)
- Institute of Regulatory Science for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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Jiang M, Zhao S, Yang S, Lin X, He X, Wei X, Song Q, Li R, Fu C, Zhang J, Zhang Z. An "essential herbal medicine"-licorice: A review of phytochemicals and its effects in combination preparations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 249:112439. [PMID: 31811935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Licorice (Gancao in Chinese, GC), the dried root and rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L., is an "essential herbal medicine" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). There is a classic traditional Chinese medicine theory says that "nine out of ten formulas contain licorice" and licorice is considered as one of the most important herbal medicine which can reduce toxicity and increase efficacy of certain herbal medicine while it is combined application. In addition, it is a "medicine food homology" herbal medicine and also be widely used as a health food product and natural sweetener. However, no systematic literature review has been compiled to reveal its superiority. Herein, the aim of this work is to develop an overview of the state on phytochemicals, as well as effects of licorice in combination preparations, which can provide better understand the superiority of licorice and the special position in the application of TCM. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, quality control and toxicology of licorice have also been researched, which would provide reference for future clinical and basic research needs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The information about licorice was collected from various sources including classic books about Chinese herbal medicine, and scientific databases including scientific journals, books, and pharmacopoeia. A total of 124 bibliographies, which are published from 1976 to 2019, have been searched and researched. RESULTS In this study, the interaction of chemical compounds between licorice and toxic herbal medicine, pharmacological effect of licorice, and the effect of licorice on pharmacokinetics of toxic compounds are considered as the main mechanisms underlying the effects of licorice in combination preparations. Besides, ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses and chemical constituents have been summarized. CONCLUSION This work comprehensively reviews the state on ethnobotany, ethnopharmacological uses, phytochemicals, combined applications, quality control and toxicology of licorice. It will provide systematic insights into this ancient drug for further development and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyuan Jiang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Shengjia Zhao
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Shasha Yang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xia Lin
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xiguo He
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Xinyi Wei
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Qin Song
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 0010024, Japan.
| | - Rui Li
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Chaomei Fu
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Jinming Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Olennikov DN, Zilfikarov IN, Vennos C. Microcolumn HPLC-UV Analysis of Glycyrrhiza Uralensis and Licorice Preparations. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-01938-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Schmid C, Dawid C, Peters V, Hofmann T. Saponins from European Licorice Roots ( Glycyrrhiza glabra). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1734-1744. [PMID: 30063346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
European licorice roots ( Glycyrrhiza glabra), used in the food and beverage industry due to their distinctive sweet and typical licorice flavor, were fractionated, with the triterpenoid saponins isolated and their chemical structures determined by means of ESIMS, ESIMS/MS, HRESIMS, and 1D/2D NMR experiments. Next to the quantitatively predominant saponin glycyrrhizin (11) and some previously known saponins, the structures of 10 monodesmosidic saponins were assigned unequivocally for the first time, namely, 30-hydroxyglycyrrhizin (1), glycyrrhizin-20-methanoate (2), 24-hydroxyglucoglycyrrhizin (3), rhaoglycyrrhizin (4), 11-deoxorhaoglycyrrhizin (5), rhaoglucoglycyrrhizin (6), rhaogalactoglycyrrhizin (7), 11-deoxo-20α-glycyrrhizin (8), 20α-galacturonoylglycyrrhizin (9), and 20α-rhaoglycyrrhizin (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schmid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Verena Peters
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universität München , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34 , D-85354 Freising , Germany
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10
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11
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Ma X, Yu Q, Guo X, Zeng K, Zhao M, Tu P, Jiang Y. Nitric oxide inhibitory flavonoids from traditional Chinese medicine formula Baoyuan Decoction. Fitoterapia 2015; 103:252-9. [PMID: 25889071 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Three new flavonoid glycosides, (3R)-(+)-isomucronulatol-2'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), (3R)-(-)-isomucronulatol-7-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), and (2S)-(-)-7,8-dihydroxylflavanone-4'-O-β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), along with eight flavanones (4, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21, and 24), four isoflavones (5, 11, 13, and 23), four chalcones (6, 14, 17, and 18), two isoflavans (19-20), one flavone (7), one flavonol (9), and one dihydrochalcone (22) were isolated from Baoyuan Decoction (BYD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula. The structures of the new compounds were established by detailed analysis of NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data, and their absolute configurations were determined by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data. The inhibitory effects of the isolates were evaluated on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Compounds 6, 9, and 10 showed the significant inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 1.4, 13.8, and 9.3 μM, respectively, comparable to or even better than the positive control, quercetin (IC50, 16.5 μM). The assignment of these isolated flavonoids was achieved using UPLC-Q-trap-MS, and the results suggested that they were originated from Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Wei JH, Zheng YF, Li CY, Tang YP, Peng GP. Bioactive constituents of oleanane-type triterpene saponins from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:1044-53. [PMID: 25295721 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.960857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three new oleanane-type triterpene saponins, namely licorice-saponin M3 (1), licorice-saponin N4 (2), and licorice-saponin O4 (3), an artificial product (4), as well as five known triterpene glucuronides (5-9), were isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Their structures were established using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and by comparison with spectroscopic data reported in the literature. The inhibitory effects of the selected compounds on neuraminidase were evaluated, and the preliminary structure-activity relationship was also predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Hua Wei
- a School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , China
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13
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Tao W, Duan J, Zhao R, Li X, Yan H, Li J, Guo S, Yang N, Tang Y. Comparison of three officinal Chinese pharmacopoeia species of Glycyrrhiza based on separation and quantification of triterpene saponins and chemometrics analysis. Food Chem 2013; 141:1681-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Chen WH, Qi HY, Shi YP. 24-Hydroxyoleanane-type triterpenes from the aerial parts and roots of Oxytropis falcata. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:1410-1413. [PMID: 19637864 DOI: 10.1021/np900199x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of the aerial parts of Oxytropis falcata led to the isolation of three new 24-hydroxyoleanane-type triterpenes (1-3), seven known analogues (4-10), and two rare sesquiterpenoids (12, 13). Compounds 6 and 12 were isolated as new natural products. Triterpenes (5, 6, 8, 11) were isolated from the roots of O. falcata. The structures and relative configurations of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, and by comparison of their NMR data with those of related compounds. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses confirmed the structures of 1-4, and the absolute configuration of 3 was evidenced by the incorporation of DMSO (crystallization solvent) in the crystal lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, People's Republic of China
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15
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Kaur P, Kaur S, Kumar N, Singh B, Kumar S. Evaluation of antigenotoxic activity of isoliquiritin apioside from Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:680-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Zhang Q, Ye M. Chemical analysis of the Chinese herbal medicine Gan-Cao (licorice). J Chromatogr A 2008; 1216:1954-69. [PMID: 18703197 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gan-Cao, or licorice, is a popular Chinese herbal medicine derived from the dried roots and rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. glabra, and G. inflata. The main bioactive constituents of licorice are triterpene saponins and various types of flavonoids. The contents of these compounds may vary in different licorice batches and thus affect the therapeutic effects. In order to ensure its efficacy and safety, sensitive and accurate methods for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of saponins and flavonoids are of significance for the comprehensive quality control of licorice. This review describes the progress in chemical analysis of licorice and its preparations since 2000. Newly established methods are summarized, including spectroscopy, thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), capillary electrophoresis, high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC), electrochemistry, and immunoassay. The sensitivity, selectivity and powerful separation capability of HPLC and CE allows the simultaneous detection of multiple compounds in licorice. LC/MS provides characteristic fragmentations for the rapid structural identification of licorice saponins and flavonoids. The combination of HPLC and LC/MS is currently the most powerful technique for the quality control of licorice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingying Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, No. 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing 100191, China
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17
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Ammosov AS, Litvinenko VI. Phenolic compounds of the genera Glycyrrhiza L. and Meristotropis Fisch. et Mey. (review). Pharm Chem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-007-0084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Ye M, Liu SH, Jiang Z, Lee Y, Tilton R, Cheng YC. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of PHY906, a Chinese medicine formulation for cancer therapy. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3593-3607. [PMID: 17944003 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PHY906 is a Chinese medicine formulation prepared from four medicinal herbs for adjuvant cancer chemotherapy. In this paper, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-TOFMS) was used to clarify the chemical composition of PHY906. The aqueous extract of PHY906 was separated on a Waters Atlantis C(18) column, and was eluted with acetonitrile/0.05% (v/v) formic acid. The separated compounds were identified with pure standards, or tentatively characterized by analyzing their mass spectra recorded in both negative and positive ion polarity modes. Further structural information was obtained from in-source fragmentation. Based on the LC/MS analysis, we proposed the structures for 64 bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, triterpene saponins, and monoterpene glycosides. All the compounds identified from PHY906 were further assigned in the four individual herbs, and some of them are reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Tsukamoto S, Aburatani M, Yoshida T, Yamashita Y, El-Beih AA, Ohta T. CYP3A4 inhibitors isolated from Licorice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:2000-2. [PMID: 16204965 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The extract of licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis FISHER, Leguminosae) showed CYP3A4 inhibitory activity with the IC50 value of 0.022 mg/ml. Bioassay-guided purification afforded nine compounds, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (1), isoliquiritigenin (2), (3R)-vestitol (3), licopyranocoumarin (4), 4-hydroxyguaiacol apioglucoside (5), liquiritin (6), liquiritigenin 7,4'-diglucoside (7), liquiritin apioside (8), and glucoliquiritin apioside (9). Among these compounds, 3, 7, and 5 showed potent CYP3A4 inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 3.6, 17, and 20 microM, respectively. Glycyrrhizin (10), a main constituent of licorice, however, was inactive for CYP3A4 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Tsukamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University; Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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20
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Ohtake N, Nakai Y, Yamamoto M, Sakakibara I, Takeda S, Amagaya S, Aburada M. Separation and isolation methods for analysis of the active principles of Sho-saiko-to (SST) oriental medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005. [PMID: 15556493 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(04)00547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Sho-saiko-to (SST) was introduced into Japan as an oriental classical medicine from China approximately 1500 years ago, and it is currently the most representative Kampo medicine (traditional Japanese medicine). SST is manufactured in Japan as an ethical drug on a modern industrial scale in which the quality of ingredients is standardized with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulation. SST is widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Experimental and clinical studies including multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have demonstrated the various pharmacological effects of SST. SST is prepared from the hot water extraction of seven raw materials, therefore many kinds of constituents are included. Three-dimensional (3D) HPLC analysis is useful for obtaining many kinds of constituents, especially low molecular ultraviolet (UV) quenching compounds, contained in SST as well as its fractions. Fingerprint pattern provided by 3D HPLC analysis makes possible to identify the overall-viewing of SST. Databases of UV spectra of the components of medicinal herbs obtained by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC using a photodiode array (PDA) and fingerprint patterns of crude drugs made by 3D HPLC analysis facilitate the identification, analysis and quality of herbal drugs. Studies using both PDA HPLC and an amino acid analysis with a fluorometric detector have found that SST contains fifteen major low molecular compounds (i.e. baicalin, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin, their three aglycons, liquiritin apioside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin b1, saikosaponin b2, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, (6)-gingerol, (6)-shogaol and arginine). These compounds have various pharmacological actions, and are assumed to be responsible, at least partly, for the pharmacological effects of SST. Although there have only been a few investigations on high molecular compounds with pharmacological actions contained in SST, several kinds of polysaccharides have been isolated from constituent herbs of SST. This review paper summarizes analytical methods of separation, isolation and identification of compounds with biological activities from SST, which is a mixture drug of medicinal herbs. Accordingly, this paper would not focus on methods of separation, isolation and analysis of particular compounds from each constituent herb of SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ohtake
- Medicinal Evaluation Laboratories, Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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21
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Ohtake N, Nakai Y, Yamamoto M, Sakakibara I, Takeda S, Amagaya S, Aburada M. Separation and isolation methods for analysis of the active principles of Sho-saiko-to (SST) oriental medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 812:135-48. [PMID: 15556493 PMCID: PMC7105231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2004.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sho-saiko-to (SST) was introduced into Japan as an oriental classical medicine from China approximately 1500 years ago, and it is currently the most representative Kampo medicine (traditional Japanese medicine). SST is manufactured in Japan as an ethical drug on a modern industrial scale in which the quality of ingredients is standardized with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) regulation. SST is widely used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis. Experimental and clinical studies including multi-center, placebo-controlled, double-blind studies have demonstrated the various pharmacological effects of SST. SST is prepared from the hot water extraction of seven raw materials, therefore many kinds of constituents are included. Three-dimensional (3D) HPLC analysis is useful for obtaining many kinds of constituents, especially low molecular ultraviolet (UV) quenching compounds, contained in SST as well as its fractions. Fingerprint pattern provided by 3D HPLC analysis makes possible to identify the overall-viewing of SST. Databases of UV spectra of the components of medicinal herbs obtained by reversed-phase (RP) HPLC using a photodiode array (PDA) and fingerprint patterns of crude drugs made by 3D HPLC analysis facilitate the identification, analysis and quality of herbal drugs. Studies using both PDA HPLC and an amino acid analysis with a fluorometric detector have found that SST contains fifteen major low molecular compounds (i.e. baicalin, wogonin-7-O-glucuronide, liquiritin, their three aglycons, liquiritin apioside, glycyrrhizin, saikosaponin b1, saikosaponin b2, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rb1, (6)-gingerol, (6)-shogaol and arginine). These compounds have various pharmacological actions, and are assumed to be responsible, at least partly, for the pharmacological effects of SST. Although there have only been a few investigations on high molecular compounds with pharmacological actions contained in SST, several kinds of polysaccharides have been isolated from constituent herbs of SST. This review paper summarizes analytical methods of separation, isolation and identification of compounds with biological activities from SST, which is a mixture drug of medicinal herbs. Accordingly, this paper would not focus on methods of separation, isolation and analysis of particular compounds from each constituent herb of SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Ohtake
- Medicinal Evaluation Laboratories, Tsumura Research Institute, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-1192, Japan.
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22
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Su BN, Jung Park E, Vigo JS, Graham JG, Cabieses F, Fong HHS, Pezzuto JM, Kinghorn AD. Activity-guided isolation of the chemical constituents of Muntingia calabura using a quinone reductase induction assay. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2003; 63:335-341. [PMID: 12737982 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(03)00112-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Activity-guided fractionation of an EtOAc-soluble extract of the leaves of Muntingia calabura collected in Peru, using an in vitro quinone reductase induction assay with cultured Hepa 1c1c7 (mouse hepatoma) cells, resulted in the isolation of a flavanone with an unsubstituted B-ring, (2R,3R)-7-methoxy-3,5,8-trihydroxyflavanone (5), as well as 24 known compounds, which were mainly flavanones and flavones. The structure including absolute stereochemistry of compound 5 was determined by spectroscopic (HRMS, 1D and 2D NMR, and CD spectra) methods. Of the isolates obtained, in addition to 5, (2S)-5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavanone, 2',4'-dihydroxychalcone, 4,2',4'-trihydroxychalcone, 7-hydroxyisoflavone and 7,3',4'-trimethoxyisoflavone were found to induce quinone reductase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Ning Su
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Matsuda H, Morikawa T, Toguchida I, Yoshikawa M. Structural requirements of flavonoids and related compounds for aldose reductase inhibitory activity. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2002; 50:788-95. [PMID: 12045333 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.50.788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The methanolic extracts of several natural medicines and medicinal foodstuffs were found to show an inhibitory effect on rat lens aldose reductase. In most cases, flavonoids were isolated as the active constituents by bioassay-guided separation, and among them, quercitrin (IC(50)=0.15 microM), guaijaverin (0.18 microM), and desmanthin-1 (0.082 microM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity. Desmanthin-1 showed the most potent activity, which was equivalent to that of a commercial synthetic aldose reductase inhibitor, epalrestat (0.072 microM). In order to clarify the structural requirements of flavonoids for aldose reductase inhibitory activity, various flavonoids and related compounds were examined. The results suggested the following structural requirements of flavonoid: 1) the flavones and flavonols having the 7-hydroxyl and/or catechol moiety at the B ring (the 3',4'-dihydroxyl moiety) exhibit the strong activity; 2) the 5-hydroxyl moiety does not affect the activity; 3) the 3-hydroxyl and 7-O-glucosyl moieties reduce the activity; 4) the 2-3 double bond enhances the activity; 5) the flavones and flavonols having the catechol moiety at the B ring exhibit stronger activity than those having the pyrogallol moiety (the 3',4',5'-trihydroxyl moiety).
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Mahato SB, Garai S. Triterpenoid saponins. FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1998; 74:1-196. [PMID: 9597941 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6496-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Mahato
- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Calcutta, India
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Nomura T, Fukai T. Phenolic constituents of licorice (Glycyrrhiza species). FORTSCHRITTE DER CHEMIE ORGANISCHER NATURSTOFFE = PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS. PROGRES DANS LA CHIMIE DES SUBSTANCES ORGANIQUES NATURELLES 1998; 73:1-158. [PMID: 9545874 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-6480-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Nomura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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