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Liu XG, Lu X, Gao W, Li P, Yang H. Structure, synthesis, biosynthesis, and activity of the characteristic compounds from Ginkgo biloba L. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:474-511. [PMID: 34581387 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 1928-2021Ginkgo biloba L. is one of the most distinctive plants to have emerged on earth and has no close living relatives. Owing to its phylogenetic divergence from other plants, G. biloba contains many compounds with unique structures that have served to broaden the chemical diversity of herbal medicine. Examples of such compounds include terpene trilactones (ginkgolides), acylated flavonol glycosides (ginkgoghrelins), biflavones (ginkgetin), ginkgotides and ginkgolic acids. The extract of G. biloba leaf is used to prevent and/or treat cardiovascular diseases, while many ginkgo-derived compounds are currently at various stages of preclinical and clinical trials worldwide. The global annual sales of G. biloba products are estimated to total US$10 billion. However, the content and purity of the active compounds isolated by traditional methods are usually low and subject to varying environmental factors, making it difficult to meet the huge demand of the international market. This highlights the need to develop new strategies for the preparation of these characteristic compounds from G. biloba. In this review, we provide a detailed description of the structures and bioactivities of these compounds and summarize the recent research on the development of strategies for the synthesis, biosynthesis, and biotechnological production of the characteristic terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkylphenols/alkylphenolic acids of G. biloba. Our aim is to provide an important point of reference for all scientists who research ginkgo-related compounds for medicinal or other purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Guang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Wen Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Anacardium Plants: Chemical,Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090465. [PMID: 31505888 PMCID: PMC6769990 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.
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Alterman JL, Kraus GA. Efficient, Scalable Syntheses of Ginkgolic Acids. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19851348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - George A. Kraus
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Weigel WK, Dennis TN, Kang AS, Perry JJP, Martin DBC. A Heck-Based Strategy To Generate Anacardic Acids and Related Phenolic Lipids for Isoform-Specific Bioactivity Profiling. Org Lett 2018; 20:6234-6238. [PMID: 30251866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic strategy for phenolic lipids such as anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid derivatives using an efficient and selective redox-relay Heck reaction followed by a stereoselective olefination is reported. This approach controls both the alkene position and stereochemistry, allowing the synthesis of natural and unnatural unsaturated lipids as single isomers. By this strategy, the activities of different anacardic acid and ginkgolic acid derivatives have been examined in a matrix metalloproteinase inhibition assay.
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Swamy MMM, Murai Y, Ohno Y, Jojima K, Kihara A, Mitsutake S, Igarashi Y, Yu J, Yao M, Suga Y, Anetai M, Monde K. Structure-inspired design of a sphingolipid mimic sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist from a naturally occurring sphingomyelin synthase inhibitor. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12758-12761. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc05595e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A monophosphate derivative of ginkgolic acid binds to sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors to perform similar functions to the lipid mediator S1P.
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Alvarenga TA, de Oliveira PF, de Souza JM, Tavares DC, Andrade E Silva ML, Cunha WR, Groppo M, Januário AH, Magalhães LG, Pauletti PM. Schistosomicidal Activity of Alkyl-phenols from the Cashew Anacardium occidentale against Schistosoma mansoni Adult Worms. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8821-8827. [PMID: 27934289 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided study of the ethanol extract from the cashew Anacardium occidentale furnished cardol triene (1), cardol diene (2), anacardic acid triene (3), cardol monoene (4), anacardic acid diene (5), 2-methylcardol triene (6), and 2-methylcardol diene (7). 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments and HRMS analysis confirmed the structures of compounds 1-7. Compounds 2 and 7 were active against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms in vitro, with LC50 values of 32.2 and 14.5 μM and selectivity indices of 6.1 and 21.2, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of the tegument of male worms in the presence of compound 7 at 25 μM after 24 h of incubation showed severe damage as well as peeling and reduction in the number of spine tubercles. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed swollen mitochondrial membrane, vacuoles, and altered tegument in worms incubated with compound 2 (25 μM after 24 h). Worms incubated with compound 7 (25 μM after 24 h) had lysed interstitial tissue, degenerated mitochondria, and drastically altered tegument. Together, the results indicated that compound 7 presents promising in vitro schistosomicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tavane A Alvarenga
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna F de Oliveira
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Julia M de Souza
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Denise C Tavares
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Márcio L Andrade E Silva
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Wilson R Cunha
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Milton Groppo
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo , Avenida Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Ana H Januário
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Lizandra G Magalhães
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
| | - Patrícia M Pauletti
- Center for Research in Exact and Technological Sciences, University of Franca , Avenida Doutor Armando Salles Oliveira 201, Franca, São Paulo 14404-600, Brazil
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Kim JY, Cho JY, Ma YK, Lee YG, Moon JH. Nonallergenic urushiol derivatives inhibit the oxidation of unilamellar vesicles and of rat plasma induced by various radical generators. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:379-389. [PMID: 24721153 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Urushiols consist of an o-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) structure and an alkyl chain of 15 or 17 carbons in the 3-position of a benzene ring and are allergens found in the family Anacardiaceae. We synthesized various veratrole (1,2-dimethoxybenzene)-type and catechol-type urushiol derivatives that contained alkyl chains of various carbon atom lengths, including -H, -C1H3, -C5H11, -C10H21, -C15H31, and -C20H41, and investigated their contact hypersensitivities and antioxidative activities. 3-Decylcatechol and 3-pentadecylcatechol displayed contact hypersensitivity, but the other compounds did not induce an allergic reaction, when the ears of rats were sensitized by treatment with the compounds every day for 20 days. Catechol-type urushiol derivatives (CTUDs) exerted very high radical-scavenging activity on the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and inhibited lipid peroxidation in a methyl linoleate solution induced by 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) (AMVN). However, veratrole-type urushiol derivatives did not scavenge or inhibit lipid peroxidation. CTUDs also acted as effective inhibitors of lipid peroxidation of the egg yolk phosphatidylcholine large unilamellar vesicle (PC LUV) liposome system induced by various radical generators such as AMVN, 2,2'-azobis(2-amidino-propane) dihydrochloride, and copper ions, although their efficiencies differed slightly. In addition, CTUDs suppressed formation of cholesteryl ester hydroperoxides in rat blood plasma induced with copper ions. CTUDs containing more than five carbon atoms in the alkyl chain showed excellent lipophilicity in a n-octanol/water partition experiment. These compounds also exhibited high affinities to the liposome membrane using the ultrafiltration method of the PC LUV liposome system. Therefore, CTUDs seem to act as efficient antioxidative compounds against membranous lipid peroxidation owing to their localization in the phospholipid bilayer. These results suggest that nonallergenic CTUDs act as antioxidants to protect against oxidative damage of cellular and subcellular membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Kim
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyu Ma
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Geon Lee
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Moon
- Department of Food Science & Technology and Functional Food Research Center, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Li R, Shen Y, Zhang X, Ma M, Chen B, van Beek TA. Efficient purification of ginkgolic acids from Ginkgo biloba leaves by selective adsorption on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:571-575. [PMID: 24484321 DOI: 10.1021/np400821r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ginkgolic acids (GAs; anacardic acids; 6-alkylsalicylic acids) are both unwanted constituents in standardized Ginkgo biloba (Ginkgo) extracts and desirable constituents for pharmacological assays. Thus, for the quality control of Ginkgo extracts, the availability of pure GAs is important. In this investigation, inexpensive and easily prepared Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in methanol were used to selectively adsorb GAs from crude petroleum ether extracts of Ginkgo leaves in the presence of various lipids including other alkylphenols (cardanols and cardols). The adsorption capacity of the MNPs is high, at 4-5% (w/w). The moiety responsible for the adsorption is the salicylic acid group, which binds strongly to Fe(III). Desorption with acidified methanol gave an extract with a GA content of 73%. This could be further separated by preparative HPLC on a C8 column. In total, eight different GAs were captured by MNPs. The MNP adsorption step can replace more traditional column chromatography and liquid-liquid extraction steps and is superior in terms of solvent consumption, selectivity, labor, and energy consumption. MNPs might become an efficient separation technique for selected high-value phytochemicals that contain a salicylic acid moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renkai Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University , Changsha 410081, People's Republic of China
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Fu Y, Hong S, Li D, Liu S. Novel chemical synthesis of ginkgolic acid (13:0) and evaluation of its tyrosinase inhibitory activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:5347-5352. [PMID: 23701207 DOI: 10.1021/jf4012642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel efficient synthesis of ginkgolic acid (13:0) from abundant 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid was successfully developed through a state-of-the-art palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction and catalytic hydrogenation with an overall yield of 34% in five steps. The identity of the synthesized ginkgolic acid (13:0) was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry, infrared, and high-performance liquid chromatography. The reaction sequence of this method can be readily extended to the synthesis of other ginkgolic acids. The synthesized ginkgolic acid (13:0) exhibited promising anti-tyrosinase activity (IC₅₀ = 2.8 mg/mL) that was not correlated to antioxidant activity as probed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), ferric reducing ability of plasma, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays. The synthetic strategy developed in this work will significantly facilitate biological studies of ginkgolic acids that have great potential applications in food and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Fu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, and ‡Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Pereira JM, Severino RP, Vieira PC, Fernandes JB, da Silva MFGF, Zottis A, Andricopulo AD, Oliva G, Corrêa AG. Anacardic acid derivatives as inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8889-95. [PMID: 18789702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chagas' disease, a parasitic infection caused by the flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, is a major public health problem affecting millions of individuals in Latin America. On the basis of the essential role in the life cycle of T. cruzi, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) has been considered an attractive target for the development of novel antitrypanosomatid agents. In the present work, we describe the inhibitory effects of a small library of natural and synthetic anacardic acid derivatives against the target enzyme. The most potent inhibitors, 6-n-pentadecyl- and 6-n-dodecylsalicilic acids, have IC(50) values of 28 and 55 microM, respectively. The inhibition was not reversed or prevented by the addition of Triton X-100, indicating that aggregate-based inhibition did not occur. In addition, detailed mechanistic characterization of the effects of these compounds on the T. cruzi GAPDH-catalyzed reaction showed clear noncompetitive inhibition with respect to both substrate and cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junia M Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Bioactive Phenolic Lipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(05)80032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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