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Fadeyibi O, Rybalchenko N, Mabry S, Nguyen DH, Cunningham RL. The Role of Lipid Rafts and Membrane Androgen Receptors in Androgen’s Neurotoxic Effects. J Endocr Soc 2022; 6:bvac030. [PMID: 35308305 PMCID: PMC8926069 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences have been observed in multiple oxidative stress–associated neurodegenerative diseases. Androgens, such as testosterone, can exacerbate oxidative stress through a membrane androgen receptor (mAR), AR45, localized to lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. The goal of this study is to determine if interfering with mAR localization to cholesterol-rich lipid rafts decreases androgen induced neurotoxicity under oxidative stress environments. We hypothesize that cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts are necessary for androgens to induce oxidative stress generation in neurons via the mAR localized within the plasma membrane. Nystatin was used to sequester cholesterol and thus decrease cholesterol-rich caveolar lipid rafts in a neuronal cell line (N27 cells). Nystatin was applied prior to testosterone exposure in oxidatively stressed N27 cells. Cell viability, endocytosis, and protein analysis of oxidative stress, apoptosis, and mAR localization were conducted. Our results show that the loss of lipid rafts via cholesterol sequestering blocked androgen-induced oxidative stress in cells by decreasing the localization of mAR to caveolar lipid rafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwadarasimi Fadeyibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Nataliya Rybalchenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Steve Mabry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Dianna H Nguyen
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Rebecca L Cunningham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
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Dmitrieva EV, Temerdashev AZ, Osipova AK. Determination of Ketosteroids in Human Urine Using Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction and Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934821110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A method is proposed for the determination of some ketosteroids in human urine, including enzymatic hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase from E. coli followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, derivatization of analytes with hydroxylamine, and detection by reversed-phase ultra-HPLC–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Optimization of extraction and derivatization conditions of the studied compounds made it possible to find that the highest recoveries were achieved using an acetone–chloroform mixture as a dispersant and an extractant, and the completeness of the derivatization reaction was achieved by thermostating the sample at 70°C for 90 min. The proposed method has high sensitivity (limits of detection in the range of 0.1–0.25 ng/mL) and a wide linearity range.
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Magda B, Dobi Z, Mészáros K, Szabó É, Márta Z, Imre T, Szabó PT. Charged derivatization and on-line solid phase extraction to measure extremely low cortisol and cortisone levels in human saliva with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:223-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Higashi T, Ogawa S. Chemical derivatization for enhancing sensitivity during LC/ESI-MS/MS quantification of steroids in biological samples: a review. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:57-69. [PMID: 26454158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive and specific methods for the detection, characterization and quantification of endogenous steroids in body fluids or tissues are necessary for the diagnosis, pathological analysis and treatment of many diseases. Recently, liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) has been widely used for these purposes due to its specificity and versatility. However, the ESI efficiency and fragmentation behavior of some steroids are poor, which lead to a low sensitivity. Chemical derivatization is one of the most effective methods to improve the detection characteristics of steroids in ESI-MS/MS. Based on this background, this article reviews the recent advances in chemical derivatization for the trace quantification of steroids in biological samples by LC/ESI-MS/MS. The derivatization in ESI-MS/MS is based on tagging a proton-affinitive or permanently charged moiety on the target steroid. Introduction/formation of a fragmentable moiety suitable for the selected reaction monitoring by the derivatization also enhances the sensitivity. The stable isotope-coded derivatization procedures for the steroid analysis are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
| | - Shoujiro Ogawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Volmer DA, Mendes LRBC, Stokes CS. Analysis of vitamin D metabolic markers by mass spectrometry: current techniques, limitations of the "gold standard" method, and anticipated future directions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2015; 34:2-23. [PMID: 24318020 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D compounds belong to a group of secosteroids, which occur naturally as vitamin D3 in mammals and D2 in plants. Vitamin D is vital for bone health but recent studies have shown a much wider role in the pathologies of diseases such as diabetes, cancer, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, mental and cardiovascular diseases. Photosynthesis of vitamin D in the human skin and subsequent hepatic and renal metabolism generate a wide range of transformation products occurring over a large dynamic range spanning from picomolar to nanomolar levels. This necessitates selective and sensitive analytical methods to quantitatively capture these low concentration levels in relevant tissues such as blood. Ideally, vitamin D assessment would be performed using a universal and standardized analytical method available to clinical laboratories that provides reliable and accurate quantitative results for all relevant vitamin D metabolites with sufficiently high throughput. At present, LC-MS/MS assays are the most promising techniques for vitamin D analysis. The present review focuses on developments in mass spectrometry methodologies of the past 12 years. It will highlight detrimental influences of the biological matrix, epimer contributions, pitfalls of specific mass spectrometry data acquisition routines (in particular multiple reaction monitoring, MRM), influence of ionization source, derivatization reactions, inter-laboratory comparisons on precision, accuracy, and application range of vitamin D metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietrich A Volmer
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Vallée M. Structure-activity relationship studies on neuroactive steroids in memory, alcohol and stress-related functions: a crucial benefit from endogenous level analysis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3243-55. [PMID: 24781520 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE New research findings in the field of neuroactive steroids strongly suggest that to understand their role in physiopathology, it is essential to accurately measure their tissue levels. Through his broad chemical expertise and extensive knowledge of steroids, Dr. Robert H. Purdy pioneered structure-activity relationship studies on these compounds and developed innovative detection assays that are essential to assess their function in biological tissues. OBJECTIVE The goal of the present paper is to point out the specific contributions of Dr. Purdy and his collaborators to the current knowledge on the role of neuroactive steroids in the modulation of memory and alcohol- and stress-related effects with particular emphasis on the detection assays he developed to assess their endogenous levels. Reviewed here are the major results as well as the original and valuable methodological strategies issued by the long-term collaboration between Dr Purdy and many scientists worldwide on the investigation of the structure-activity relationship of neuroactive steroids. RESULTS Altogether, the data presented herein put forward the original notion that knowledge of the chemical structure of steroids is essential for their detection and the understanding of their role in physiological and pathological conditions, including the stress response. CONCLUSIONS The current challenge is to identify and quantify using appropriate methods neuroactive steroids in the context of both animal and clinical studies in order to reveal how their levels change under physiological and disease states. Dr. Purdy passed away in September 2012, but scientists all over the world will always be grateful for his pioneering work on steroid chemistry and for his great enthusiasm in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Vallée
- INSERM U862, Neurocentre Magendie, Pathophysiology of Addiction, Bordeaux, 33077, France,
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Athanasiadou I, Angelis YS, Lyris E, Georgakopoulos C, Athanasiadou I, Georgakopoulos C. Chemical derivatization to enhance ionization of anabolic steroids in LC-MS for doping-control analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Tomšíková H, Aufartová J, Solich P, Nováková L, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ. High-sensitivity analysis of female-steroid hormones in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
LC with atmospheric pressure ionization MS is essential to a large number of quantitative bioanalyses for a variety of compounds, especially nonvolatile or highly polar compounds. However, in many instances, weak ionization, poor LC retention and instability of certain analytes hinder the development of the LC–MS/MS method. Chemical derivatization has been used for different classes of analytes to improve their ionization efficiency, chromatographic separation and chemical stability. This work presents an overview of chemical derivatization methods that have been applied to the quantitative LC–MS/MS analyses of nine classes of molecules, including aldehydes, amino acids, bisphosphonate drugs, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, nucleosides and their associated analogs, steroids, thiol-containing compounds and vitamin D metabolites, in biological matrices.
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Chemical derivatization as a tool for optimizing MS response in sensitive LC–MS/MS bioanalysis and its role in pharmacokinetic studies. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:213-20. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.11.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical derivatization is the only technique that directly affects the physicochemical property of an analyte in an LC–MS/MS assay platform. On the other side, current MS instruments are extremely sensitive, but still their absolute sensitivity is analyte-dependent. In this review, first, difficulty in analyzing neutral compounds and introducing acidity/basicity and/or proton affinity will be described. Second, the sweet spot of the conventional MS ion source across clogP values is presented. Third, optimization of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity by derivatization is described. Lastly, development of a new derivatizing reagent specifically designed for LC–MS/MS is described and its significance in pharmacokinetic analysis is discussed.
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Xu F, Zou L, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Ong CN. Enhancement of the capabilities of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with derivatization: general principles and applications. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:1143-1172. [PMID: 21557289 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The integration of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with derivatization is a relatively new and unique strategy that could add value and could enhance the capabilities of LC-MS-based technologies. The derivatization process could be carried out in various analytical steps, for example, sampling, storage, sample preparation, HPLC separation, and MS detection. This review presents an overview of derivatization-based LC-MS strategy over the past 10 years and covers both the general principles and applications in the fields of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis, biomarker and metabolomic research, environmental analysis, and food-safety evaluation. The underlying mechanisms and theories for derivative reagent selection are summarized and highlighted to guide future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguo Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore 117600, Singapore
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A highly sensitive LC-ESI-MS/MS method for the quantification of cholesterol ozonolysis products secosterol-A and secosterol-B after derivatization with 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:2802-8. [PMID: 21871845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol ozonolysis products, 3β-hydroxy-5-oxo-5,6-secocholestan-6-al (secosterol-A) and its aldolization product 3β-hydroxy-5β-hydroxy-B-norcholestane-6β-carboxaldehyde (secosterol-B) have been found in atherosclerosis plaques and the brain tissues of Alzheimer's disease patients, implicating them in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. We have recently reported that when cholesterol is oxidized with an ozone-like oxidant generated by activated mouse neutrophils, secosterol-A is generated which is then converted to secosterol-B by an aldol reaction. To investigate further pathophysiological roles of secosterols, we have developed a highly sensitive method to detect secosterol-A and -B as derivatives with 2-hydrazino-1-methylpyridine (HMP) by LC-ESI-MS/MS. The limits of detection for the HMP derivatives of secosterol-A and secosterol-B were 0.05 and 0.01fmol, respectively, which were approximately 400 and 2000 times better than those for underivatized secosterol-A and -B. We also developed a highly reproducible and accurate method to extract, purify and derivatize secosterol in small volumes of biological specimens. Using this method, we determined the levels of secosterol-A and -B as 1.4 ± 0.7 and 4.3 ± 0.8 nM, respectively, in the plasma of normal C57BL/6 mice, and in the range of 10.4 ± 16.3 to 40.7 ± 20.1 pmol/g and 110.9 ± 10.6 to 161.5 ± 56.3 pmol/g, respectively, in the brain, liver and lung tissues.
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Higashi T, Ito K, Narushima M, Sugiura T, Inagaki S, Min JZ, Toyo'oka T. Development and validation of stable-isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for determination of salivary progesterone. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:1175-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8526; Japan
| | - Koichi Ito
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8526; Japan
| | - Misato Narushima
- Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital; 1-1-1 Oshika, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8527; Japan
| | - Takahiro Sugiura
- Shizuoka Saiseikai General Hospital; 1-1-1 Oshika, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8527; Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8526; Japan
| | - Jun Zhe Min
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8526; Japan
| | - Toshimasa Toyo'oka
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Global COE Program; University of Shizuoka; 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku; Shizuoka; 422-8526; Japan
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Taves MD, Ma C, Heimovics SA, Saldanha CJ, Soma KK. Measurement of steroid concentrations in brain tissue: methodological considerations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:39. [PMID: 22654806 PMCID: PMC3356067 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well recognized that steroids are synthesized de novo in the brain (neurosteroids). In addition, steroids circulating in the blood enter the brain. Steroids play numerous roles in the brain, such as influencing neural development, adult neuroplasticity, behavior, neuroinflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. In order to understand the regulation and functions of steroids in the brain, it is important to directly measure steroid concentrations in brain tissue. In this brief review, we discuss methods for the detection and quantification of steroids in the brain. We concisely present the major advantages and disadvantages of different technical approaches at various experimental stages: euthanasia, tissue collection, steroid extraction, steroid separation, and steroid measurement. We discuss, among other topics, the potential effects of anesthesia and saline perfusion prior to tissue collection; microdissection via Palkovits punch; solid phase extraction; chromatographic separation of steroids; and immunoassays and mass spectrometry for steroid quantification, particularly the use of mass spectrometry for "steroid profiling." Finally, we discuss the interpretation of local steroid concentrations, such as comparing steroid levels in brain tissue with those in the circulation (plasma vs. whole blood samples; total vs. free steroid levels). We also present reference values for a variety of steroids in different brain regions of adult rats. This brief review highlights some of the major methodological considerations at multiple experimental stages and provides a broad framework for designing studies that examine local steroid levels in the brain as well as other steroidogenic tissues, such as thymus, breast, and prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Taves
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Taves, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4. e-mail:
| | - Chunqi Ma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sarah A. Heimovics
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Colin J. Saldanha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
- Program in Cognitive Science, Lehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Kiran K. Soma
- Department of Psychology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
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Santa T. Derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:1-10. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Compounds having thiourea moiety as derivatization reagents in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS): synthesis of derivatization reagents for carboxylic acids. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 25:635-40. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Higashi T, Shimada K, Toyo’oka T. Advances in determination of vitamin D related compounds in biological samples using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry: A review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1654-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Santa T. Isothiocyanates as derivatization reagents for amines in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 24:915-8. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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The relationship of serum and salivary cortisol levels to male sexual dysfunction as measured by the International Index of Erectile Function. Int J Impot Res 2009; 21:207-12. [PMID: 19421198 PMCID: PMC2834333 DOI: 10.1038/ijir.2009.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the biomarkers of sexual function, we investigated the relationship between questionnaire responses and biological hormones such as testosterone (T) and cortisol (F) in serum and saliva. The study population included 105 men aged 30-72 years (mean: 49+/-4.5, median: 49). Levels of all serum hormones (Total-T, Free-T, Bioavailable-T, Total-F and Bioavailable-F) and salivary hormones (Saliva-T and Saliva-F) were measured directly by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was used as a questionnaire to evaluate sexual dysfunction. Free-T and Bioavailable-T showed significant inverse correlations with age (P<0.01). In the group not taking antidepressants, the levels of Bioavailable-F and Saliva-F showed significant inverse correlations with a portion of the IIEF score (P<0.05). However, reductions in Bioavailable-T and Saliva-T showed no association with the IIEF score. In the group taking antidepressants, these hormone levels showed no correlation with IIEF.
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Santa T, Al-Dirbashi OY, Yoshikado T, Fukushima T, Imai K. Synthesis of benzofurazan derivatization reagents for short chain carboxylic acids in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS). Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:443-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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A sensitive LC/MS/MS assay of 25OH vitamin D3 and 25OH vitamin D2 in dried blood spots. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 403:145-51. [PMID: 19232332 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) during early development is associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. While a number of methods exist to measure 25OHD in sera, none have been specifically developed to examine dried blood spots (DBS). METHODS We describe an assay where 25 hydroxyvitamin D(3) (25OHD3) and 25 hydroxyvitamin D(2) (25OHD2) are extracted from 3.2 mm DBS punches, derivatised with 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione (PTAD) prior to analysis with LC/MS/MS. We assessed assay precision, relative accuracy and examined the impact of storage conditions in samples stored for up to 22 years. RESULTS The new assay had good accuracy and precision, and was highly sensitive, being capable of detecting <1 nmol/l 25OHD3 and 2 nmol/l 25OHD2. CDER sensitivity criteria were slightly higher at 7.7 nmol/l for 25OHD3 and 10.7 nmol/l for 25OHD2. The mean 25OHD3 concentration in 118 archived DBS was 20.8+/-11.4, (4.8 to 67.8 nmol/l). 25OHD2 was detected in only two of these samples. 25OHD3 concentrations were significantly higher in DBS collected in summer compared to winter (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION Both 25OHD3 and 25OHD2 can be reliably quantified in archived 3.2 mm dried blood spots. We can not be certain that the levels we measure in archived samples are exactly the same as when they were collected. However, the fact that the DBS levels reflect the well-known seasonal variation in this vitamin and when corrected for sera, values fall within the normal range for 25OHD3, means that DBS are a useful tissue repository for testing a range of hypotheses linking developmental hypovitaminosis D and adverse health outcomes.
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Matsui F, Koh E, Yamamoto K, Sugimoto K, Sin HS, Maeda Y, Honma S, Namiki M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for simultaneous measurement of salivary testosterone and cortisol in healthy men for utilization in the diagnosis of late-onset hypogonadism in males. Endocr J 2009; 56:1083-93. [PMID: 19734692 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.k09e-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that late-onset hypogonadism in males can cause a variety of symptoms, and the differential diagnosis is relatively difficult, including psychological disorders, stress, and mood disturbances. The level of serum cortisol can be measured to reflect a patient's level of stress. Salivary hormones facilitate the evaluation of physiological hormonal actions based on free hormone assay. For the simultaneous measurement of testosterone and cortisol levels in saliva, we validate a sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay. Concerning accuracy and precision, the lower limit of quantification of salivary testosterone and cortisol were established as 5 and 10 pg/mL, respectively. Testosterone and cortisol in saliva is stable for 2 days, 14 days, and 28 days at room temperature, refrigeration and frozen, respectively. Freezing and thawing for 3 cycles and stimulation of salivation with gum chewing do not alter the measured values of testosterone and cortisol. Total, bioavailable, and free serum testosterone showed slight diurnal changes, but total and bioavailable serum cortisol showed marked diurnal changes. Salivary testosterone levels negatively correlate with age, regardless of the time of saliva collection (r=0.64, p<0.05). However, there is no relationship between salivary cortisol and age (r=0033, p>0.05). LC-MS/MS allows rapid, simultaneous, sensitive, and accurate quantification of testosterone and cortisol in saliva for the diagnosis late-onset hypogonadism or other hormone related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Matsui
- Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Ishikawa, Japan
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Gomes RL, Meredith W, Snape CE, Sephton MA. Conjugated steroids: analytical approaches and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:453-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Santa T, Al-Dirbashi OY, Ichibangase T, Rashed MS, Fukushima T, Imai K. Synthesis of 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-N-methylhydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DAABD-MHz) as a derivatization reagent for aldehydes in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2008; 22:115-8. [PMID: 17703478 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Benzofurazan derivatization reagent, 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-N-methylhydrazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (DAABD-MHz), for aldehydes in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS), was synthesized. DAABD-MHz reacted with aliphatic aldehydes under mild conditions. The generated derivatives were separated on a reversed-phase column and detected by ESI-MS/MS with detection limits of 30-60 fmol on-column. Upon collision-induced dissociation, a single and intense fragment ion at m/z 151 was observed. These results suggested that DAABD-MHz was suitable as a derivatization reagent in LC/ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Santa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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25
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Nishio T, Higashi T, Funaishi A, Tanaka J, Shimada K. Development and application of electrospray-active derivatization reagents for hydroxysteroids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:786-95. [PMID: 17420107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
New derivatization reagents, 1-(2,4-dinitro-5-fluorophenyl)-4-methylpiperazine (PPZ) and 4-(4-methyl-1-piperazyl)-3-nitrobenzoyl azide (APZ), were developed for the liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometric (LC-ESI-MS) determination of steroids having a hydroxy group. PPZ reacted with a phenolic hydroxy group in estrogens. After quaternarization of the PPZ-estrogens with methyl iodide, the resulting derivatives provided more than a 2000-fold higher sensitivity compared to the intact estrogens. After derivatization of steroids having an alcoholic hydroxy group (5-ene-steroids or 5alpha-reduced steroids) with APZ followed by methylation, their detection responses increased more than 500 times. These derivatization procedures coupled with LC-ESI-MS/MS were successfully used for the determination of estrogens in the serum and prostatic 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nishio
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
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26
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Kalhorn TF, Page ST, Howald WN, Mostaghel EA, Nelson PS. Analysis of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone from biological fluids as the oxime derivatives using high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3200-6. [PMID: 17764104 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and testosterone (T) from biological fluids has been developed. Commercially available deuterated analogues were used as internal standards. Steroids were extracted from serum or testicular fluid with hexane/ethyl acetate, evaporated to dryness, and treated with hydroxylamine to form their oxime derivatives. Upon chromatographic separation, the compounds were quantified using selected reaction monitoring (SRM). For T, the [M+H](+) ion at m/z 304 and the fragment ion at m/z 124 were used as the precursor and product ions. For DHT the ion cluster [M+H+ACN](+) at m/z 347 and the dissociated ion [M+H](+) at m/z 306 were used as the precursor and product ions, respectively. The limits of detectability on-column were in the sub-femtomole range for both compounds and the intra-day coefficient of variation (CV) for analysis from serum was less than 7% for both compounds. Given its high reproducibility, sensitivity, and relative simplicity, this assay should be of use in determining androgen levels in biospecimens, particularly in settings where sample quantity or steroid concentration are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Kalhorn
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA.
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27
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Santa T, Al-Dirbashi OY, Ichibangase T, Fukushima T, Rashed MS, Funatsu T, Imai K. Synthesis of benzofurazan derivatization reagents for carboxylic acids in liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1207-13. [PMID: 17590866 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of benzofurazan derivatization regents to carboxylic acids analysis in LC/ESI-MS/MS (high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry) was examined. The product ion spectra of DAABD-AE {4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(2-aminoethylamino)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole}, DAABD-PZ {4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-N-piperazino-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole}, DAABD-PiCZ {4-[4-carbazoylpiperidin-1-yl]-7-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole}, DAABD-ProCZ {4-[2-carbazoylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-7-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino) ethylaminosulfonyl]-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole} and DAABD-Apy {4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl]-7-(3-aminopyrrolidin-1-yl)-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole}, and their acetylated compounds were obtained. An intense fragment ion at m/z 151 corresponding to (dimethylamino)ethylaminosulfonyl moiety was observed in each spectra, suggesting that these reagents were suitable for ESI-MS/MS analysis. DAABD-AE, DAABD-APy and DAABD-PZ were applied to the analysis of octanoic acid and it was found that DAABD-AE and DAABD-APy gave high signal intensity suitable for LC/ESI-MS/MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Santa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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28
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Higashi T, Nishio T, Hayashi N, Shimada K. Alternative Procedure for Charged Derivatization to Enhance Detection Responses of Steroids in Electrospray Ionization-MS. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:662-5. [PMID: 17409568 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A derivatization procedure has been examined to enhance the electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS detectabilities of steroids that charged derivatization is not suitable for. The derivatization procedure with 2-hydrazinopyridine or isonicotinoyl azide was very effective for the sensitive detection of di-oxosteroids or di-hydroxysteroids, respectively, and the detection limits of the resulting derivatives were as low as about 2 fmol. The derivatives also provided intense characteristic product ions in the MS-MS, which are expected to be usable for the selected reaction monitoring mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Higashi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Japan.
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