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Parshad B, Schlecht MN, Baumgardt M, Ludwig K, Nie C, Rimondi A, Hönzke K, Angioletti-Uberti S, Khatri V, Schneider P, Herrmann A, Haag R, Hocke AC, Wolff T, Bhatia S. Dual-Action Heteromultivalent Glycopolymers Stringently Block and Arrest Influenza A Virus Infection In Vitro and Ex Vivo. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4844-4853. [PMID: 37220024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate the concerted inhibition of different influenza A virus (IAV) strains using a low-molecular-weight dual-action linear polymer. The 6'-sialyllactose and zanamivir conjugates of linear polyglycerol are optimized for simultaneous targeting of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase on the IAV surface. Independent of IAV subtypes, hemagglutination inhibition data suggest better adsorption of the heteromultivalent polymer than homomultivalent analogs onto the virus surface. Cryo-TEM images imply heteromultivalent compound-mediated virus aggregation. The optimized polymeric nanomaterial inhibits >99.9% propagation of various IAV strains 24 h postinfection in vitro at low nM concentrations and is up to 10000× more effective than the commercial zanamivir drug. In a human lung ex vivo multicyclic infection setup, the heteromultivalent polymer outperforms the commercial drug zanamivir and homomultivalent analogs or their physical mixtures. This study authenticates the translational potential of the dual-action targeting approach using small polymers for broad and high antiviral efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri Parshad
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marlena N Schlecht
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Medical Clinic III, Division of Nephrology, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus an der TU Dresden, Fiedlerstr. 40, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Morris Baumgardt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuanxiong Nie
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agustina Rimondi
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Hönzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Vinod Khatri
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Schneider
- Department for Thoracic Surgery, DRK Clinics, 13359 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas C Hocke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Medicine and Critical Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Unit 17, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institut, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie Organische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Yadav Y, Tyagi R, Kumar R, Sagar R. Conformationally locked sugar derivatives and analogues as potential neuraminidase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 255:115410. [PMID: 37120995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The influenza virus remains a major health concern for mankind because it tends to mutate frequently and cause high morbidity. Influenza prevention and treatment are greatly aided by the use of antivirals. One such class of antivirals is neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), effective against influenza viruses. A neuraminidase on the virus's surface serves a vital function in viral propogation by assisting in the release of viruses from infected host cells. Neuraminidase inhibitors are the backbone in stoping such virus propagation thus helps in the treatment of influenza viruses infections. Two NAI medicines are licensed globally: Oseltamivir (Tamiflu™) and Zanamivir (Relanza™). There are two molecules that have acquired Japanese approval recently: Peramivir and Laninamivir, whereas Laninamivir octanoate is in Phase III clinical trials. The need for novel NAIs is due to frequent mutations in viruses and the rise in resistance against existing medication. The NA inhibitors (NAIs) are designed to have (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds (a sugar scaffold) to mimic the oxonium transition state in the enzymatic cleavage of sialic acid. This review discusses in details and comprises all such conformationally locked (oxa)cyclohexene scaffolds and their analogues which have been recently designed and synthesized as potential neuraminidase inhibitors, thus as antiviral molecules. The structure-activity relationship of such diverese molecules has also been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yadav
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra, Haryana, 136119, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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3
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Bianculli RH, Mase JD, Schulz MD. Antiviral Polymers: Past Approaches and Future Possibilities. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel H. Bianculli
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Mase
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecules Innovation Institute (MII), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Yu Y, Qin HJ, Shi XX, Song JQ, Zhou JP, Yu P, Fan ZC, Zhong M, Yang Y. Thiosialoside-decorated polymers use a two-step mechanism to inhibit both early and late stages of influenza virus infection. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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5
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Divalent oseltamivir analogues as potent influenza neuraminidase inhibitors. Carbohydr Res 2019; 477:32-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Zhao TF, Qin HJ, Yu Y, Yang MB, Chang H, Guo N, He Y, Yang Y, Yu P. Multivalent zanamivir-bovine serum albumin conjugate as a potent influenza neuraminidase inhibitor. J Carbohydr Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2017.1390577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Fei Zhao
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Juan Qin
- Research Centre of Modern Analytical Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yao Yu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Mei-Bing Yang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Chang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Na Guo
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yun He
- Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics and Sequencing, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Yang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Peng Yu
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, Key Lab of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Zhao J, Niu C, Li G, Aisa HA. Synthesis of Rupestonic Acid Derivatives with Antiviral Activity. Chem Nat Compd 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-017-1970-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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8
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Laborda P, Wang SY, Voglmeir J. Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Synthetic Approaches, Derivatives and Biological Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:E1513. [PMID: 27845731 PMCID: PMC6274581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being a common viral disease, influenza has very negative consequences, causing the death of around half a million people each year. A neuraminidase located on the surface of the virus plays an important role in viral reproduction by contributing to the release of viruses from infected host cells. The treatment of influenza is mainly based on the administration of neuraminidase inhibitors. The neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir, laninamivir, oseltamivir and peramivir have been commercialized and have been demonstrated to be potent influenza viral neuraminidase inhibitors against most influenza strains. In order to create more potent neuraminidase inhibitors and fight against the surge in resistance resulting from naturally-occurring mutations, these anti-influenza drugs have been used as templates for the development of new neuraminidase inhibitors through structure-activity relationship studies. Here, we review the synthetic routes to these commercial drugs, the modifications which have been performed on these structures and the effects of these modifications on their inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Laborda
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Su-Yan Wang
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Josef Voglmeir
- Glycomics and Glycan Bioengineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Kanfar N, Bartolami E, Zelli R, Marra A, Winum JY, Ulrich S, Dumy P. Emerging trends in enzyme inhibition by multivalent nanoconstructs. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9894-906. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01405k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent implementation of multivalent nanoconstructs in enzyme inhibition and discusses the emerging trends in their design and identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreddine Kanfar
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Eline Bartolami
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Renaud Zelli
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Alberto Marra
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Sébastien Ulrich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
| | - Pascal Dumy
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247 CNRS
- Université Montpellier
- ENSCM
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier
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Antiviral Drugs for Influenza and Other Respiratory Virus Infections. MANDELL, DOUGLAS, AND BENNETT'S PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015. [PMCID: PMC7152365 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4801-3.00044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Synthesis of densely functionalized cispentacin derivatives through selective aziridination and aziridine opening reactions: orthogonally protected di- and triaminocyclopentanecarboxylates. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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12
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Kobayashi Y, Honda T, Masuda T, Arai M. Discovery of Anti-influenza Drug, Laninamivir Octanoate (Inavir^|^reg;). J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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13
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Kiss L, Fülöp F. Synthesis of carbocyclic and heterocyclic β-aminocarboxylic acids. Chem Rev 2013; 114:1116-69. [PMID: 24299148 DOI: 10.1021/cr300454h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loránd Kiss
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Szeged , H-6720 Szeged, Eötvös utca 6, Hungary
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14
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Zanamivir conjugated to poly-L-glutamine is much more active against influenza viruses in mice and ferrets than the drug itself. Pharm Res 2013; 31:466-74. [PMID: 24065587 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1175-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, polymer-attached zanamivir had been found to inhibit influenza A viruses in vitro far better than did small-molecule zanamivir (1) itself. The aim of this study was to identify in vitro-using the plaque reduction assay-a highly potent 1-polymer conjugate, and subsequently test its antiviral efficacy in vivo. METHODS By examining the structure-activity relationship of 1-polymer conjugates in the plaque assay, we have determined that the most potent inhibitor against several representative influenza virus strains has a neutral high-molecular-weight backbone and a short alkyl linker. We have examined this optimal polymeric inhibitor for efficacy and immunogenicity in the mouse and ferret models of infection. RESULTS 1 attached to poly-L-glutamine is an effective therapeutic for established influenza infection in ferrets, reducing viral titers up to 30-fold for 6 days. There is also up to a 190-fold reduction in viral load when the drug is used as a combined prophylactic/therapeutic in mice. Additionally, we see no evidence that the drug conjugate stimulates an immune response in mice upon repeat administration. CONCLUSIONS 1 attached to a neutral high-molecular-weight backbone through a short alkyl linker drastically reduced both in vitro and in vivo titers compared to those observed with 1 itself. Thus, further development of this polymeric zanamivir for the mitigation of influenza infection seems warranted.
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Chamni S, De-Eknamkul W. Recent progress and challenges in the discovery of new neuraminidase inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:409-23. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.765861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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16
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Gupta D, Varghese Gupta S, Dahan A, Tsume Y, Hilfinger J, Lee KD, Amidon GL. Increasing oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors: a prodrug transporter approach applied to oseltamivir analogue. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:512-22. [PMID: 23244438 DOI: 10.1021/mp300564v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Poor oral absorption is one of the limiting factors in utilizing the full potential of polar antiviral agents. The neuraminidase target site requires a polar chemical structure for high affinity binding, thus limiting oral efficacy of many high affinity ligands. The aim of this study was to overcome this poor oral absorption barrier, utilizing prodrug to target the apical brush border peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1). Guanidine oseltamivir carboxylate (GOCarb) is a highly active polar antiviral agent with insufficient oral bioavailability (4%) to be an effective therapeutic agent. In this report we utilize a carrier-mediated targeted prodrug approach to improve the oral absorption of GOCarb. Acyloxy(alkyl) ester based amino acid linked prodrugs were synthesized and evaluated as potential substrates of mucosal transporters, e.g., PEPT1. Prodrugs were also evaluated for their chemical and enzymatic stability. PEPT1 transport studies included [(3)H]Gly-Sar uptake inhibition in Caco-2 cells and cellular uptake experiments using HeLa cells overexpressing PEPT1. The intestinal membrane permeabilities of the selected prodrugs and the parent drug were then evaluated for epithelial cell transport across Caco-2 monolayers, and in the in situ rat intestinal jejunal perfusion model. Prodrugs exhibited a pH dependent stability with higher stability at acidic pHs. Significant inhibition of uptake (IC(50) <1 mM) was observed for l-valyl and l-isoleucyl amino acid prodrugs in competition experiments with [(3)H]Gly-Sar, indicating a 3-6 times higher affinity for PEPT1 compared to valacyclovir, a well-known PEPT1 substrate and >30-fold increase in affinity compared to GOCarb. The l-valyl prodrug exhibited significant enhancement of uptake in PEPT1/HeLa cells and compared favorably with the well-absorbed valacyclovir. Transepithelial permeability across Caco-2 monolayers showed that these amino acid prodrugs have a 2-5-fold increase in permeability as compared to the parent drug and showed that the l-valyl prodrug (P(app) = 1.7 × 10(-6) cm/s) has the potential to be rapidly transported across the epithelial cell apical membrane. Significantly, only the parent drug (GOCarb) appeared in the basolateral compartment, indicating complete activation (hydrolysis) during transport. Intestinal rat jejunal permeability studies showed that l-valyl and l-isoleucyl prodrugs are highly permeable compared to the orally well absorbed metoprolol, while the parent drug had essentially zero permeability in the jejunum, consistent with its known poor low absorption. Prodrugs were rapidly converted to parent in cell homogenates, suggesting their ability to be activated endogenously in the epithelial cell, consistent with the transport studies. Additionally, l-valyl prodrug was found to be a substrate for valacyclovirase (K(m) = 2.37 mM), suggesting a potential cell activation mechanism. Finally we determined the oral bioavailability of our most promising candidate, GOC-l-Val, in mice to be 23% under fed conditions and 48% under fasted conditions. In conclusion, GOC-l-Val prodrug was found to be a very promising antiviral agent for oral delivery. These findings indicate that the carrier-mediated prodrug approach is an excellent strategy for improving oral absorption of polar neuraminidase inhibitors. These promising results demonstrate that the oral peptide transporter-mediated prodrug strategy has enormous promise for improving the oral mucosal cell membrane permeability of polar, poorly absorbed antiviral agents and treating influenza via the oral route of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Selective nitrile oxide dipolar cycloaddition for the synthesis of highly functionalized β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylate stereoisomers. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.09.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Hayakawa M, Toda N, Carrillo N, Thornburg NJ, Crowe JE, Barbas CF. A chemically programmed antibody is a long-lasting and potent inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase. Chembiochem 2012; 13:2191-5. [PMID: 22965667 PMCID: PMC3517015 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Programming an anti-flu strategy: A new and potent neuraminidase inhibitor that maintains long-term systemic exposure of an antibody and the therapeutic activity of the neuraminadase inhibitor zanamivir has been created. This strategy could provide a promising new class of influenza A drugs for therapy and prophylaxis, and validates enzyme inhibitors as programming agents in synthetic immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Hayakawa
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Narihiro Toda
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Nancy Carrillo
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
| | - Natalie J. Thornburg
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - James E. Crowe
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, and Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 11475 Medical Research Building IV - 2213 Garland Ave. Nashville, TN 37232-0417
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Departments of Chemistry, Molecular Biology, and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North, Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Feng E, Ye D, Li J, Zhang D, Wang J, Zhao F, Hilgenfeld R, Zheng M, Jiang H, Liu H. Recent advances in neuraminidase inhibitor development as anti-influenza drugs. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1527-36. [PMID: 22807317 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype of avian influenza virus (AIV) and of the new type of human influenza A (H1N1) have emphasized the need for the development of effective anti-influenza drugs. Presently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are widely used in the treatment and prophylaxis of human influenza virus infection, and tremendous efforts have been made to develop more potent NA inhibitors to combat resistance and new influenza viruses. In this review, we discuss the structural characteristics of NA catalytic domains and the recent developments of new NA inhibitors using structure-based drug design strategies. These drugs include analogues of zanamivir, analogues of oseltamivir, analogues of peramivir, and analogues of aromatic carboxylic acid and present promising options for therapeutics or leads for further development of NA inhibitors that may be useful in the event of a future influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enguang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
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Larson AM, Wang H, Cao Y, Jiang T, Chen J, Klibanov AM. Conjugating drug candidates to polymeric chains does not necessarily enhance anti-influenza activity. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3896-905. [PMID: 22786697 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Using the plaque reduction assay, relatively simple bicyclic quinone molecules, as well as multiple copies thereof covalently attached to a long polyglutamate-based polymeric chain, were examined as new inhibitors of various naturally occurring strains of influenza A virus. The polymer-conjugated inhibitors were found to have a far greater potency (for some as high as two orders of magnitude when a long spacer arm was employed) than their corresponding parent molecules against the human Wuhan influenza strain. However, such polymeric inhibitors failed to exhibit higher potency compared with their small molecule predecessors against the human Puerto Rico and avian turkey influenza strains. These observations, further explored by means of molecular modeling, reveal the previously unrecognized unpredictability of the benefits of multivalency, possibly because of poor accessibility of the viral targets to polymeric agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Larson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Kiss L, Forró E, Fülöp F. Selective syntheses of novel highly functionalized β-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acids. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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22
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Liu KKC, Sakya SM, O’Donnell CJ, Flick AC, Ding HX. Synthetic approaches to the 2010 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:1155-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Gupta SV, Gupta D, Sun J, Dahan A, Tsume Y, Hilfinger J, Lee KD, Amidon GL. Enhancing the intestinal membrane permeability of zanamivir: a carrier mediated prodrug approach. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:2358-67. [PMID: 21905667 DOI: 10.1021/mp200291x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to improve the membrane permeability and oral absorption of the poorly permeable anti-influenza agent, zanamivir. The poor oral bioavailability is attributed to the high polarity (cLogP ∼ -5) resulting from the polar and zwitterionic nature of zanamivir. In order to improve the permeability of zanamivir, prodrugs with amino acids were developed to target the intestinal membrane transporter, hPepT1. Several acyloxy ester prodrugs of zanamivir conjugated with amino acids were synthesized and characterized. The prodrugs were evaluated for their chemical stability in buffers at various pHs and for their transport and tissue activation by enzymes. The acyloxy ester prodrugs of zanamivir were shown to competitively inhibit [(3)H]Gly-Sar uptake in Caco-2 cells (IC(50): 1.19 ± 0.33 mM for L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir). The L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir exhibited ∼3-fold higher uptake in transfected HeLa/hPepT1 cells compared to wild type HeLa cells, suggesting, at least in part, carrier mediated transport by the hPepT1 transporter. Further, enhanced transcellular permeability of prodrugs across Caco-2 monolayer compared to the parent drug (P(app) = 2.24 × 10(-6) ± 1.33 × 10(-7) cm/s for L-valyl prodrug of zanamivir), with only parent zanamivir appearing in the receiver compartment, indicates that the prodrugs exhibited both enhanced transport and activation in intestinal mucosal cells. Most significantly, several of these prodrugs exhibited high intestinal jejunal membrane permeability, similar to metoprolol, in the in situ rat intestinal perfusion system, a system highly correlated with human jejunal permeability. In summary, this mechanistic targeted prodrug strategy, to enhance oral absorption via intestinal membrane carriers such as hPepT1, followed by activation to parent drug (active pharmaceutical ingredient or API) in the mucosal cell, significantly improves the intestinal epithelial cell permeability of zanamivir and has the potential to provide the high oral bioavailability necessary for oral zanamivir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Varghese Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Gerona-Navarro G, González-Muñiz R, Fernández-Carvajal A, González-Ros JM, Ferrer-Montiel A, Carreño C, Albericio F, Royo M. Solid-phase synthesis of a library of amphipatic hydantoins. Discovery of new hits for TRPV1 blockade. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2011; 13:458-65. [PMID: 21671576 PMCID: PMC3296451 DOI: 10.1021/co1000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Some heterocyclic systems, called privileged scaffolds, appear frequently in bioactive products and marketed drugs. The combination of a recognized privileged scaffold (hydantoin) and a functional group with high incidence in bioactive molecules (guanidine) guided the design of a library of amphipatic compounds, which allowed the discovery of novel TRPV1 ion channel blockers. The library was synthesized by parallel solid-phase synthesis from an orthogonally protected resin-bound Lys-Lys skeleton. Key steps of the synthetic procedure were the construction of the hydantoin ring, by reaction of the N-terminal amino group with N,N-disuccinimidyl carbonate (DSC) and subsequent base-induced cyclization, and the guanidinylation of the C-terminal Lys side-chain after removal of the Alloc protecting-group. The preliminary biological studies have allowed the identification of some of the key structural features directing the blockage of capsaicin-induced Ca(2+) influx through TRPV1 channels, particularly, the strong preference showed for highly lipophilic acyl groups and substituted guanidine moieties. Active compounds based on this new pharmacophoric scaffold that display in vitro and in vivo inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asia Fernández-Carvajal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - José M. González-Ros
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Antonio Ferrer-Montiel
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Av. de la Universidad, 03202 Elche, Spain
- DiverDrugs SL. Isaac Peral 17 (Pol. Ind. Camí Ral), 08850 Gavà, Spain
| | - Cristina Carreño
- DiverDrugs SL. Isaac Peral 17 (Pol. Ind. Camí Ral), 08850 Gavà, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franqués 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Royo
- CIBER-BBN, Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Combinatorial Chemistry Unit, Barcelona Science Park, University of Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Miller JM, Dahan A, Gupta D, Varghese S, Amidon GL. Enabling the intestinal absorption of highly polar antiviral agents: ion-pair facilitated membrane permeation of zanamivir heptyl ester and guanidino oseltamivir. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1223-34. [PMID: 20536260 DOI: 10.1021/mp100050d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antiviral drugs often suffer from poor intestinal permeability, preventing their delivery via the oral route. The goal of this work was to enhance the intestinal absorption of the low-permeability antiviral agents zanamivir heptyl ester (ZHE) and guanidino oseltamivir (GO) utilizing an ion-pairing approach, as a critical step toward making them oral drugs. The counterion 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNAP) was utilized to enhance the lipophilicity and permeability of the highly polar drugs. HNAP substantially increased the log P of the drugs by up to 3.7 log units. Binding constants (K(11(aq))) of 388 M(-1) for ZHE-HNAP and 2.91 M(-1) for GO-HNAP were obtained by applying a quasi-equilibrium transport model to double-reciprocal plots of apparent octanol-buffer distribution coefficients versus HNAP concentration. HNAP enhanced the apparent permeability (P(app)) of both compounds across Caco-2 cell monolayers in a concentration-dependent manner, as substantial P(app) (0.8-3.0 x 10(-6) cm/s) was observed in the presence of 6-24 mM HNAP, whereas no detectable transport was observed without counterion. Consistent with a quasi-equilibrium transport model, a linear relationship with slope near 1 was obtained from a log-log plot of Caco-2 P(app) versus HNAP concentration, supporting the ion-pair mechanism behind the permeability enhancement. In the rat jejunal perfusion assay, the addition of HNAP failed to increase the effective permeability (P(eff)) of GO. However, the rat jejunal permeability of ZHE was significantly enhanced by the addition of HNAP in a concentration-dependent manner, from essentially zero without HNAP to 4.0 x 10(-5) cm/s with 10 mM HNAP, matching the P(eff) of the high-permeability standard metoprolol. The success of ZHE-HNAP was explained by its >100-fold stronger K(11(aq)) versus GO-HNAP, making ZHE-HNAP less prone to dissociation and ion-exchange with competing endogenous anions and able to remain intact during membrane permeation. Overall, this work presents a novel approach to enable the oral delivery of highly polar antiviral drugs, and provides new insights into the underlying mechanisms governing the success or failure of the ion-pairing strategy to increase oral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Miller
- Center for Molecular Drug Targeting, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Weight AK, Haldar J, Alvarez de Cienfuegos L, Gubareva LV, Tumpey TM, Chen J, Klibanov AM. Attaching zanamivir to a polymer markedly enhances its activity against drug-resistant strains of influenza a virus. J Pharm Sci 2010; 100:831-5. [PMID: 20740680 DOI: 10.1002/jps.22338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Effects of the commercial drug zanamivir (Relenza) covalently attached to poly-l-glutamine on the infectivity of influenza A viruses are examined using the plaque reduction assay and binding affinity to viral neuraminidase (NA). These multivalent drug conjugates exhibit (i) up to a 20,000-fold improvement in anti-influenza potency compared with the zanamivir parent against human and avian viral strains, including both wild-type and drug-resistant mutants, and (ii) superior neuraminidase (NA) inhibition constants, especially for the mutants. These findings provide a basis for exploring polymer-attached inhibitors as more efficacious therapeutics, particularly against drug-resistant influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha K Weight
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Calveras J, Nagai Y, Sultana I, Ueda Y, Higashi T, Shoji M, Sugai T. New chemo-enzymatic route toward N-acetylneuraminic acid derivatives with alkyl groups at C-7 hydroxyl group. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Haldar J, Alvarez de Cienfuegos L, Tumpey TM, Gubareva LV, Chen J, Klibanov AM. Bifunctional polymeric inhibitors of human influenza A viruses. Pharm Res 2009; 27:259-63. [PMID: 20013036 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE New antiviral agents were prepared by attaching derivatives of sialic acid (1) and of the drug zanamivir (2) to poly(isobutylene-alt-maleic anhydride) (poly-(1 + 2)) or by mixing poly-1 and poly-2, followed by assaying them against wild-type and drug-resistant influenza A Wuhan viruses. METHODS Individually or together, 1 and 2 were covalently bonded to the polymer. The antiviral potencies of the resultant poly-1, poly-2, poly-(1 + 2), and poly-1 + poly-2, as well as 1 and 2, were assessed using plaque reduction assay. RESULTS Attaching 1 to the polymer improved at best millimolar IC(50) values over three orders of magnitude. While 2 exhibited micromolar IC(50) values, poly-2 was >100-fold even more potent. The IC(50) of poly-(1 + 2) against the wild-type strain was >300-fold and approximately 17-fold better than of poly-1 and poly-2, respectively. In contrast, the potency of poly-(1 + 2) vs. poly-2 against the mutant strain merely doubled. The mixture of poly-1 + poly-2 inhibited both viral strains similarly to poly-2. CONCLUSIONS The bifunctional poly-(1 + 2) acts synergistically against the wild-type influenza virus, but not against its drug-resistant mutant, as compared to a physical mixture of the monofunctional poly-1 and poly-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta Haldar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Gupta D, Gupta SV, Lee KD, Amidon GL. Chemical and enzymatic stability of amino acid prodrugs containing methoxy, ethoxy and propylene glycol linkers. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:1604-11. [PMID: 19566080 DOI: 10.1021/mp900084v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the chemical and enzymatic stabilities of prodrugs containing methoxy, ethoxy and propylene glycol linkers in order to find a suitable linker for prodrugs of carboxylic acids with amino acids. l-Valine and l-phenylalanine prodrugs of model compounds (benzoic acid and phenyl acetic acid) containing methoxy, ethoxy and propylene glycol linkers were synthesized. The hydrolysis rate profile of each compound was studied at physiologically relevant pHs (1.2, 4, 6 and 7.4). Enzymatic hydrolysis of propylene glycol containing compounds was studied using Caco-2 homogenate as well as purified enzyme valacyclovirase. It was observed that the stability of the prodrugs increases with the linker length (propyl > ethyl > methyl). The model prodrugs were stable at acidic pH as compared to basic pH. It was observed that the prodrug with the aliphatic amino acid promoiety was more stable compared to its aromatic counterpart. The comparison between benzyl and the phenyl model compounds revealed that the amino acid side chain is significant in determining the stability of the prodrug whereas the benzyl or phenyl carboxylic acid had little or no effect on the stability. The enzymatic activation studies of propylene glycol linker prodrug in the presence of valacyclovirase and cell homogenate showed faster generation of the parent drug at pH 7.4. The half-life of prodrugs at pH 7.4 was more than 12 h, whereas in the presence of cell homogenate the half-lives were less than 1 h. Hydrolysis by Caco-2 homogenate generated the parent compound in two steps, where the prodrug was first converted to the intermediate, propylene glycol benzoate, which was then converted to the parent compound (benzoic acid). Enzymatic hydrolysis of propylene glycol containing prodrugs by valacyclovirase showed hydrolysis of the amino acid ester part to generate the propylene glycol ester of model compound (propylene glycol benzoate) as the major product. The amino acid prodrugs containing methoxy linker were the least stable while prodrugs containing propylene glycol linker were most stable. This work suggests that the propylene glycol linker is an optimal linker for amino acid prodrugs since it has good chemical stability and is enzymatically hydrolyzed to yield the parent drug. This approach can be further extended to other non-amino acid prodrugs and to provide a chemical handle to modify lead molecules containing carboxylic group(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Wen WH, Lin M, Su CY, Wang SY, Cheng YSE, Fang JM, Wong CH. Synergistic effect of zanamivir-porphyrin conjugates on inhibition of neuraminidase and inactivation of influenza virus. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4903-10. [PMID: 19522501 DOI: 10.1021/jm900515g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
New anti-influenza agents of tetravalent zanamivir on a porphyrin scaffold were synthesized. These compounds are 10 to 100 times more potent in inhibiting influenza replications even though they are somewhat less potent in neuraminidase inhibition than the monomeric zanamivir. The enhanced anti-influenza activity is probably attributable to the additional viral inactivation by singlet oxygen due to sensitization of the porphyrin moiety, which is brought in close proximity of virus by the conjugated zanamivir in a manner resembling the "magic bullet" mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsien Wen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
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Magano J. Synthetic Approaches to the Neuraminidase Inhibitors Zanamivir (Relenza) and Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu) for the Treatment of Influenza. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4398-438. [DOI: 10.1021/cr800449m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Magano
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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Honda T, Masuda T. Synthesis of 4-Guanidino-7-Modified-Neu5Ac2en Derivatives and Their Biological Activities as Influenza Sialidase Inhibitors. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2009. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.67.1105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Viruses, particularly those that are harmful to humans, are the 'silent terrorists' of the twenty-first century. Well over four million humans die per annum as a result of viral infections alone. The scourge of influenza virus has plagued mankind throughout the ages. The fact that new viral strains emerge on a regular basis, particularly out of Asia, establishes a continual socio-economic threat to mankind. The arrival of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 heightened the threat of a potential human pandemic to the point where many countries have put in place 'preparedness plans' to defend against such an outcome. The discovery of the first designer influenza virus sialidase inhibitor and anti-influenza drug Relenza, and subsequently Tamiflu, has now inspired a number of continuing efforts towards the discovery of next generation anti-influenza drugs. Such drugs may act as 'first-line-of-defence' against the spread of influenza infection and buy time for necessary vaccine development particularly in a human pandemic setting. Furthermore, the fact that influenza virus can develop resistance to therapeutics makes these continuing efforts extremely important. An overview of the role of the virus-associated glycoprotein sialidase (neuraminidase) and some of the most recent developments towards the discovery of anti-influenza drugs based on the inhibition of influenza virus sialidase is provided in this chapter.
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Abstract
Annual epidemics of influenza virus infection are responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality, and pandemics are much more devastating. Considerable knowledge of viral infectivity and replication has been acquired, but many details still have to be elucidated and the virus remains a challenging target for drug design and development. This review provides an overview of the antiviral drugs targeting the influenza viral replicative cycle. Included are a brief description of their chemical syntheses and biological activities. For other reviews, see References1-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M. Lagoja
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B‐3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Marra A, Moni L, Pazzi D, Corallini A, Bridi D, Dondoni A. Synthesis of sialoclusters appended to calix[4]arene platforms via multiple azide-alkyne cycloaddition. New inhibitors of hemagglutination and cytopathic effect mediated by BK and influenza A viruses. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:1396-409. [DOI: 10.1039/b800598b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lu Y, Gervay-Hague J. Synthesis of C-4 and C-7 triazole analogs of zanamivir as multivalent sialic acid containing scaffolds. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1636-50. [PMID: 17597592 PMCID: PMC2190540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/02/2007] [Accepted: 06/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The relative reactivities of C-4 and C-7 azides derived from zanamivir were compared in cycloaddition reactions with a panel of alkynes. All of the reactions proceeded efficiently with no observable differences between primary and secondary azides. Significant rate differences were observed between several members of the alkyne panel. Most notably, a trialkyne derived from a 1,3,5-triazine core underwent complete reaction within 4 h, whereas an analogous trialkyne with an all carbon aromatic core required 18 h. These results suggest that the triazine core serves as an internal catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- University of California, Davis, Department of Chemistry, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Islam T, von Itzstein M. Anti-Influenza Drug Discovery: Are We Ready for the Next Pandemic? Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 2007; 61:293-352. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2318(07)61006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Influenza viruses continue to be a major health challenge due to antigenic variation in envelope proteins and animal reservoirs for the viruses. Of particular concern is an anticipated influenza pandemic in the near future. Vaccination is currently the most effective means of reducing morbidity and mortality during influenza epidemics. In addition, neuraminidase inhibitors have substantially improved antiviral therapy for influenza. However, influenza infection in children and the elderly remain problematic. Furthermore, major innovations in prevention and therapy will be needed to deal with an influenza pandemic. This review assesses available and investigational antivirals and vaccines for influenza, emphasising novel approaches that may improve ability to cope with infection in children and the elderly or during a pandemic. Some adverse sequelae of influenza appear to relate to impairment or pathogenic activation of immune responses. Exciting recent findings in this area, with relevance to influenza treatment, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Kandel
- Harvard University School of Medicine, Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, 1200 Centre Street, Boston, MA 02131-1097, USA
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Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibitors as Antiviral Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(06)41019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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