Four new triterpenes from fungus of Fomes officinalis

Fomitopsis officinalis: Spatial (Pileus and Hymenophore) Metabolomic Variations Affect Functional Components and Biological Activities

Fomitopsis officinalis is a holartic polyporous mushroom that forms large fruiting bodies on old standing trees, fallen logs, or stumps. F. officinalis is a medicinal mushroom species that is most commonly used in traditional European medicine. In this study, we explore the spatial metabolic differences in F. officinalis' mushroom parts, i.e., the cap (median and apical parts) and the hymenium. Additionally, chromatographic analysis was conducted in order to unravel the composition of specialized metabolites in the hydroalcoholic mushroom extracts. The potential antifungal and bacterial effects of extracts were tested against pathogen strains of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria, and yeast, dermatophytic, and fungal-pool species. Extracts from the apical part were the richest in terms of phenolic compounds; consistent with this finding, the extracts were also the most effective antiradical and antimicrobial agents with MIC values < 100 µg/mL for most of the tested bacterial and dermatophytic species. According to these findings, F. officinalis extracts are valuable sources of primary and secondary metabolites, thus suggesting potential applications in the formulation of food supplements with biological properties in terms of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

Anti-Oxidant and Anticancerous Effect of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill. ex Fr. Bond. et Sing) Mushroom on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells In Vitro through NF-kB Pathway

BACKGROUND

Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill. ex Fr. Bond. et Sing) is a medicinal mushroom, commonly called 'Agarikon', traditionally used to treat cough and asthma in the Mongolian population.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to examine the significance of biological activity of F. officinalis, and evaluate the antioxidant and anticancer activity of six fractions of F. officinalis residues (Fo1-powder form dissolved in ethanol, Fo2-petroleum ether residue, Fo3-chloroformic, Fo4-ethylacetate, Fo5-buthanolic, and Fo6-water-ethanolic) against hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

METHODS

We performed in vitro studies of cell proliferation and viability assay, annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide assay, and NF-kB signaling pathway by immunoblot analysis.

RESULTS

Our findings revealed that all six fractions/extracts have antioxidant activity, and somehow, they exert anticancerous effects against cancer cells. In cancerous cell lines (HepG2 and LO2), Fo3 chloroformic extract promoted the cancer cell apoptosis, cell viability, activated G2/M-phase cell cycle, and selectively induced NF-kB proteins, revealing itself as a novel antitumor extract.

CONCLUSION

This study reports that Fo3-chloroformic extract is rich in antitumor activity; it was previously not investigated in cancer. To study the impact of F. officinalis among natural products to treat/prevent oxidative stress disorders or cancers, further examinations are needed. However, this study assessed only one extract, Fo3-chloroformic, which has a significant impact on cancer cell lines.

Cytotoxic triterpenoids and triterpene sugar esters from the medicinal mushroom Fomitopsis betulina

Thirteen undescribed 24-methylene lanostane triterpenoids, named polyporenic acids E-M and fomitosides L-O, as well as seventeen known analogues, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Fomitopsis betulina. Their structures were determined using 1D, 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS. Fomitoside L and fomitoside N exhibited cytotoxicity against HL60 leukemia cells (IC₅₀ = 15.8 and 23.7 μM, respectively). Among the known compounds, notable cytotoxicities against HL60 leukemia cells and selectivity with respect to MRC-5 healthy cells were noticed for dehydropachymic acid (IC₅₀ = 10.9 μM, SI 8.6), pachymic acid (IC₅₀ = 11.0 μM, SI 9.8), 3-epi-dehydrotumulosic acid (IC₅₀ = 19.9 μM, SI 5.8) and 12α-hydroxy-3α-(3'-hydroxy-4'-methoxycarbonyl-3'-methylbutyryloxy)-24-methyllanosta-8,24 (31)-dien-26-oic acid (IC₅₀ = 19.2 μM, SI 2.2).

Lanostane Triterpenoids from the Fruiting Bodies of Fomes officinalis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities

In the current study, further chemical investigation of the fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis led to isolate seven new 24-methyl-lanostane triterpenoids, named officimalonic acids I-O (1-7). Their structures were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data (HR-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, UV, IR). Compounds 1-3 possessed an unusual C-23 spirostructure moiety, while compounds 4-7 had 23,26-lactone unit. Anti-inflammatory assay revealed that compounds 3 and 5 exhibited significant inhibitory activities against NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells and cyclooxygenase (COX-2).

Antimicrobial properties of Fomitopsis officinalis in the light of its bioactive metabolites: a review

Fomitopsis officinalis, also known as Laricifomes officinalis, is a medicinal polypore used for millennia (Agarikon) to contrast several diseases, particularly the pulmonary ones. A rich literature has dealt with its ethno-mycological aspects, but isolation and chemical characterisation of single compounds has only recently significantly developed, as well as in vitro tests for bioactivity. According to several reports there is evidence of a broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral activity by F. officinalis, including pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as Ortopox virus. Chlorinated coumarins from mycelia and lanostane triterpenoids from basidiomes have been demonstrated to be directly responsible for antiviral-antibacterial and trypanocidal activity, respectively. A wider literature deals instead with crude extracts including an undetermined mixture of metabolites, whose efficacy in vitro is yet far from being standardised as extraction and treatment methodology are highly variable. Nevertheless, in vivo tests on bees provided promising results in order to develop sustainable solutions against the pathogens responsible for colony collapse disorders. Despite increasing attention has been paid to other medicinal aspects of this polypore, such as immune-tropic or antitumor, this review rationally reports and critically analyses the available knowledge by focusing on aspects of antimicrobial properties.

Lanostane-type C31 triterpenoid derivatives from the fruiting bodies of cultivated Fomitopsis palustris

Fifteen undescribed and five known lanostane-type C₃₁ triterpenoid derivatives were isolated from the aqueous EtOH extract of the fruiting bodies of cultivated Fomitopsis palustris. Their structures were identified from the spectroscopic data and chemical degradation studies. The structures of palustrisoic acids A and H were confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Polyporenic acid B showed strong cytotoxicity against the HCT116, A549, and HepG2 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 8.4, 12.1, and 12.2 μM, respectively. Palustrisolides A, C, and G displayed weak cytotoxicity.

Lanostane triterpenoids from Fomitopsis officinalis and their trypanocidal activity

Fomitopsis officinalis is a medicinal fungus, known as 'Agarikon', and is used traditionally in the treatment of asthma and rheumatism in Mongolia. The investigation of the chemical constituents of F. officinalis led to the isolation of 4 new lanostane triterpenoids together with 4 known triterpenoids. Inhibitory activity against Trypanosoma congolense, which causes fatal diseases in animals including livestock, was estimated for the isolated compounds. Compounds 2-5 and 8 exhibited moderate inhibition activities with IC₅₀ values ranging from 7.0-27.1 µM.

Officimalonic acids A-H, lanostane triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis

Phytochemical investigation of the methanolic extract of the fruiting bodies of Fomes officinalis led to the isolation of eight 24-methyl-lanostane triterpenes named officimalonic acids A-H, along with one known lanostane triterpene. Their structures were elucidated based on the analysis of spectroscopic data, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and electronic circular dichroism. Officimalonic acid A represents a previously unknown triterpene type with a 24-methyl-7(8 → 9)abeo-lanostane skeleton, and all of the compounds possessed a malonate half-ester moiety at C-3. Anti-inflammatory assay revealed that officimalonic acids D, E, G, H, and fomitopsin A showed potent inhibitory effects (IC50 = 5.1-8.9 μM) on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. Officimalonic acids E, G, H showed moderate cytotoxicity against H460, HepG2 and BGC-823 human cell lines.

Lanostane Triterpenes Isolated from Antrodia heteromorpha and Their Inhibitory Effects on RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis

Two new spiro-lanostane triterpenoids, antrolactones A and B (1 and 2), along with polyporenic acid C (3), were isolated from an EtOAc-soluble extract of Antrodia heteromorpha culture medium, and the chemical structures of the new compounds were elucidated by application of NMR, MS, and ECD spectroscopic techniques. All isolated compounds exhibited inhibitory effects on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis.

A new drimane sesquiterpenoid and a new triterpene lactone from fungus of Fomes officinalis

A new sesquiterpenoid fomeffic acid (1) and a new triterpene lactone fomefficinin (2) were isolated from the fungus Fomes officinalis, together with another six known compounds fomitopsin C (3), dehydrosulfurenic acid (4), dehydroeburiconic acid (5), dehydroeburicoic acid (6), 3-keto-dehydrosulfurenic acid (7), and laricinolic acid (8). The structures and stereochemistry of 1 and 2 were determined by NMR and X-ray diffraction analyses. The sesquiterpenoid and five triterpenes were tested for cytotoxicity against HL-60, Bel-7402, and KB cancer lines in vitro, and they appeared to be modestly active.

European medicinal polypores--a modern view on traditional uses

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal-spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

RESULTS

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

CONCLUSIONS

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.

Chlorinated coumarins from the polypore mushroom Fomitopsis officinalis and their activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

An EtOH extract of the polypore mushroom Fomitopsis officinalis afforded two new naturally occurring chlorinated coumarins, which were identified as the previously synthesized compounds 6-chloro-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one (1) and ethyl 6-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-3-carboxylate (2). The structures of the two isolates were deduced by ab initio spectroscopic methods and confirmed by chemical synthesis. In addition, an analogue of each was synthesized as 7-chloro-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-2-one (3) and ethyl 7-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-2H-chromen-3-carboxylate (4). All four compounds were characterized physicochemically, and their antimicrobial activity profiles revealed a narrow spectrum of activity with lowest MICs against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex.

Triterpenoids

This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids, including squalene derivatives, protostanes, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, serratanes and saponins; 278 references are cited.

Letter: Electrospray ionization mass spectral characteristics and fragmentation mechanisms of triterpenoids in Fomes officinalis

The electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric characteristics and fragmentation mechanisms of 12 triterpenoid compounds from Fomes officinalis (F. officinalis) and their analogs were investigated. The compounds could be classified into three types depending on their chemical structures. All of the compounds gave [M-H](-) and [2M-H](-) ions by electrospray negative ionization mode. In addition, the members of three isomeric groups of the analogs with the same elemental composition can be distinguished by tandem mass spectra of protonated molecules and of significant fragmention. The above fragmentations were reported for the first time and were implemented for the analysis of triterpenoids in F. officinalis.

Quantitative determination of lanostane triterpenes in Fomes officinalis and their fragmentation study by HPLC-ESI

INTRODUCTION

The fruit bodies of Fomes officinalis are used for the treatment of coughs, gastric cancer, rheumatism and hydropsia; however, no method is currently available to assess the quality of this medicinal fungus based on quantitative profile of its main triterpenes.

OBJECTIVE

To develop a simple and accurate HPLC-UV method for the simultaneous quantification of five lanostane-type triterpenes in the fruit bodies of F. officinalis.

METHOD

Separations were performed on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C(18) column by gradient elution using acetonitrile : formic acid. Analytes were identified by HPLC coupled with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry experiments. The quantitative HPLC-UV method was validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of detection and quantification.

RESULTS

Calibration curves presented good linear regression (r > 0.9996) within test ranges. The relative standard deviation of this method was less than 1.7% for intra- and inter-day assays and overall recoveries were 96.4-104.1% for the five compounds analysed. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of five triterpenes in 16 samples of F. officinalis collected from different regions.

CONCLUSION

The developed assay could be considered as a suitable quality control method for F. officinalis.