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Indole derivatives as multifunctional drugs: Synthesis and evaluation of antioxidant, photoprotective and antiproliferative activity of indole hydrazones. Bioorg Chem 2019; 85:568-576. [PMID: 30825715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Two series of indole derivatives 4-17, 20-22 were easily prepared and assayed for their radical-scavenging ability. Arylidene-1H-indole-2-carbohydrazones showed different extent antioxidant activity in DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays. Good antioxidant activity is related to the number and position of hydroxyl groups on the arylidene moiety as well as to the presence of methoxy or 4-(diethylamino) group. On the contrary low antioxidant activity is showed by the isomeric 1H-indol-2-yl(methylene)-benzohydrazides. Furthermore, hydrazones 4-17 showed photoprotective capacities with satisfactory in vitro SPF as compared to the commercial PBSA sunscreen filter. The indole 16 and 17, showing the best antioxidant and photoprotective profile, were included in different formulation and their topical release was evaluated. Varying the formulation composition, it was possible to optimize skin adsorption and solubility of the active indole in the formulation. The antiproliferative effect of the hydrazones 4-17 was tested on human erythroleukemia K562 and melanoma Colo-38 cells. Hydrazones 11, 16 and 17 showed growth inhibition at sub micromolar concentrations on both cell lines. These results indicate indole hydrazones as potential multifunctional molecules especially in the treatment of neoplastic diseases being the good antioxidant properties of 16 and 17 correlated to their high antiproliferative activity.
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Aneja B, Arif R, Perwez A, Napoleon JV, Hasan P, Rizvi MMA, Azam A, Rahisuddin, Abid M. N-Substituted 1,2,3-Triazolyl-Appended Indole-Chalcone Hybrids as Potential DNA Intercalators Endowed with Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Babita Aneja
- Department of Biosciences; Jamia Millia Islamia; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Rizwan Arif
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Ahmad Perwez
- Department of Biosciences; Jamia Millia Islamia; Genome Biology Laboratory, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - John V. Napoleon
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE 68198-6805 USA
| | - Phool Hasan
- Department of Biosciences; Jamia Millia Islamia; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - M. Moshahid A. Rizvi
- Department of Biosciences; Jamia Millia Islamia; Genome Biology Laboratory, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Amir Azam
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Rahisuddin
- Department of Chemistry; Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences; Jamia Millia Islamia; Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jamia Nagar; New Delhi 110025 India
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Youssif BG, Abdelrahman MH, Abdelazeem AH, abdelgawad MA, Ibrahim HM, Salem OI, Mohamed MF, Treambleau L, Bukhari SNA. Design, synthesis, mechanistic and histopathological studies of small-molecules of novel indole-2-carboxamides and pyrazino[1,2-a]indol-1(2H)-ones as potential anticancer agents effecting the reactive oxygen species production. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 146:260-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Phiphatwatcharaded C, Puthongking P, Chaiyarit P, Johns NP, Sakolchai S, Mahakunakorn P. The anti-oxidant effects of melatonin derivatives on human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 79:55-61. [PMID: 28292674 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the anti-oxidant activity of indole ring modified melatonin derivatives as compared with melatonin in primary human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells. METHODS Anti-oxidant activity of melatonin (MLT), acetyl-melatonin (AMLT) and benzoyl-melatonin (BMLT) was evaluated by5 standard methods as follows: 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH); ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); superoxide anion scavenging; nitric oxide (NO) scavenging; and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs).Evaluation of cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and protectivity against H2O2 induced cellular damage was performed via MTT assay in HGF cells. RESULTS According to the standard anti-oxidant assays, the antioxidant power of AMLT and BMLT were slightly less than MLT in FRAP and superoxide scavenging assays. In the NO scavenging and TBARs assays, BMLT and AMLT were more potent than MLT, whereas DPPH assays demonstrated that MLT was more potent than others. BMLT and AMLT had more potent anti-oxidant and protective activities against H2O2in HGF cells as compared with MLT. CONCLUSIONS MLT derivatives demonstrated different anti-oxidant activities as compared with MLT, depending upon assays. These findings imply that N-indole substitution of MLT may help to improve hydrogen atom transfer to free radicals but electron transfer property is slightly decreased. Anti-oxidant and protective effects of melatonin derivatives (AMLT and BMLT) on human gingival fibroblasts imply the potential use of these molecules as alternative therapeutics for chronic inflammatory oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chawapon Phiphatwatcharaded
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Ploenthip Puthongking
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Ponlatham Chaiyarit
- Research Group of Chronic Inflammatory Oral Diseases and Systemic Diseases Associated with Oral Health, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Department of Oral Diagnosis, Faculty of Dentistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Nutjaree Pratheepawanit Johns
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
| | - Sumon Sakolchai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Pramote Mahakunakorn
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Melatonin Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Novel indole-based melatonin analogues: Evaluation of antioxidant activity and protective effect against amyloid β-induced damage. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1658-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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6
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Shirinzadeh H, Ince E, Westwell AD, Gurer-Orhan H, Suzen S. Novel indole-based melatonin analogues substituted with triazole, thiadiazole and carbothioamides: studies on their antioxidant, chemopreventive and cytotoxic activities. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1312-21. [PMID: 26745200 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2015.1132209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a well-known free-radical scavenger, involving in the prevention of cellular damage that can lead to cancer, ageing and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Research on MLT-related compounds has been required to optimise the maximum pharmaceutical activity with the lowest side effects. In our ongoing research, we have synthesized new indole-based MLT analogues as potential antioxidant agents by modifying the MLT molecule. In this study, we build on previous findings, through the synthesis, characterization and in vitro antioxidant profiling of a series of new indole-based MLT analogues which possess triazole, thiadiazole and carbothioamides on the third position on the indole ring. In vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by evaluating their reducing effect against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe and their radical scavenging activity was assessed via the DPPH assay. In addition, in vitro cytotoxic effects of newly synthesized compounds were investigated in CHO-K1 cells using the MTT assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanif Shirinzadeh
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Erzincan University , Yalnizbag Yerleskesi , Erzincan , Turkey
| | - Elif Ince
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Andrew D Westwell
- c School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff , Wales , UK , and
| | - Hande Gurer-Orhan
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University , Izmir , Turkey
| | - Sibel Suzen
- d Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Tandogan , Ankara , Turkey
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7
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Suzen S, Tekiner-Gulbas B, Shirinzadeh H, Uslu D, Gurer-Orhan H, Gumustas M, Ozkan SA. Antioxidant activity of indole-based melatonin analogues in erythrocytes and their voltammetric characterization. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:1143-55. [PMID: 22994658 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.717223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a strong free-radical scavenger, which protects the body from the effects of oxidants. In recent years, MLT have been described resulting in much attention in the development of synthetic compounds possessing. As a part of our ongoing study a series of indole-based MLT analogue hydrazide/hydrazone derivatives were synthesized, characterized and in vitro antioxidant activity was investigated by evaluating their reducing effect against oxidation of a redox sensitive fluorescent probe. Membrane stabilizing effect of all compounds was also investigated by lactate dehydrogenase leakage assay. Furthermore voltammetric methods have been applied to the synthesized compounds to characterize oxidation potentials to get insight into their metabolism owing to the oxidation mechanisms taking place at the electrode and in the body share similar principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University , Tandogan, Ankara , Turkey
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8
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Ölgen S, Bakar F, Aydin S, Nebioğlu D, Nebioğlu S. Synthesis of new indole-2-carboxamide and 3-acetamide derivatives and evaluation their antioxidant properties. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 28:58-64. [PMID: 22145595 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.631183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, antioxidant compounds play an important role as a health-protecting factor. Antioxidants protect cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). An imbalance between antioxidants and ROS results in oxidative stress, which leads to cellular damage and it is linked to many vital diseases. It was shown that heme oxygenase (HO) provides efficient cytoprotection against oxidative stress. In this study, a series of indole-2-carboxamide and 3-acetamide derivatives was tested for in vitro effects on HO activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) inhibition. Among the synthesized compounds, N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1H-indole-2-carboxamide 3 was found as the most activator of HO and N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetamide 8 was found the most potent inhibitor for DPPH at 10(-4) M concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Ölgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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9
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Suzen S, Cihaner SS, Coban T. Synthesis and comparison of antioxidant properties of indole-based melatonin analogue indole amino Acid derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 79:76-83. [PMID: 21883955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased levels of reactive oxygen species attributed to oxidative stress have been found to be responsible for the development of some vital diseases such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases. Recently, it was observed that melatonin is a highly important antioxidant, and melatonin analogues are under investigation to find out improved antioxidant activity. In this study, 14 melatonin -based analogue indole amino acid and N-protected amino acid derivatives were synthesized and elucidated spectrometrically. To investigate the antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds and to compare with melatonin, butylhydroxytoluene and vitamin E, lipid peroxidation inhibition and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activities were tested. The results indicated that the synthesized new indole amino acid derivatives have similar activities to melatonin in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-scavenging activity assay but more potent activities in lipid peroxidation inhibition assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Suzen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100 Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Khaledi H, Alhadi AA, Yehye WA, Ali HM, Abdulla MA, Hassandarvish P. Antioxidant, Cytotoxic Activities, and Structure-Activity Relationship of Gallic Acid-based Indole Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 344:703-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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Yılmaz AD, Coban T, Suzen S. Synthesis and antioxidant activity evaluations of melatonin-based analogue indole-hydrazide/hydrazone derivatives. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:428-36. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.594048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Didem Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University
06100 Tandogan, Ankara Turkey
| | - Tulay Coban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University
06100 Tandogan, Ankara Turkey
| | - Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University
06100 Tandogan, Ankara Turkey
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12
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Estevão MS, Carvalho LC, Ferreira LM, Fernandes E, Marques MMB. Analysis of the antioxidant activity of an indole library: cyclic voltammetry versus ROS scavenging activity. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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A new insight on the hypochlorous acid scavenging mechanism of tryptamine and tryptophan derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:6475-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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14
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Tsopelas F, Ochsenkühn-Petropoulou M, Zikos N, Spyropoulou E, Andreadou I, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A. Electrochemical study of some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: solvent effect and antioxidant activity. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Estevão MS, Carvalho LC, Ribeiro D, Couto D, Freitas M, Gomes A, Ferreira LM, Fernandes E, Marques MMB. Antioxidant activity of unexplored indole derivatives: synthesis and screening. Eur J Med Chem 2010; 45:4869-78. [PMID: 20727623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study envisaged the development of novel antioxidant candidates using the indole scaffold. Several tryptophan and tryptamine derivatives were synthesized, in particular prenylated indole compounds, and their scavenging activity for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) was investigated. The library substitution pattern included several alkyl chains at positions N-1, C-2 of the indole nucleus, including prenyl and isopentyl chain, as well as different groups at the side chain (C-3) that allowed the investigation of a possible radical stabilization. The results obtained showed that tryptophan (8), tryptamine (9), N-phthaloyl tryptamine (5) and N-prenyl tryptophan (13) were the most active against peroxyl radical (ROO(•)) with activities higher than Trolox, which was used as control. The scavenging of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) was also evaluated and tryptophan (8) and tryptamine (9) showed IC(50) of 3.50 ± 0.4 and 6.00 ± 0.60 μM, respectively. Significant activity was also found for the N-prenyl tryptophan (13) with an IC(50) of 4.13 ± 0.17 μM and C-2 prenylated derivative (14), with 4.56 ± 0.48 μM. The studies were extended to RNS and best results were obtained against peroxynitrite anion (ONOO(-)) in the presence of NaHCO(3). N-alkylated tryptophan (18) showed a high activity with an IC(50) of 14.0 ± 6.8 μM. The results show that the tested compounds are effective scavengers of ROS and RNS, and suggest that the radical stabilization is strongly dependent on the type of substituents on the indolic moiety and on their relative positions. In addition, the radical dissipation inside the indolic system is mandatory for the observed antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica S Estevão
- REQUIMTE-CQFB, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Monte de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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16
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Salopek-Sondi B, Piljac-Žegarac J, Magnus V, Kopjar N. Free radical-scavenging activity and DNA damaging potential of auxins IAA and 2-methyl-IAA evaluated in human neutrophils by the alkaline comet assay. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2010; 24:165-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.20323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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17
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Peyrot F, Ducrocq C. Potential role of tryptophan derivatives in stress responses characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. J Pineal Res 2008; 45:235-46. [PMID: 18341517 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2008.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To face physicochemical and biological stresses, living organisms evolved endogenous chemical responses based on gas exchange with the atmosphere and on formation of nitric oxide (NO(*)) and oxygen derivatives. The combination of these species generates a complex network of variable extension in space and time, characterized by the nature and level of the reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) and of their organic and inorganic scavengers. Among the latter, this review focusses on natural 3-substituted indolic structures. Tryptophan-derived indoles are unsensitive to NO(*), oxygen and superoxide anion (O(2)(*-)), but react directly with other ROS/RNS giving various derivatives, most of which have been characterized. Though the detection of some products like kynurenine and nitroderivatives can be performed in vitro and in vivo, it is more difficult for others, e.g., 1-nitroso-indolic compounds. In vitro chemical studies only reveal the strong likelihood of their in vivo generation and biological effects can be a sign of their transient formation. Knowing that 1-nitrosoindoles are NO donors and nitrosating agents indicating they can thus act both as mutagens and protectors, the necessity for a thorough evaluation of indole-containing drugs in accordance with the level of the oxidative stress in a given pathology is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Peyrot
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Gif sur Yvette, France.
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Olgen S, Kiliç Z, Ada AO, Coban T. Synthesis and evaluation of novel N-H and N-substituted indole-2- and 3-carboxamide derivatives as antioxidants agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:457-62. [PMID: 17847713 DOI: 10.1080/14756360701228491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported on the synthesis of novel indole derivatives where some compounds showed significant antioxidant activity. Here, we report the synthesis of novel N-H and N-substituted indole-2- and 3-carboxamide derivatives and investigated their antioxidant role in order to identify structural characteristics responsible for activity. Although all compounds showed a strong inhibitory (95-100%) effect on superoxide anion (SOD) only compounds 4, 5 and 6 showed simliar potency for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation (81-94%) which revealed that compounds 4, 5 and 6 possessed highly potent antioxidant properties. Substitution in the 1-position of the indole ring caused the significant differences between the activity results regarding lipid peroxidation inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Olgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, Tandogan/Ankara, 06100, Turkey.
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Bozkaya P, Olgen S, Coban T, Nebioglu D. Synthesis of N-substituted indole-2-carboxamides and investigation of their biochemical responses against free radicals. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2007; 22:319-25. [PMID: 17674814 DOI: 10.1080/14756360601114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant role of novel N-substituted indole-2-carboxamides (I2CDs) was investigated for their inhibitory effects on superoxide anion (O2-) and lipid peroxidation (LP). Among the synthesized I2CDs, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 9 significantly inhibited O2*- with an inhibition range at 70-98%. Examination of substituent effects on activity showed that both the ortho- and para- positions of the benzamide residue needs to be dichlorinated in order to get a maximum inhibitory effect on superoxide anion. In general, halogenated derivatives were found more active then the non-halogenated ones. However, none of the I2CDs had a significant inhibitory effects on the level of lipid peroxidation; only compounds 7 and 10 moderately decreased LP levels by over 50% at 10(-3) M concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Bozkaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey
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20
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Olgen S, Kiliç Z, Ada AO, Coban T. Synthesis and Antioxidant Properties of NovelN-H andN-Substituted Propanamide Derivatives. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2007; 340:140-6. [PMID: 17315261 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200600176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The interest in the application of antioxidants for medical treatment has been growing recently. A lot of evidence has proven the link between the development of human diseases and oxidative stress. Indole derivatives were found to be very effective in protecting against oxidative stress. Recent exciting findings have demonstrated that several indole derivatives (IDs) are strong inhibitors of superoxide anion (SOD) and lipid peroxidation (LP). In this study, a series of novel N-H and N-substituted indole-3-propanamide derivatives (I3PADs) have been prepared and their efficiencies were investigated towards SOD and LP. Among the synthesized I3PADs, compounds 5 and 7-12 significantly inhibited O2*- in the range of 94-100%. In addition, N-H I3PADs showed a stronger inhibitory effect (compounds 1-5, 56-83%) on lipid peroxidation levels than SOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Süreyya Olgen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ankara, Tandogan, Ankara, Turkey.
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Constantinou MA, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Kremastinos DT, Mikros E. Application of NMR-based metabonomics in the investigation of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, ischemic preconditioning and antioxidant intervention in rabbits. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 30:303-14. [PMID: 17196379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2006.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
NMR based metabonomics was applied in rabbit plasma samples during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, with the following interventions: (1) Control (no intervention); (2) ischemic preconditioning (IpC); (3) administration of melatonin; (4) IpC+administration of melatonin; (5) treatment of the indole derivative C6458. The (1)H NMR signal intensity ratio of lactate/glucose was found to increase in Control samples during reperfusion compared to baseline, while lactate+alanine/acetate was decreased suggesting impairment of aerobic glycolysis and concomitant lipid utilization. In contrast, after IpC or treatment with C6458, the lactate/glucose ratio was similar to baseline in accordance with the previously reported decrease in infarct size. Multivariate statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Discriminant Analysis (DA) were used for the discrimination of samples. The use of ANOVA variable preselection prior to PCA was advantageous in producing adequate models. PCA could classify the Control group in three clusters according to the condition of the heart (baseline-ischemia-reperfusion) while in the IpC groups no classification was evident. PCA discrimination upon treatment with melatonin and C6458 provided further evidence of their effect on the metabolic profile. The supervised DA resulted in fine discrimination between the different subgroups. Plasma NMR spectra in combination with pattern recognition techniques proved to be an efficient and simple method to depict the metabolic changes produced upon ischemia-reperfusion of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Constantinou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 71 Athens, Greece
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Andreadou I, Iliodromitis EK, Mikros E, Bofilis E, Zoga A, Constantinou M, Tsantili-Kakoulidou A, Kremastinos DT. Melatonin does not prevent the protection of ischemic preconditioning in vivo despite its antioxidant effect against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:500-10. [PMID: 15256221 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Free radicals are involved in the protective mechanism of preconditioning (PC), whereas antioxidant compounds abolish this benefit. Melatonin is a hormone with antioxidant properties. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin on infarct size in ischemic preconditioning in vivo. We randomly divided 33 male rabbits into four groups and subjected them to 30 min of myocardial ischemia and 3 h of reperfusion with the following prior interventions: (i) no intervention, (ii) iv melatonin at a total dose of 50 mg/kg, (iii) PC with two cycles of 5 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion, and (iv) combined melatonin and PC. In a second series of experiments, another antioxidant agent N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was used in a control and in a PC group. Myocardial infarct size was determined and blood samples were drawn at different time points for the determination of lipid peroxidation products, total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and (1)H-NMR spectra to evaluate the changes in the metabolic profile. Melatonin showed no effect on myocardial infarct size in the group of sustained ischemia (42.9 +/- 3.6% vs 47.4 +/- 4.9%) and it did not attenuate the reduction of myocardial infarct size in the PC group (13.6 +/- 2.4% vs 14.0 +/- 1.7%). A similar effect was found in NAC-treated groups (44.8 +/- 3.4% vs 14.3 +/- 1.3%). Lipid peroxidation product levels were significantly elevated in the control and PC groups, whereas melatonin decreased them in both groups. The SOD activity was enhanced in the PC group compared to controls; melatonin kept SOD activity unchanged during ischemia/reperfusion and enhanced its activity when it was combined with PC. Melatonin did not change the metabolic profile of the control and PC groups. Melatonin does not prevent the beneficial effect of ischemic PC on infarct size despite its antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Second Department of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece.
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