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Stanković S, Tasić-Kostov M. Formulation of biologics for alternative routes of administration: Current problems and perspectives. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai39-35426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Biologics (biopharmaceuticals) present new promising therapies for many diseases such as cancers, chronical inflammatory diseases and today's biggest challenge - COVID-19. Research: Today, most biologics have been synthetized using modern methods of biotechnology, in particular DNA recombinant technology. Current pharmaceutical forms of protein/peptide biopharmaceuticals are intended for parenteral route of administration due to their instability and large size of molecules. In order to improve patient compliance, many companies are working on developing adequate forms of biopharmaceuticals for alternative, non-invasive routes of administration. The aim of this work is to review current aspirations and problems in formulation of biopharmaceuticals for alternative (non-parenteral) routes of administration and to review the attempts to overcome them. These alternative routes of administration could be promising in prevention and treatment of COVID-19, among other serious diseases. Conclusion: The emphasis is on stabilizing monoclonal antibodies into special formulations and delivery systems; their application should be safer, more comfortable and reliable. When it comes to hormones, vaccines and smaller peptides, some companies have already registered drugs intended for nasal and oral delivery.
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Effect of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Air on Inflammation Factors and Apoptotic Markers in Diabetic Rats: The Protective Effect of Insulin and Crocin. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:334-345. [PMID: 34604423 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.2.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The effect of total suspended particulate matter (TSP) was investigated on the expression of inflammatory and apoptotic factors in diabetic rats, and the effect of crocin and insulin was examined on these factors. Methods Fifty-four adult male wistar rats were divided into nine experimental groups: control group, crocin group (received crocin, 50 mg/kg), diabetic group (received a single dose of alloxan at 120 mg/kg, IP), TSP group (5 mg/kg TSP instilled intratracheally), diabetic-crocin group (received crocin at 50 mg/kg after the induction of diabetes by alloxan (120 mg/kg)), diabetic-insulin group (received regular insulin (5 U/kg), crocin-TSP group (received crocin at 50 mg/kg, IP, and then 5 mg/kg TSP was instilled intratracheally), diabetic-TSP-insulin group (after receiving alloxan (120 mg/kg) and instilling TSP (5 mg/kg, intratracheally), a single dose (5 U/kg) of regular insulin), and diabetic-TSP-crocin group (after receiving alloxan (120 mg/kg) and instilling TSP (5 mg/kg, intratracheally), a single dose of crocin (50 mg/kg, IP)). Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to measure the expression of the mRNAs of apoptotic (Bax and Bcl2) and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, COX2, iNOS/eNOS) in Wistar rats. Results In diabetic and TSP groups the inflammatory factors and BAX/Bcl2 ratio significantly increased compared to the control group. In diabetic-TSP-insulin and diabetic-TSP-crocin, a significant decrease was observed in the rate of inflammatory factors and BAX/Bcl2 ratio. Conclusion The results suggested that diabetes and exposure to TSP increase the rate of apoptosis and inflammation, and also demonstrated the anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammation role of insulin and crocin.
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Ren C, Kong D, Ning C, Xing H, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Li N, Chen X, Zhao D. Improved Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Ursolic Acid in Rats Following Intratracheal Instillation and Nose-Only Inhalation Exposure. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:905-913. [PMID: 33049258 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ursolic acid (UA) is a common pentacyclic triterpene phytochemical with various pharmacological activities. However, UA is classified as a class IV drug in BCS system and its development as an oral drug is limited. Pulmonary delivery is an effective way to improve the bioavailability of drugs with low absorption. In this study, the differences in pharmacokinetic behaviors of UA after pulmonary and oral administration was explored in rats. Compared with oral administration, the plasma concentration of UA increased rapidly after pulmonary administration, and the bioavailability increased about 80 times. UA instantly accumulated in the lungs after pulmonary administration, and the pulmonary AUC0-t/dose increased by 114 times compared to oral dosing. Incubation experiments showed that the metabolism of UA in rat lung microsomes was significantly reduced compared with that in liver microsomes, in which the clearance rate of phase I and phase II metabolism was reduced by 14.7 times and 1.4 times respectively. These results indicated that pulmonary administration could improve the bioavailability of UA and reduce its metabolism. This study not only provides a preferable route of administration for the application of UA but also offers new insights for the development of phytochemical drug candidates with poor pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ren
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Dexuan Kong
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Ning
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Han Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yujie Cheng
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Ning Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Zhu X, Kong Y, Liu Q, Lu Y, Xing H, Lu X, Yang Y, Xu J, Li N, Zhao D, Chen X, Lu Y. Inhalable dry powder prepared from folic acid-conjugated docetaxel liposomes alters pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties relevant to lung cancer chemotherapy. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 55:50-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ghadiri M, Young PM, Traini D. Strategies to Enhance Drug Absorption via Nasal and Pulmonary Routes. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030113. [PMID: 30861990 PMCID: PMC6470976 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic agents such as proteins, peptides, and nucleic acid-based agents are being developed every year, making it vital to find a non-invasive route such as nasal or pulmonary for their administration. However, a major concern for some of these newly developed therapeutic agents is their poor absorption. Therefore, absorption enhancers have been investigated to address this major administration problem. This paper describes the basic concepts of transmucosal administration of drugs, and in particular the use of the pulmonary or nasal routes for administration of drugs with poor absorption. Strategies for the exploitation of absorption enhancers for the improvement of pulmonary or nasal administration are discussed, including use of surfactants, cyclodextrins, protease inhibitors, and tight junction modulators, as well as application of carriers such as liposomes and nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maliheh Ghadiri
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Paul M Young
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Daniela Traini
- Respiratory Technology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia.
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He J, Zhang G, Zhang Q, Chen J, Zhang Y, An X, Wang P, Xie S, Fang F, Zheng J, Tang Y, Zhu J, Yu Y, Chen X, Lu Y. Evaluation of inhaled recombinant human insulin dry powders: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and 14-day inhalation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 71:176-184. [PMID: 30324757 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.13026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic performance of inhaled recombinant human insulin (rh-insulin) dry powders together with their safety profiles after 14-day inhalation. METHODS In the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study, pulmonary surfactant (PS)-loaded and phospholipid hexadecanol tyloxapol (PHT)-loaded rh-insulin dry powders were intratracheally administered to male rats at the dose of 20 U/kg. Novolin R was used as control. Serum glucose and rh-insulin concentrations were determined by glucose oxidase method and human rh-insulin CLIA kit, respectively. For the safety study, rats were exposed to rh-insulin dry powders or air for 14-day by nose-only inhalation chambers. Bronchoalveolar lavage and histopathology examinations were performed after inhalation. KEY FINDINGS There were no significant differences in the major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters between PS-loaded and PHT-loaded rh-insulin dry powders. The relative bioavailabilities and pharmacodynamic availabilities were 39.9%, 25.6% for PS-loaded dry powders and 30.1%, 23% for PHT-loaded dry powders, respectively. Total protein was the only injury marker that was significantly altered. Histopathology examinations showed the ranking of irritations (from slight to severe) were PHT-loaded rh-insulin, negative air control and PS-loaded rh-insulin. CONCLUSIONS Both PS- and PHT-loaded rh-insulin dry powders were able to deliver rh-insulin systemically with appropriate pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and safety profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiake He
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiuyang Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiayin Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxia An
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Wang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Xie
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianheng Zheng
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiabi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xijing Chen
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Clinical Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Wang D, Li H, Liu Z, Zhou J, Zhang T. Acute toxicological effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mice after intratracheal instillation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2017; 23:11-19. [PMID: 28145155 DOI: 10.1080/10773525.2016.1278510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are increasingly being used in industry. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the acute toxicology of ZnO NPs in Mice. METHODS ZnO NPs were intratracheally instilled into mice at different dose (200, 400, 800 μg/kg), which was 1, 2, or 4 times of accumulative intake in one week according to the threshold limit value. Acute toxicity was assessed by animal mortality, organ/body weight ratios, hematology, blood biochemistry, and histopathology as well as by the determination of cells, proteins, and lactate dehydrogenase activity in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RESULTS Exposure to ZnO NPs also resulted in bodyweight loss and a higher level of total cell number, total protein, and hydroxyproline content in BALF. Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels in the lung homogenates were also increased. In addition, inflammatory and hyperplastic changes in the lungs were observed. CONCLUSION Threshold limit value (5 mg/m3) may unfit for ZnO NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Wang
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , PR China.,b Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health , Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , PR China
| | - Haibo Li
- c College of Pharmacy , Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Zihong Liu
- a Department of Occupational and Environmental Health , School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , PR China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- b Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health , Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , PR China
| | - Tianliang Zhang
- b Institute of Occupational and Environmental Health , Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Jinan , PR China
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Saidullah B, Muralidhar K, Fahim M. Onset of diabetes modulates the airway smooth muscle reactivity of guinea pigs: role of epithelial mediators. J Smooth Muscle Res 2014; 50:29-38. [PMID: 24829035 PMCID: PMC5137320 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.50.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes induces lung dysfunction, leading to alteration in the pulmonary functions. Our aim was to investigate whether the early stage of diabetes alters the epithelium-dependent bronchial responses and whether nitric oxide (NO), KATP channels and cyclooxygenase (COX) pathways contribute in this effect. METHODS Guinea pigs were treated with a single injection of streptozotocin (180 mg/kg, i.p.) for induction of diabetes. Airway conductivity was assessed by inhaled histamine, using a non-invasive body plethysmography. The contractile responses of tracheal rings induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and relaxant responses of precontracted rings, induced by isoproterenol (IP) were compared in the presence and absence of the epithelium. Effects of N(ω)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), glybenclamide (a KATP channel inhibitor) and indomethacin (a COX inhibitor) were also assessed in diabetic guinea pigs. RESULTS Early stage diabetes did not alter the airway conductivity. ACh-induced bronchoconstriction in epithelium intact tracheal rings was not affected by the onset of diabetes, however a reduction in the increased ACh responses due to epithelium removal, to L-NAME or to indomethacin was observed. The relaxation response to IP was impaired in trachea from guinea pigs in which diabetes had just developed. Early diabetes significantly reduced the IP response to glybenclamide and to indomethacin. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the early stage of diabetes, modulate the bronchial reactivity to both ACh and IP by disrupting the NO, KATP channels and COX pathways, without affecting the airway conductivity in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bano Saidullah
- Department of Physiology, VP Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi , India
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Zhang H, Huang X, Mi J, Huo Y, Wang G, Xing J, Gao Y. Improvement of pulmonary absorptions of poorly absorbable drugs using Gelucire 44/14 as an absorption enhancer. J Pharm Pharmacol 2014; 66:1410-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aims to evaluate the absorption-enhancing effects of Gelucire 44/14 on the pulmonary absorption of different poorly absorbable drugs and relative mechanism of action.
Methods
Absorption-enhancing effect of Gelucire 44/14 were examined by an in-vivo pulmonary absorption experiment in rats, and the membrane toxicity of Gelucire 44/14 was evaluated by measuring levels of protein and dehydrogenase (LDH) in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and morphological observation.
Key findings
Pulmonary absorptions of fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextrans, insulin and calcitonin were enhanced by Gelucire 44/14 (0.1–2.0%, w/v) in a concentration-dependent manner, and the maximal absorption-enhancing effect was obtained when the concentration of Gelucire 44/14 increased to 2.0% (w/v). Furthermore, Gelucire 44/14 neither increase the levels of protein and LDH in BALF nor change morphology of lung compared with control group. In addition, a well correlation between the absorption-enhancing effect and surface tension of insulin solution in the presence of Gelucire 44/14 was observed, suggesting Gelucire 44/14-mediated decrease in the surface tension of the gas-liquid interface in alveolar tissue was possible one of the improving mechanisms of Gelucire 44/14.
Conclusion
Gelucire 44/14 was a potential and safe absorption enhancer for improving the absorption of poorly absorbable drugs including insulin and calcitonin by pulmonary delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoyan Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jie Mi
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yayu Huo
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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