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Nguyen NBA, Chen LY, El-Shazly M, Peng BR, Su JH, Wu HC, Lee IT, Lai KH. Towards Sustainable Medicinal Resources through Marine Soft Coral Aquaculture: Insights into the Chemical Diversity and the Biological Potential. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20100640. [PMID: 36286463 PMCID: PMC9604854 DOI: 10.3390/md20100640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, aquaculture techniques for soft corals have made remarkable progress in terms of conditions and productivity. Researchers have been able to obtain larger quantities of soft corals, thus larger quantities of biologically active metabolites, allowing them to study their biological activity in many pharmacological assays and even produce sufficient quantities for clinical trials. In this review, we summarize 201 secondary metabolites that have been identified from cultured soft corals in the era from 2002 to September 2022. Various types of diterpenes (eunicellins, cembranes, spatanes, norcembranes, briaranes, and aquarianes), as well as biscembranes, sterols, and quinones were discovered and subjected to bioactivity investigations in 53 different studies. We also introduce a more in-depth discussion of the potential biological effects (anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial) and the mechanisms of action of the identified secondary metabolites. We hope this review will shed light on the untapped potential applications of aquaculture to produce valuable secondary metabolites to tackle current and emerging health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Bao An Nguyen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Lo-Yun Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Bo-Rong Peng
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Cheng Wu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - I-Ta Lee
- School of Dentistry, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hung Lai
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Traditional Herbal Medicine Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 6157)
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Elkhouly HB, Attia EZ, Khedr AIM, Samy MN, Fouad MA. Recent updates on Sinularia soft coral. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1152-1196. [PMID: 34579632 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210927152249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms are recognized as a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. The remarkable abundance and diversity of bioactive small molecules isolated from soft corals displayed their essential role in drug discovery for human diseases. Sterols and terpenes, particularly cembranolides, 14-membered cyclic diterpene, demonstrated numerous biological activities, such as antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-osteoporosis and anti-inflammatory. Accordingly, continuous investigation of marine soft corals will be the way for the discovery of a plentiful number of chemical diverse natural products with various biological potentials for prospective pharmaceutical industrial applications. Such review affords plenary inspection of the total secondary metabolites isolated from the Sinularia, from 2008 until 2020, besides their natural sources as well as bioactivities whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa Bahaa Elkhouly
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia. Egypt
| | - Eman Zekry Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia. Egypt
| | | | - Mamdouh Nabil Samy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia. Egypt
| | - Mostafa Ahmed Fouad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, 61519 Minia. Egypt
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3
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New Antiproliferative Cembrane Diterpenes from the Red Sea Sarcophyton Species. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17070411. [PMID: 31336764 PMCID: PMC6669714 DOI: 10.3390/md17070411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRESMS)-based dereplication and antiproliferative activity-guided fractionation was applied on the Red Sea-derived soft coral Sarcophyton sp. This approach facilitated the isolation of five new cembrane-type diterpenoids (1–5), along with two known analogs (6 and 7), as well as the identification of 19 further, known compounds. The chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated while using comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, including one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR and HRMS. All of the isolated cembranoids (1–7) showed moderate in vitro antiproliferative activity against a human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), with IC50 ranging from 22.39–27.12 µg/mL. This class of compounds could thus serve as scaffold for the future design of anticancer leads.
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4
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Hanif N, Murni A, Tanaka C, Tanaka J. Marine Natural Products from Indonesian Waters. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060364. [PMID: 31248122 PMCID: PMC6627775 DOI: 10.3390/md17060364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are primal and have been a driver in the evolution of organic chemistry and ultimately in science. The chemical structures obtained from marine organisms are diverse, reflecting biodiversity of genes, species and ecosystems. Biodiversity is an extraordinary feature of life and provides benefits to humanity while promoting the importance of environment conservation. This review covers the literature on marine natural products (MNPs) discovered in Indonesian waters published from January 1970 to December 2017, and includes 732 original MNPs, 4 structures isolated for the first time but known to be synthetic entities, 34 structural revisions, 9 artifacts, and 4 proposed MNPs. Indonesian MNPs were found in 270 papers from 94 species, 106 genera, 64 families, 32 orders, 14 classes, 10 phyla, and 5 kingdoms. The emphasis is placed on the structures of organic molecules (original and revised), relevant biological activities, structure elucidation, chemical ecology aspects, biosynthesis, and bioorganic studies. Through the synthesis of past and future data, huge and partly undescribed biodiversity of marine tropical invertebrates and their importance for crucial societal benefits should greatly be appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novriyandi Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anggia Murni
- Tropical Biopharmaca Research Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Bogor 16128, Indonesia.
| | - Chiaki Tanaka
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Junichi Tanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Marine Science, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan.
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Yu CI, Chen CY, Liu W, Chang PC, Huang CW, Han KF, Lin IP, Lin MY, Lee CH. Sandensolide Induces Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Oral Cancer Cells and in Zebrafish Xenograft Model. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16100387. [PMID: 30332851 PMCID: PMC6213332 DOI: 10.3390/md16100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Presently, natural sources and herbs are being sought for the treatment of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in order to alleviate the side effects of chemotherapy. This study investigates the effect of sandensolide, a cembrane isolated from Sinularia flexibilis, to inhibit human OSCC cell growth with the aim of developing a new drug for the treatment of oral cancer. In vitro cultured human OSCC models (Ca9.22, SCC9 and HSC-3 cell lines) and oral normal cells (HGF-1), as well as a zebrafish xenograft model, were used to test the cytotoxicity of sandensolide (MTT assay), as well as to perform cell cycle analysis and Western blotting. Both the in vitro bioassay and the zebrafish xenograft model demonstrated the anti-oral cancer effect of sandensolide. Moreover, sandensolide was able to significantly suppress colony formation and induce apoptosis, as well as cell cycle arrest, in OSCC by regulating multiple key proteins. Induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed in sandensolide-treated oral cancer cells. However, these apoptotic changes were rescued by NAC pretreatment. These findings contribute to the knowledge of the model of action of sandensolide, which may induce oxidative stress-mediated cell death pathways as a potential agent in oral cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-I Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan 73659, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Yi Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung 83102, Taiwan.
| | - Wangta Liu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Po-Chih Chang
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Weight Management Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Physiology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Kuang-Fen Han
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan City 73658, Taiwan.
| | - In-Pin Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Ying Lin
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Tsai TC, Chen HY, Sheu JH, Chiang MY, Wen ZH, Dai CF, Su JH. Structural Elucidation and Structure-Anti-inflammatory Activity Relationships of Cembranoids from Cultured Soft Corals Sinularia sandensis and Sinularia flexibilis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7211-7218. [PMID: 26260702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New cembranoids 4-carbomethoxyl-10-epigyrosanoldie E (1), 7-acetylsinumaximol B (2), diepoxycembrene B (6), dihydromanaarenolide I (8), and isosinulaflexiolide K (9), along with 11 known related metabolites, were isolated from cultured soft corals Sinularia sandensis and Sinularia flexibilis. The structures were elucidated by means of infrared, mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques, and the absolute configurations of 1, 4, 9, and 15 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The absolute configurations of these coral metabolites and comparison with known analogues showed that one hypothesis (that cembrane diterpenes possessing an absolute configuration of an isopropyl group at C1 obtained from Alcyonacean soft corals belong to the α series, whereas analogues isolated from Gorgonacean corals belong to the β series) is not applicable for a small number of cembranoids. An in vitro anti-inflammatory study using LPS-stimulated macrophage-like cell line RAW 264.7 revealed that compounds 9-14 significantly suppressed the accumulation of pro-inflammatory proteins, iNOS and COX-2. Structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that cembrane-type compounds with one seven-membered lactone moiety at C-1 are potential anti-inflammatory agents. This is the first culture system in the world that has successfully been used to farm S. sandensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chang Tsai
- †Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- ‡Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Yu Chen
- ∥Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- †Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Michael Y Chiang
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- †Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Feng Dai
- #Institute of Oceanography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- ∥Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
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Sinulariolide Suppresses Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Migration and Invasion by Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase-2/-9 through MAPKs and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26204832 PMCID: PMC4519960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160716469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide is an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. In this study, we investigate the migration and invasion effects of sinulariolide in hepatocellular carcinoma cell HA22T. Sinulariolide inhibited the migration and invasion effects of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results of zymography assay showed that sinulariolide suppressed the activities of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. Moreover, protein levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) were reduced by sinulariolide in a concentration-dependent manner. Sinulariolide also exerted an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), Akt, Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2). Taken together, these results demonstrated that sinulariolide could inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma cell migration and invasion and alter HA22T cell metastasis by reduction of MMP-2, MMP-9, and uPA expression through the suppression of MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, and the FAK/GRB2 signaling pathway. These findings suggest that sinulariolide merits further evaluation as a chemotherapeutic agent for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Antiosteoporotic and antioxidant activities of diterpenoids from the Vietnamese soft corals Sinularia maxima and Lobophytum crassum. Med Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-015-1395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Flexibilide obtained from cultured soft coral has anti-neuroinflammatory and analgesic effects through the upregulation of spinal transforming growth factor-β1 in neuropathic rats. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3792-817. [PMID: 24979268 PMCID: PMC4113799 DOI: 10.3390/md12073792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. The compound flexibilide, which can be obtained from cultured soft coral, possesses anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the rat carrageenan peripheral inflammation model. In the present study, we investigated the antinociceptive properties of flexibilide in the rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. First, we found that a single intrathecal (i.t.) administration of flexibilide significantly attenuated CCI-induced thermal hyperalgesia at 14 days after surgery. Second, i.t. administration of 10-μg flexibilide twice daily was able to prevent the development of thermal hyperalgesia and weight-bearing deficits in CCI rats. Third, i.t. flexibilide significantly inhibited CCI-induced activation of microglia and astrocytes, as well as the upregulated proinflammatory enzyme, inducible nitric oxide synthase, in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn. Furthermore, flexibilide attenuated the CCI-induced downregulation of spinal transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) at 14 days after surgery. Finally, i.t. SB431542, a selective inhibitor of TGF-β type I receptor, blocked the analgesic effects of flexibilide in CCI rats. Our results suggest that flexibilide may serve as a therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain. In addition, spinal TGF-β1 may be involved in the anti-neuroinflammatory and analgesic effects of flexibilide.
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Bioactive cembranoids, sarcocrassocolides P-R, from the Dongsha Atoll soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:840-50. [PMID: 24477285 PMCID: PMC3944518 DOI: 10.3390/md12020840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New cembranoids, sarcocrassocolides P–R (1–3) and four known compounds (4–7) were isolated from the soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. The structures of the metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Compounds 3–5 and 7 were shown to exhibit cytotoxicity toward a limited panel of cancer cell lines and all compounds 1–7 displayed potent in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein. Compound 7 also showed significant activity in reducing the accumulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein in the same macrophage cells.
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Huang CY, Liaw CC, Chen BW, Chen PC, Su JH, Sung PJ, Dai CF, Chiang MY, Sheu JH. Withanolide-based steroids from the cultured soft coral Sinularia brassica. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2013; 76:1902-1908. [PMID: 24128077 DOI: 10.1021/np400454q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seven novel withanolides, sinubrasolides A-G (1-7), have been isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia brassica. The structures of the new metabolites were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The cytotoxicities of compounds 1-7 against a limited panel of cancer cell lines also were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Yao Huang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University , Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
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Chen YJ, Su JH, Tsao CY, Hung CT, Chao HH, Lin JJ, Liao MH, Yang ZY, Huang HH, Tsai FJ, Weng SH, Wu YJ. Sinulariolide induced hepatocellular carcinoma apoptosis through activation of mitochondrial-related apoptotic and PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP pathway. Molecules 2013; 18:10146-61. [PMID: 23973991 PMCID: PMC6270604 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sinulariolide, an active compound isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis, has potent anti-microbial and anti-tumorigenesis effects towards melanoma and bladder cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the effects of sinulariolide on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell growth and protein expression. Sinulariolide suppressed the proliferation and colony formation of HCC HA22T cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced both early and late apoptosis according to flow cytometry, Annexin V/PI stain and TUNEL/DAPI stain analyses. A mechanistic analysis demonstrated that sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was activated through a mitochondria-related pathway, showing up-regulation of Bax, Bad and AIF, and down- regulation of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, MCl-1 and p-Bad. Sinulariolide treatment led to loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c to the cytosol, and activation of both caspase-9 and caspase-3. Sinulariolide-induced apoptosis was significantly blocked by the caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Z-DEVD-FMK. The increased expression of cleaved PARP also suggested that caspase-independent apoptotic pathway was involved. In the western blotting; the elevation of ER chaperones GRP78; GRP94; and CALR; as well as up-regulations of PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP; and diminished cell death with pre-treatment of eIF2α phosphatase inhibitor; salubrinal; implicated the involvement of ER stress-mediated PERK/eIF2α/ATF4/CHOP apoptotic pathway following sinulariolide treatment in hepatoma cells. The current study suggested sinulariolide-induced hepatoma cell cytotoxicity involved multiple apoptotic signal pathways. This may implicate that sinulariolide is a potential compound for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80761, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chia-Yu Tsao
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Chun-Tzu Hung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yuan’s General Hospital, Kaohsiung 80249, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Hsiang-Hao Chao
- English Division of the Second Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw 02091, Poland; E-Mail:
| | - Jen-Jie Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-J.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Ming-Hui Liao
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (J.-J.L.); (M.-H.L.)
| | - Zih-Yan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Food Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Han Hisang Huang
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Feng-Jen Tsai
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
| | - Shun-Hsiang Weng
- Department of Hospitality Management, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan; E-Mails: (H.H.H.); (F.-J.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: or ; Tel.: +886-8-779-9821 (ext. 8613); Fax: +886-8-779-7821
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Inhibition of NF-κB transcriptional activation in HepG2 cells by diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia maxima. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:706-12. [PMID: 23934574 PMCID: PMC4047482 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0230-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory transcriptional effects of nineteen compounds (1–19) from the soft coral Sinularia maxima were evaluated using NF-κB luciferase and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Compounds 1, 2, 4, 8, 15, 17, and 18 significantly inhibited TNFα-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values ranging from 15.81 ± 2.29 to 29.10 ± 1.54 μM. Furthermore, the transcriptional inhibitory function of these compounds was confirmed by a decrease in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase gene expression levels in HepG2 cells. These results provide a scientific rationale for the use of the soft coral S. maxima warrant further studies to develop new agents for the prevention and treatment of inflammatory.
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Lin YF, Kuo CY, Wen ZH, Lin YY, Wang WH, Su JH, Sheu JH, Sung PJ. Flexibilisquinone, a new anti-inflammatory quinone from the cultured soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. Molecules 2013; 18:8160-7. [PMID: 23846756 PMCID: PMC6269975 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18078160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new quinone derivative, flexibilisquinone (1), was isolated from the cultured soft coral Sinulariaflexibilis, originally distributed in the waters of Taiwan. The structure of quinone 1 was established by extensive spectroscopic methods, particularly 1D and 2D NMR experiments. In the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects test, quinone 1 was found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins of the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Fang Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Chao-Ying Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.K.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Yen-You Lin
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.K.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-F.L.); (Z.-H.W.); (Y.-Y.L.); (W.-H.W.)
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (C.-Y.K.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Division of Marine Biotechnology, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (J.-H.S.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-7-525-2000 (ext. 5030) (J.-H.S.); +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-7-525-5020 (J.-H.S.); +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
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15
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Hsu WL, Chiu SJ, Tsai YT, Chang CM, Wang JY, Wang ET, Hou MF, Huang CY, Sheu JH, Chang WC. A soft coral natural product, 11-episinulariolide acetate, inhibits gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-8 through attenuation of calcium signaling. Molecules 2013; 18:7023-34. [PMID: 23774942 PMCID: PMC6270419 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18067023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in many types of cancer cells. EGFR-mediated signaling involves inflammatory gene expression including cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and interleukin (IL)-8, and is associated with cancer pathogenesis. In a search of phytochemicals with anti-inflammatory activity, the COX-2 and IL-8 inhibitory activities of some marine compounds were examined. After screening these compounds 11-episinulariolide acetate (1) from soft coral exhibited the most potent activity. Reverse-transcription PCR; western blotting; ELISA and luciferase assays were used to test the effect of compound 1 on EGF-stimulated expressions of COX-2 and IL-8 in A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells. After exposure to 10 μM of compound 1, expression levels of COX-2 and IL-8 were reduced. In addition; intracellular Ca2+ increase and Ca2+-dependent transcription factor activation were blocked by compound 1. Thus, compound 1 can potentially serve as a lead compound for targeting Ca2+ signaling-dependent inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Li Hsu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Jin Chiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Ting Tsai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Che-Mai Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Jaw-Yan Wang
- Division of Gastroeintestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Eric Terry Wang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Feng Hou
- Division of Gastroeintestinal and General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yao Huang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jyh-Horng Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.-C.C.); (J.-H.S.)
| | - Wei-Chiao Chang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University-Wanfang Hospital, Taipei 116, Taiwan
- Master Program for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Pharmacoproteomics, School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (W.-C.C.); (J.-H.S.)
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16
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Hu LC, Yen WH, Su JH, Chiang MYN, Wen ZH, Chen WF, Lu TJ, Chang YW, Chen YH, Wang WH, Wu YC, Sung PJ. Cembrane derivatives from the soft corals, Sinularia gaweli and Sinularia flexibilis. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:2154-67. [PMID: 23774887 PMCID: PMC3721226 DOI: 10.3390/md11062154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A new norcembranoidal diterpene, 1-epi-sinulanorcembranolide A (1), and a new cembranoidal diterpene, flexibilin D (2), were isolated from the soft corals, Sinularia gaweli and Sinularia flexibilis, respectively. The structures of new metabolites 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, and compound 2 was found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS and COX-2 proteins of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. In addition, S. flexibilis yielded a known cembrane, 5-dehydrosinulariolide (3); the structure, including its absolute stereochemistry, was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Hu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.H.); (W.-H.Y.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Wei-Hsuan Yen
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.H.); (W.-H.Y.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.H.); (W.-H.Y.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Michael Yen-Nan Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Ting-Jang Lu
- Graduate Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yu-Wei Chang
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yung-Husan Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
| | - Wei-Hsien Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Yang-Chang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.W.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-4-220-57513 (Y.-C.W.); Fax: +886-4-220-60248 (Y.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology and Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (L.-C.H.); (W.-H.Y.); (J.-H.S.)
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.W.)
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources and Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-C.W.); (P.-J.S.); Tel.: +886-4-220-57513 (Y.-C.W.); Fax: +886-4-220-60248 (Y.-C.W.); Tel.: +886-8-882-5037 (P.-J.S.); Fax: +886-8-882-5087 (P.-J.S.)
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17
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Flexibilins A-C, new cembrane-type diterpenoids from the Formosan soft coral, Sinularia flexibilis. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:1999-2012. [PMID: 23752355 PMCID: PMC3721218 DOI: 10.3390/md11061999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Three new cembrane-type diterpenoids, flexibilins A-C (1-3), along with a known cembrane, (-)-sandensolide (4), were isolated from the soft coral, Sinularia flexibilis. The structures of cembranes 1-4 were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The structure of 4, including its absolute stereochemistry, was further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Cembrane 2 displayed a moderate inhibitory effect on the release of elastase by human neutrophils.
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18
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Yen WH, Su YD, Chang YC, Chen YH, Chen YH, Dai CF, Wen ZH, Su JH, Sung PJ. Sinulanorcembranolide A, a novel norcembranoidal diterpene from the octocoral Sinularia gaweli. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2013.02.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Su CC, Wong BS, Chin C, Wu YJ, Su JH. Oxygenated Cembranoids from the Soft Coral Sinularia flexibilis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4317-25. [PMID: 23429272 PMCID: PMC3588100 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical examination of the Taiwanese soft coral Sinularia flexibilis led to the isolation of five cembrane-based diterpenoids 1-5, including two new metabolites, 11-acetylsinuflexolide (1) and 11-acetyldihydrosinuflexolide (2). The structures of the new metabolites were determined based on extensive spectroscopic analysis, particularly mass spectrometry and 2D NMR (1H-1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectroscopy. Metabolites 1, 3 and 4 exhibited moderate to weak cytotoxicity to human tumor cell lines, HeLa, HEp-2, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chyuan Su
- Department of Thoracic Cardiovascular Surgery, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Bing-Sang Wong
- Department of Deputy Superintendent, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-S.W.); (C.C.)
| | - Chuen Chin
- Department of Deputy Superintendent, Antai Medical Care Cooperation, Antai Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan; E-Mails: (B.-S.W.); (C.C.)
| | - Yu-Jen Wu
- Department of Beauty Science, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-J.W.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +886-8-8825087 (J.-H.S.)
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Y.-J.W.); (J.-H.S.); Tel.: +886-8-8825001 (ext. 3126) (J.-H.S.); Fax: +886-8-8825087 (J.-H.S.)
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20
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A new spatane diterpenoid from the cultured soft coral Sinularia leptoclados. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:114-23. [PMID: 23306171 PMCID: PMC3564161 DOI: 10.3390/md11010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new spatane diterpenoid, leptoclalin A (1), along with two previously reported known norcembranoid diterpenes (2 and 3), were isolated from a cultured soft coral Sinularia leptoclados. The structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison with the spectral data of related known compounds. Metabolite 1 is rarely found in spatane skeletons reported from soft corals. In addition, compound 1 exhibited weak cytotoxicity towards human tumor cell lines T-47 D and K-562.
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Abstract
Two norcembranoidal diterpenes, 5-episinuleptolide acetate (1) and scabrolide D (2), were isolated from a Formosan octocoral identified as Sinularia sp. The structures of norcembranoids 1 and 2 were established by spectroscopic methods and by comparison of the spectral data with those of known analogues and 1 was proven to be a new natural product. Norcembranoid 1 was found to exhibit cytotoxicity toward a panel of tumor cells.
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22
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New cembrane diterpenoids from a Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:2023-2032. [PMID: 23118718 PMCID: PMC3475270 DOI: 10.3390/md10092023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Five new cembrane diterpenoids, named sinuflexibilins A-E (1-5), along with nine other known diterpenoids (6-14), have been isolated from the organic extract of a Hainan soft coral Sinularia sp. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses and by comparison of their spectral data with those of related metabolites. Compound 13, flexibilide, exhibited significant inhibitory activity of NF-κB activation using the cell-based HEK293 NF-κB luciferase reporter gene assay.
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23
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Sinularin from indigenous soft coral attenuates nociceptive responses and spinal neuroinflammation in carrageenan-induced inflammatory rat model. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:1899-1919. [PMID: 23118711 PMCID: PMC3475263 DOI: 10.3390/md10091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three decades ago, the marine-derived compound sinularin was shown to have anti-edematous effects on paw edema induced by carrageenan or adjuvant. To the best of our knowledge, no new studies were conducted to explore the bioactivity of sinularin until we reported the analgesic properties of sinularin based on in vivo experiments. In the present study, we found that sinularin significantly inhibits the upregulation of proinflammatory proteins, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and upregulates the production of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells according to western blot analysis. We found that subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of sinularin (80 mg/kg) 1 h before carrageenan injection significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced nociceptive behaviors, including thermal hyperalgesia, mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia, and hindpaw weight-bearing deficits. Further, s.c. sinularin (80 mg/kg) significantly inhibited carrageenan-induced microglial and astrocyte activation as well as upregulation of iNOS in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Moreover, s.c. sinularin (80 mg/kg) inhibited carrageenan-induced tissue inflammatory responses, redness and edema of the paw, and leukocyte infiltration. The results of immunohistochemical studies indicate that s.c. sinularin (80 mg/kg) could upregulate production of TGF-β1 in carrageenan-induced inflamed paw tissue. The present results demonstrate that systemic sinularin exerts analgesic effects at the behavioral and spinal levels, which are associated with both inhibition of leukocyte infiltration and upregulation of TGF-β1.
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Two new cembrane-based diterpenoids from the marine soft coral Sinularia crassa. Molecules 2012; 17:5422-9. [PMID: 22569421 PMCID: PMC6268420 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17055422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new cembrane diterpenes, sicrassarines A and B (compounds 1 and 2), were isolated from the Taiwanese soft coral Sinularia crassa. The structures of the new metabolites were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, particularly mass spectroscopy and 2D NMR (1H–1H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectroscopy.
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Trends in the discovery of new marine natural products from invertebrates over the last two decades--where and what are we bioprospecting? PLoS One 2012; 7:e30580. [PMID: 22276216 PMCID: PMC3262841 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is acknowledged that marine invertebrates produce bioactive natural products that may be useful for developing new drugs. By exploring untapped geographical sources and/or novel groups of organisms one can maximize the search for new marine drugs to treat human diseases. The goal of this paper is to analyse the trends associated with the discovery of new marine natural products from invertebrates (NMNPI) over the last two decades. The analysis considers different taxonomical levels and geographical approaches of bioprospected species. Additionally, this research is also directed to provide new insights into less bioprospected taxa and world regions. In order to gather the information available on NMNPI, the yearly-published reviews of Marine Natural Products covering 1990-2009 were surveyed. Information on source organisms, specifically taxonomical information and collection sites, was assembled together with additional geographical information collected from the articles originally describing the new natural product. Almost 10000 NMNPI were discovered since 1990, with a pronounced increase between decades. Porifera and Cnidaria were the two dominant sources of NMNPI worldwide. The exception was polar regions where Echinodermata dominated. The majority of species that yielded the new natural products belong to only one class of each Porifera and Cnidaria phyla (Demospongiae and Anthozoa, respectively). Increased bioprospecting efforts were observed in the Pacific Ocean, particularly in Asian countries that are associated with the Japan Biodiversity Hotspot and the Kuroshio Current. Although results show comparably less NMNPI from polar regions, the number of new natural products per species is similar to that recorded for other regions. The present study provides information to future bioprospecting efforts addressing previously unexplored taxonomic groups and/or regions. We also highlight how marine invertebrates, which in some cases have no commercial value, may become highly valuable in the ongoing search for new drugs from the sea.
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Shih HJ, Tseng YJ, Huang CY, Wen ZH, Dai CF, Sheu JH. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory diterpenoids from the Dongsha Atoll soft coral Sinularia flexibilis. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Lee NL, Su JH. Tetrahydrofuran cembranoids from the cultured soft coral Lobophytum crassum. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:2526-2536. [PMID: 22363238 PMCID: PMC3280583 DOI: 10.3390/md9122526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Three new cembranoids, culobophylins A-C (1-3), along with two known compounds (4 and 5) were isolated from the cultured soft coral Lobophytum crassum. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data and comparison of the NMR data with those of known analogues. Among these metabolites, 2 is rarely found in cembranoids possessing an isopropyl moiety with an epoxide group. Compound 1 exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against HL60 and DLD-1 cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Lun Lee
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
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Lu Y, Su HJ, Chen YH, Wen ZH, Sheu JH, Su JH. Anti-inflammatory cembranoids from the Formosan soft coral Sinularia discrepans. Arch Pharm Res 2011; 34:1263-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-011-0804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bioactive cembranoids from the dongsha atoll soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:994-1006. [PMID: 21747744 PMCID: PMC3131557 DOI: 10.3390/md9060994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven new cembranoids, sarcocrassocolides F–L (1–7), have been isolated from a soft coral Sarcophyton crassocaule. Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis. Most new compounds exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against a limited panel of cancer cell lines, and the structure–activity relationship was studied. Compounds 1–7 were found to display significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of the iNOS protein. Compound 4 was also found to effectively reduce the level of COX-2 protein.
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Su JH, Wen ZH. Bioactive cembrane-based diterpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia triangular. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:944-951. [PMID: 21747740 PMCID: PMC3131553 DOI: 10.3390/md9060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical examination of the Taiwanese soft coral Sinularia triangular led to the isolation of five cembrane-based diterpenoids 1-5, including two new metabolites, triangulenes A (1) and B (2). The structures of the new metabolites were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis, particularly mass spectroscopy and 2D NMR ((1)H-(1)H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, and NOESY) spectroscopy. Metabolites 3 and 5 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity to human tumor cell lines CCRF-CEM and DLD-1. Furthermore, 3-5 displayed significant in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by inhibiting the expression of the iNOS protein. Metabolites 4 and 5 also effectively reduced the expression of the COX-2 protein in the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsin Su
- National Museum of Marine Biology & Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; E-Mail:
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Li Y, Pattenden G. Perspectives on the structural and biosynthetic interrelationships between oxygenated furanocembranoids and their polycyclic congeners found in corals. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1269-310. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00023c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Blunt JW, Copp BR, Munro MHG, Northcote PT, Prinsep MR. Marine natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 28:196-268. [PMID: 21152619 DOI: 10.1039/c005001f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Blunt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Lu Y, Su JH, Huang CY, Liu YC, Kuo YH, Wen ZH, Hsu CH, Sheu JH. Cembranoids from the soft corals Sinularia granosa and Sinularia querciformis. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2010; 58:464-6. [PMID: 20410624 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.58.464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new cembranoids, namely granosolides C (1) and D (2), along with one known cembranoid 4, were isolated from the soft coral Sinularia granosa. Chemical investigation of Sinularia querciformis also afforded one new cembranoid, querciformolide E (3), along with four known cembranoids 4-7. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Both 4 and 5 were shown to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Su JH, Lu Y, Lin WY, Wang WH, Sung PJ, Sheu JH. A Cembranoid, Trocheliophorol, from the Cultured Soft CoralSarcophyton trocheliophorum. CHEM LETT 2010. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2010.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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