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Wu L, Wang X, Jiang J, Chen Y, Peng B, Jin W. Mechanism of rhubarb in the treatment of hyperlipidemia: A recent review. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230812. [PMID: 37808167 PMCID: PMC10552914 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a metabolic disorder, which is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Although lipid-lowering treatments have been extensively studied, safer treatments with fewer adverse effects are needed. Rhubarb is a traditional Chinese medicine that has lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. Disturbance in lipid metabolism is the basis of tissue damage caused by hyperlipidemia and plays a key role in the development of hyperlipidemia; however, the molecular mechanisms by which rhubarb regulates lipid metabolism to lower lipid levels are yet to be elucidated. We conducted this study to summarize the phytochemical constituents of Rheum officinale and provide a comprehensive review of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of lipid metabolism during hyperlipidemia treatment. It was found that rhubarb extracts, including emodin, rhubarb acid, and rhubarb phenol, regulate total cholesterol, triglyceride, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels through signaling pathways such as C/EBP α, 3T3-L1, PPAR α, and AMPK, thereby improving the hyperlipidemic state. This suggests that rhubarb is a natural drug with lipid-lowering potential, and an in-depth exploration of its lipid-lowering mechanism can provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Wu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangjin Wang
- College of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sports University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jihang Jiang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Respiratory Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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2
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Ren J, Barton CD, Zhan J. Engineered production of bioactive polyphenolic O-glycosides. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108146. [PMID: 37028465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds (such as quercetin and resveratrol) possess potential medicinal values due to their various bioactivities, but poor water solubility hinders their health benefits to humankind. Glycosylation is a well-known post-modification method to biosynthesize natural product glycosides with improved hydrophilicity. Glycosylation has profound effects on decreasing toxicity, increasing bioavailability and stability, together with changing bioactivity of polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, polyphenolic glycosides can be used as food additives, therapeutics, and nutraceuticals. Engineered biosynthesis provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to generate polyphenolic glycosides through the use of various glycosyltransferases (GTs) and sugar biosynthetic enzymes. GTs transfer the sugar moieties from nucleotide-activated diphosphate sugar (NDP-sugar) donors to sugar acceptors such as polyphenolic compounds. In this review, we systematically review and summarize the representative polyphenolic O-glycosides with various bioactivities and their engineered biosynthesis in microbes with different biotechnological strategies. We also review the major routes towards NDP-sugar formation in microbes, which is significant for producing unusual or novel glycosides. Finally, we discuss the trends in NDP-sugar based glycosylation research to promote the development of prodrugs that positively impact human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA.
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3
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He SJ, Zhu S, Qiu SQ, Ding WY, Cheng JK, Xiang SH, Tan B. Phosphoric Acid-Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Anthrone-based Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202213914. [PMID: 36346195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202213914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthrones and analogues are structural cores shared by diverse pharmacologically active natural and synthetic compounds. The sp2 -rich nature imposes inherent obstruction to introduce stereogenic element onto the tricyclic aromatic backbone. In our pursuit to expand the chemical space of axial chirality, a novel type of axially chiral anthrone-derived skeleton was discovered. This work establishes oxime ether as suitable functionality to furnish axial chirality on symmetric anthrone skeletons through stereoselective condensation of the carbonyl entity with long-range chirality control. The enantioenriched anthrones could be elaborated into dibenzo-fused seven-membered N-heterocycles containing well-defined stereogenic center via Beckmann rearrangement with axial-to-point chirality conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Jiang He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Sheng-Qi Qiu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wei-Yi Ding
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Kee Cheng
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shao-Hua Xiang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Tan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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4
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Chemical Constituents of Cassia abbreviata and Their Anti-HIV-1 Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092455. [PMID: 33922460 PMCID: PMC8122790 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new (1–3) and 25 known compounds were isolated from the crude extract of Cassia abbreviata. The chemical structures of new compounds were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses including 1D and 2D NMR and HRESIMS. Cassiabrevone (1) is the first heterodimer of guibourtinidol and planchol A. Compound 2 was a new chalcane, while 3 was a new naphthalene. Cassiabrevone (1), guibourtinidol-(4α→8)-epiafzelechin (4), taxifolin (8), oleanolic acid (17), piceatannol (22), and palmitic acid (28), exhibited potent anti-HIV-1 activity with IC50 values of 11.89 µM, 15.39 µM, 49.04 µM, 7.95 µM, 3.58 µM, and 15.97 µM, respectively.
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Das S, Bhowmik A, Sarkar W, Mishra A, Deb I. Straightforward Access to Anthrone Functionalized Benzylic Amines via Organocatalytic 1,2-Addition of Anthrones to Imines at Ambient Temperature. J Org Chem 2021; 86:4131-4142. [PMID: 33620226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Activation of anthrone via benzylic deprotonation in the presence of triethylamine paves the way for the 1,2-addition reaction with imines to provide the desired functionalized anthrones in good to excellent yields under mild and operationally simple reaction conditions with a broad range of substrate scopes without using any external additives or toxic stoichiometric reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Das
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002, India
| | - Arup Bhowmik
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Writhabrata Sarkar
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Aniket Mishra
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Indubhusan Deb
- Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4-Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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Ethnobotanical Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Different Rheum Species (Polygonaceae): A Review. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1308:309-352. [PMID: 33861453 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-64872-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Today, there is an increased tendency to use herbal remedies. Rhubarb refers to several species of the genus Rheum L. in the Polygonaceae family. This species-rich genus is mainly distributed in Asian countries. Several medicinal effects have been attributed to the Rheum spp. in the traditional and modern medicine such as healing lungs, liver, kidney, womb and bladder diseases, cancer, diabetes, insect bites, relapsing fevers, diarrhea and constipation. Various in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies have investigated the therapeutic effect of extracts, fractions and pure compounds isolated from different species of this genus. Considering the positive findings, several pharmaceutical formulations containing rhubarb extract like capsules, drops, mouthwashes and different topical formulations are now present in the market. However, there are other traditional therapeutic effects of rhubarb that have not been studied yet and it is of great importance to perform confirmatory experiments or clinical investigations. The current review summarizes general information regarding botany, phytochemistry, ethnobotany and pharmacological aspects of Rheum spp. It is hoped that the present review could motivate subsequent research on the other medicinal properties of these plants that have been neglected until today.
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Phytochemical and Antioxidant Studies on a Rare Rheum cordatum Losinsk. Species from Kazakhstan. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5465463. [PMID: 31827680 PMCID: PMC6885188 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5465463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An optimisation of extraction towards an increased antioxidant capacity and the study on the extracts' composition by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS were performed on different organs of a rarely studied plant: Rheum cordatum Losinsk (Polygonaceae) growing in Kazakhstan. More than 20 compounds from anthraquinones and phenolics were identified in an optimised method. The plant was proven to contain a wide variety of phenolic compounds (catechins, flavonoids, and their glucosides and phenolic acids) in contrast to the anthraquinone composition, which was mainly represented by emodin and its analogues. The results of the studies could determine the plant as a rich source of pharmacologically precious polyphenols. It was evidenced that the extracting solvents, the time of collection, and the organs tested affected both the chemical content and the antioxidant potential of the extracts. Ethanol : water (50 : 50 v/v) was selected as the most beneficial extractant for all metabolites, and based on the principal component analysis of raw data, the radical scavenging potential of the plant was strictly related to the presence of epicatechin gallate (ECG), kaempferol glucoside, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) occurring in this extract at the concentration of 1.69-5%, 0.16-0.47%, and 0.001-2.93%, respectively.
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8
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Genc HN. Enantioselective Michael reaction of anthrone catalyzed by chiral tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine derivatives. RSC Adv 2019; 9:21063-21069. [PMID: 35515554 PMCID: PMC9065986 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A highly enantioselective Michael addition reaction of anthrone with nitroalkenes by chiral tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine catalysts was investigated as a novel topic. The stereoselective conversion progressed smoothly by employing 10 mol% of the catalyst and afforded the corresponding Michael adducts with acceptable to high enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee) and very high yields (up to 96%). A highly enantioselective Michael addition reaction of anthrone with nitroalkenes by chiral tetraoxacalix[2]arene[2]triazine catalysts was investigated as a novel topic.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayriye Nevin Genc
- Department of Science Education
- A. K. Education Faculty
- Necmettin Erbakan University
- Konya 42090
- Turkey
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9
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Takikawa H, Suzuki K. Synthetic Strategy toward Dearomatized Polycyclic Polyketide Natural Products. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keisuke Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology
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10
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Pandith SA, Dar RA, Lattoo SK, Shah MA, Reshi ZA. Rheum australe, an endangered high-value medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas: a review of its botany, ethnomedical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2018; 17:573-609. [PMID: 32214920 PMCID: PMC7088705 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-018-9551-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rheum australe (Himalayan Rhubarb) is a multipurpose, endemic and endangered medicinal herb of North Western Himalayas. It finds extensive use as a medicinal herb since antiquity in different traditional systems of medicine to cure a wide range of ailments related to the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, respiratory and skeletal systems as well as to treat various infectious diseases. The remedying properties of this plant species are ascribed to a set of diverse bioactive secondary metabolite constituents, particularly anthraquinones (emodin, chrysophanol, physcion, aloe-emodin and rhein) and stilbenoids (piceatannol, resveratrol), besides dietary flavonoids known for their putative health benefits. Recent studies demonstrate the pharmacological efficacy of some of these metabolites and/or their derivatives as lead molecules for the treatment of various human diseases. Present review comprehensively covers the literature available on R. australe from 1980 to early 2018. The review provides up-to-date information available on its botany for easy identification of the plant, and origin and historical perspective detailing its trade and commerce. Distribution, therapeutic potential in relation to traditional uses and pharmacology, phytochemistry and general biosynthesis of major chemical constituents are also discussed. Additionally, efficient and reproducible in vitro propagation studies holding vital significance in preserving the natural germplasm of the plant and for its industrial exploitation have also been highlighted. The review presents a detailed perspective for future studies to conserve and sustainably make use of this endangered plant species at a commercial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad A. Pandith
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Riyaz Ahmad Dar
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Surrinder K. Lattoo
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, 180001 India
| | - Manzoor A. Shah
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
| | - Zafar A. Reshi
- Department of Botany, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190006 India
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11
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Demarque DP, Pinho DR, Callejon DR, de Oliveira GG, Silva DB, Carollo CA, Lopes NP. New cascarosides from Rhamnus purshiana and fragmentation studies of the class by ion trap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1169-1174. [PMID: 28440576 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Anthrone and oxanthrone are important anthraquinone derivatives present in medicinal plants which are used in therapeutics as laxatives. Some of these plants need to be stored at least one year before they can be used in order to oxidize anthrones into oxanthrones, so to avoid severe diarrhea and dehydration. Therefore, this work aimed to characterize fragmentation reactions between these anthraquinones to provide an easy way to differentiate between the two classes, since it is necessary and important to discriminate and identify these derivatives in laxative plants and phytotherapic drugs. METHODS Anthrone (cascarosides A-D) and oxanthrone (10-hydroxycascaroside A and B) derivatives were isolated and identified by NMR (1 H, 13 C, DEPT, NOESY) and used for fragmentation study by direct infusion on an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion trap mass spectrometer (AmazonSL, Bruker) in positive and negative mode. RESULTS The additional hydroxyl at C-10 in oxanthrones allowed McLafferty-type rearrangements to form the quinone group in positive mode, while in negative mode the second sugar loss infringed the odd-electron rule and formed a radical fragment. No differences in fragmentation reactions were found between diastereoisomeric pairs, although the additional oxygen at C-10 of oxanthrones allowed a different fragmentation pattern. CONCLUSIONS The proposed fragmentation patterns can be used to differentiate anthrones from oxanthrones in both ion modes. In addition, they can be applied to differentiate these compounds in anthraquinone-rich plants and phytotherapic drugs. Finally, herein, the strategy applied allowed us to identify new natural products. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Demarque
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle R Pinho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel R Callejon
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gibson G de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise B Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo, Grande-MS, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Carollo
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo, Grande-MS, Brazil
| | - Norberto P Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Ceban V, Tauchman J, Meazza M, Gallagher G, Light ME, Gergelitsová I, Veselý J, Rios R. Expanding the scope of Metal-Free enantioselective allylic substitutions: Anthrones. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16886. [PMID: 26592555 PMCID: PMC4655356 DOI: 10.1038/srep16886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly enantioselective asymmetric allylic alkylation of Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates with anthrones is presented. The reaction is simply catalyzed by cinchona alkaloid derivatives affording the final alkylated products in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Ceban
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jiří Tauchman
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Meazza
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Greg Gallagher
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Mark E Light
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ivana Gergelitsová
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Veselý
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ramon Rios
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus SO17 1BJ, UK
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13
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Piceatannol derivatives from Rheum austral D. Don and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Potential Antioxidant Anthraquinones Isolated fromRheum emodiShowing Nematicidal Activity againstMeloidogyne incognita. J CHEM-NY 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/652526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant and nematicidal properties were evaluated forR. emodiextractives which are extracted by standardizing and adopting accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method along with traditional Soxhlet extraction. The extracted material was separated using flash chromatography and the separation conditions and solvents were standardized for the extracted plant constituents. The purity was detected by using analytical reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). LC-MS/MS detection in the direct infusion mode of the isolated, purified products afforded four anthraquinones, characterized by their infrared spectra (IR) and1H spectra as chrysophanol, physcion, emodin, and aloe-emodin. Five antraquinone glucoside derivatives and piceatannol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside have also been detected from the extracted product. Duringin vitroevaluation the antioxidant potential of methanolic crude extract (CE1) was the highest, followed by ethyl acetate crude extract (CE2) and chloroform extract (CE3) in DPPH radical scavenging activity. The CE1 also demonstrated outstanding nematicidal activity as compared with other extracts, pure anthraquinones, and even positive control azadirachtin. The study conclusively demonstrated the antioxidant potential ofR. emodiextracts and also its ability in extenuating theMeloidogyne incognita(root-knot nematode). The bioassay results can be extrapolated to actual field condition and clinical studies.
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16
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Bai JF, Guo YL, Peng L, Jia LN, Xu XY, Wang LX. Enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction of anthrone and maleimide catalyzed by a simple chiral tertiary amine. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Izquierdo J, Hutson GE, Cohen DT, Scheidt KA. A continuum of progress: applications of N-hetereocyclic carbene catalysis in total synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:11686-98. [PMID: 23074146 PMCID: PMC3756610 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201203704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed transformations have emerged as powerful tactics for the construction of complex molecules. Since Stetter's report in 1975 of the total synthesis of cis-jasmon and dihydrojasmon by using carbene catalysis, the use of NHCs in total synthesis has grown rapidly, particularly over the last decade. This renaissance is undoubtedly due to the recent developments in NHC-catalyzed reactions, including new benzoin, Stetter, homoenolate, and aroylation processes. These transformations employ typical as well as Umpolung types of bond disconnections and have served as the key step in several new total syntheses. This Minireview highlights these reports and captures the excitement and emerging synthetic utility of carbene catalysis in total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Silverman Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Gerri E. Hutson
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Silverman Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Daniel T. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Silverman Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Silverman Hall, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208 (USA)
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18
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Izquierdo J, Hutson GE, Cohen DT, Scheidt KA. Anwendungen der Katalyse mit N-heterocyclischen Carbenen in Totalsynthesen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201203704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Rokaya MB, Münzbergová Z, Timsina B, Bhattarai KR. Rheum australe D. Don: a review of its botany, ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 141:761-74. [PMID: 22504148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Rheum australe D. Don (Polygonaceae) has been commonly used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments related to the circulatory, digestive, endocrine, respiratory and skeletal systems as well as to infectious diseases. AIM OF THE REVIEW To provide the up-to-date information that is available on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Rheum australe. Additionally, to highlight the possible uses of this species to treat different diseases and to provide a basis for future research. MATERIALS AND METHODS The present review covers the literature available from 1980 to 2011. The information was collected from scientific journals, books, theses and reports via a library and electronic search (Google Scholar, Web of Science and ScienceDirect). RESULTS Ethnomedical uses of Rheum australe have been recorded from China, India, Nepal and Pakistan for 57 different types of ailments. The phytochemical studies have shown the presence of many secondary metabolites belonging to anthraquinones, stilbenes, anthrones, oxantrone ethers and esters, chromones, flavonoids, carbohydrate, lignans, phenols and sterols. Crude extracts and isolated compounds from Rheum australe show a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective and immune-enhancing activities, as well as a usefulness for improving renal function. CONCLUSION Rheum australe has been widely used source of medicine for years without any adverse effects. Many studies have provided evidence for various traditional uses. However, there is a need for additional studies of the isolated compounds to validate the traditional uses in human models. The present review on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry and toxicity has provided preliminary information for further studies and commercial exploitations of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maan Bahadur Rokaya
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic.
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Rokaya MB, Maršík P, Münzbergová Z. Active constituents in Rheum acuminatum and Rheum australe (Polygonaceae) roots: A variation between cultivated and naturally growing plants. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Sharma N, Kumar R, Sinha AK, Reddy PB, Nayeem SM, Deep S. Anthraquinone derivatives based natural dye from Rheum emodi as a probe for thermal stability of proteins: Spectroscopic and chromatographic studies. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Rhubarb (Rheum emodi, family Polygonaceae) has been traditionally used as diuretic, liver stimulant, purgative/cathartic, stomachic, anticholesterolaemic, antitumour, antiseptic and tonic. A number of anthraquinone derivatives including emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion, chrysophanol, rhein, emodin glycoside and chrysophanol glycoside occur as the main chemical constituents. In the past few years, new components such as sulfemodin 8-O-β-d-glucoside, revandchinone-1, revandchinone-2, revandchinone-3, revandchinone-4, 6-methyl-rhein and 6-methyl aloe-emodin have been reported from the same species. Anthraquinone derivatives show evidence of antifungal, anti-microbial, anti-Parkinson’s, anti-proliferative, immuno-enhancing, antiviral and antioxidant activities. This review covers published work on botany, chemistry and therapeutic uses of different components from rhubarb.
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Procko KJ, Li H, Martin SF. Approach toward the total synthesis of 5-hydroxyaloin A. Org Lett 2010; 12:5632-5. [PMID: 21082813 DOI: 10.1021/ol102318k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a thiomethyl analogue of 5-hydroxyaloin A has been achieved using benzyne and naphthyne [4 + 2] cycloadditions with substituted furans. A regiocontrolled cycloaddition was achieved using a silicon tether, and a regioselective ring opening was accomplished using a sulfide as a directing group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen J Procko
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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Determination of Free Glycerol in Biodiesel via Solid‐Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Analysis. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-010-1707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Separation and identification of three epimeric pairs of new C-glucosyl anthrones from Rumex dentatus by on-line high performance liquid chromatography–circular dichroism analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:5384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zea A, Valero G, Alba AN, Moyano A, Rios R. Bifunctional Thiourea-Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Anthrones to Maleimides. Adv Synth Catal 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sardari S, Shokrgozar MA, Ghavami G. Cheminformatics based selection and cytotoxic effects of herbal extracts. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Koyama Y, Yamaguchi R, Suzuki K. Total Synthesis and Structure Assignment of the Anthrone C-Glycoside Cassialoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:1084-7. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200704625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Koyama Y, Yamaguchi R, Suzuki K. Total Synthesis and Structure Assignment of the Anthrone C-Glycoside Cassialoin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200704625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Verma SC, Singh NP, Sinha AK. Determination and locational variations in the quantity of hydroxyanthraquinones and their glycosides in rhizomes of Rheum emodi using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1097:59-65. [PMID: 16236295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2005] [Revised: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Locational variations in the quantity of five hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives (emodin glycoside (1), chrysophanol glycoside (2), emodin (3), chrysophanol (4) and physcion (5)) in the rhizomes of Rheum emodi are described. A simple and reliable method was developed for quantitation of compounds (1-5) in the methanolic extract of rhizomes of R. emodi using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photo-diode array detector (PDA). The separation was carried out using a Purospher((R))-Star RP-18 e column (4.6mm i.d.x 250 mm, 5 microm) under the following conditions: acetonitrile:methanol (95:5, v/v) (solvent A) and water:acetic acid (99.9:0.1, v/v) (solvent B) as mobile phase with a linear gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 290 nm. Regression equation revealed a linear relationship (r(2)>0.9901) between the mass of hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives injected and the peak areas. The detection limits (S/N=3) ranged from 0.56 to 3.50 ng/mL and the recoveries ranged from 95.7 to 103.5% for five hydroxyanthraquinone derivatives. Compound 2 was found in maximum quantity (up to 2.23%) in the rhizomes from all the three locations (L(1), L(2) and L(3)) while compound 5 was found in the least quantity (up to 0.19%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C Verma
- Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR), Post Box No. 6, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India
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Dembitsky VM. Astonishing diversity of natural surfactants: 5. Biologically active glycosides of aromatic metabolites. Lipids 2005; 40:869-900. [PMID: 16329462 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This review article presents 342 aromatic glycosides, isolated from and identified in plants and microorganisms, that demonstrate different biological activities. They are of great interest, especially for the medicinal and/or pharmaceutical industries. These biologically active natural surfactants are good prospects for the future chemical preparation of compounds useful as antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and antibacterial agents. These glycosidic compounds have been classified into several groups, including simple aromatic compounds, stilbenes, phenylethanoids, phenylpropanoids, naphthalene derivatives, and anthracene derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Department of Organic Chemistry and School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Singh NP, Gupta AP, Sinha AK, Ahuja PS. High-performance thin layer chromatography method for quantitative determination of four major anthraquinone derivatives in Rheum emodi. J Chromatogr A 2005; 1077:202-6. [PMID: 16001557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.03.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance thin layer chromatographic (HPTLC) method for the rapid and simple quantification of the four major anthraquinone derivatives i.e. physcion, chrysophanol, emodin and chrysophanol glycoside in Rheum emodi is described. HPTLC of anthraquinone derivatives was performed on pre-coated RP-18 F254S HPTLC plates. For achieving good separation, the mobile phase of methanol-water-formic acid (80:19:1, v/v/v) was used. The densitometric determination of anthraquinone derivatives was carried out at 445 nm in reflection/absorption mode. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 20-100 ng for physcion, 80-400 ng for chrysophanol and emodin, and 200-1000 ng for chrysophanol glycoside. The method was found to be reproducible and convenient for quantitative analysis of anthraquinone derivatives in the methanolic extract of rhizomes of R. emodi collected from three different locations of Western Himalaya, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra P Singh
- Natural Plant Products Division, Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Post Box No. 6, Palampur-176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
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