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Shen J, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yang N, Ma X, Zhong T, Zhang Y. Bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory limonins from Chukrasia tabularis. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:4216-4225. [PMID: 36514759 PMCID: PMC9731525 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chukrasia tabularis is an economically important tree and widely cultured in the southeast of China. Its barks, leaves, and fruits are consumed as a traditional medicine and perceived as a valuable source for bioactive limonin compounds. The extracts from root barks of C. tabularis showed significant anti-inflammatory effect. The aim of this research was to explore the material basis of C. tabularis anti-inflammatory activity, and to purify and identify anti-inflammatory active ingredients. By a bioassay-guided isolation of dichloromethane fraction obtained two novel phragmalin limonins, Chukrasitin D and E (1 and 2), together with 12 known limonins (3-14). The chemical structure of these compounds is determined on the basis of extensive spectral analysis and chemical reactivity. In addition, the activities of these isolated limonins on the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were evaluated. Limonins 1 and 2 indicated significant anti-inflammatory activity with IC50 values of 6.24 and 6.13 μM. Compound 1 notably inhibited the production of NF-κB, TNF-α and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in macrophages. The present results suggest that the root barks of C. tabularis exhibited anti-inflammatory effect and the limonins may be responsible for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin‐Huang Shen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Yi‐Fan Zhang
- Medical Imaging DepartmentFirst Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Li Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Na‐Na Yang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xin‐Hua Ma
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Tian‐Hua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of OceanographyMinistry of Natural ResourcesXiamenChina
| | - Yong‐Hong Zhang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, School of PharmacyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouChina
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Luo J, Sun Y, Li Q, Kong L. Research progress of meliaceous limonoids from 2011 to 2021. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1325-1365. [PMID: 35608367 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: July 2010 to December 2021Limonoids, a kind of natural tetranortriterpenoids with diverse skeletons and valuable insecticidal and medicinal bioactivities, are the characteristic metabolites of most plants of the Meliaceae family. The chemistry and bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids are a continuing hot area of natural products research; to date, about 2700 meliaceous limonoids have been identified. In particular, more than 1600, including thirty kinds of novel rearranged skeletons, have been isolated and identified in the past decade due to their wide distribution and abundant content in Meliaceae plants and active biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the discovery of new structures, many positive medicinal bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids have been investigated, and extensive achievements regarding the chemical and biological synthesis have been made. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the discovery of new structures, medicinal and agricultural bioactivities, and chem/biosynthesis of limonoids from the plants of the Meliaceae family during the past decade, with an emphasis on the discovery of limonoids with novel skeletons, the medicinal bioactivities and mechanisms, and chemical synthesis. The structures, origins, and bioactivities of other new limonoids were provided as ESI. Studies published from July 2010 to December 2021 are reviewed, and 482 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiurong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang JC, Liao Q, Shen L, Wu J. Twenty-five limonoids from the Hainan mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hu YL, Tian XM, Wang CC, Olga Q, Yan D, Tang PF, Zhang LN, Luo J, Kong LY. Highly oxygenated and rearranged limonoids from the stem barks of Entandrophragma utile. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020; 172:112282. [PMID: 32036186 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen highly oxygenated and rearranged limonoids, including nine previously undescribed phragmalin-type limonoids with 1,8,9- and 8,9,30-orthesters (entanutilins C-K, 1-9), three undescribed limonoids with rare rearranged-6/6/7/5 skeleton (entanutilins L-N, 10-12), and 5 known limonoids, were isolated from the stem barks of Entandrophragma utile from Ghana (Africa). Their structures including absolute configurations were elucidated based on comprehensive spectroscopic analyses, such as HRESIMS, 1D/2D-NMR, CD exciton chirality method, time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)/ECD calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Bioactivity screenings suggested that some of these compounds effectively reversed resistance in MCF-7/DOX cells at a nontoxic concentration of 30 μM with 6- to 19-fold enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Meng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Cheng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Quasie Olga
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ling-Yi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Sukardiman, Ervina M. The recent use of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. as antidiabetes type 2 phytomedicine: A systematic review. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03536. [PMID: 32190758 PMCID: PMC7068623 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural resources provide more efficient and safer alternatives in managing diabetes compare to the synthetic oral anti diabetes (OAD). The plants not only have hypoglycemic effect, but also prevent its complications; in which no synthetic drugs provide of both properties. Among antidiabetes plants, mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla) has been used as traditional medicine in Indonesia and India, though most popular utilized as timber wood. METHODS The present study was performed of chemotaxonomic approach to review its phytochemical and anti-diabetic properties of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq seed/bark/leaves. The qualitative systematic review (SR) was carried out by analysing indexed journals and peer reviewed of Swietenia and Swietenia spp from Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Research Gate. Data selection criteria are accordance to botany, phytochemistry, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical test of related subject. The keywords used for the search in the databases were Swietenia, Swietenia mahagony, diabetes, and diabetes plants. RESULTS Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. extracts have shown in vitro, in vivo and limited clinically test of its anti-diabetic properties. Ethanolic/methanolic/aqueous/petroleum/n-hexane extracts of mahagonis's seed/bark or leaves have anti-diabetic activities comparable to the synthetic drug and observed no to relatively mild toxic effect. The hypoglycemic mechanism suggested via reducing blood glucose level, restoring liver and β-cells islet function (might) blocking epinephrine function, inhibiting of α-amylase and β-glucosidase, antioxidant and antihiperlipidemia. Phytochemical compounds of S. mahagoni consist of the phenolics (flavonoids (swietemacrophyllanin, catechins and epichatechins) and tannins), triterpenoids and tetranortriterpenoids (limonoids: mahonin, secomahoganin, swietmanins, swiemahogins, swietenine and swietenolide), saponins and alkaloids which are known as anti-diabetic bioactive principles. CONCLUSION S. mahagoni was potentially used and developed as an antidiabetes source. To use it as an antidiabetic further, more extensive clinical trials and biomarkers of active compounds determination are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukardiman
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Martha Ervina
- Doctoral Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
- Faculty of Pharmacy Widya Mandala Catholic University, Surabaya, Indonesia
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Shi Z, An L, Yang X, Xi Y, Zhang C, Shuo Y, Zhang J, Jin DQ, Ohizumi Y, Lee D, Xu J, Guo Y. Nitric oxide inhibitory limonoids as potential anti-neuroinflammatory agents from Swietenia mahagoni. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:177-185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Sun YP, Jin WF, Wang YY, Wang G, Morris-Natschke SL, Liu JS, Wang GK, Lee KH. Chemical Structures and Biological Activities of Limonoids from the Genus Swietenia (Meliaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1588. [PMID: 29966275 PMCID: PMC6099683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swietenia is a genus in the plant family Meliaceae. This genus contains seven to eight known species, found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas and West Africa. Thus far, more than 160 limonoids have been isolated from four species of the genus Swietenia. Limonoids are rich in structure type and biological activity, and these compounds are the main active components in the Swietenia species. This paper will give a comprehensive overview of the recent phytochemical and pharmacological research on the terpenes from Swietenia plants and encourage further drug discovery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Peng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Wen-Fang Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yong-Yue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Gang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Susan L Morris-Natschke
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Jin-Song Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Guo-Kai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230012, China.
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
| | - Kuo-Hsiung Lee
- Natural Products Research Laboratories, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7568, USA.
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Balijepalli MK, Suppaiah V, Chin AM, Buru AS, Sagineedu SR, Pichika MR. Acute oral toxicity studies of Swietenia macrophylla seeds in Sprague Dawley rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2015; 7:38-44. [PMID: 25598633 PMCID: PMC4285647 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.147197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Swietenia macrophylla King. (Meliaceae) seeds (SMS); commonly known as sky fruit and locally known in Malaysia as Tunjuk Langit; have been used in traditional Malay medicine for the treatment of diabetes and hypertension. The people eat only a tiny amount of raw seed, weighing not more than 5 mg. AIM To evaluate the safety of Swietenia macrophylla seeds (SMS) at a single-dose oral administration of 2 g/kg body weight (bw) in sprague dawley (SD) rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight-week old male and female SD rats were administered a single-oral dose of 2g/kg bw. The rats' general behavior, and toxic signs were observed throughout the 14-day study period. The food and water intake by rats and their body weight were monitored during the study period. At the end of the study period, the relative weights of the organs (lung, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, testis, stomach); the hematological and biochemical parameters were measured; the architecture and histology of the organs (liver, kidney and lungs) were observed. RESULTS Oral administration of SMS to rats did not affect, either food or water intake; relative organ weight of vital organs; the hematological and biochemical parameters; did not show significant changes in the architecture and histology of vital organs. Overall, there were neither signs of toxicity nor deaths recorded during the study period. CONCLUSION The rat dose of 2 g/kg bw is equivalent to the human dose of 325 mg/kg bw, which is well below the usual amount consumed by people, did not show any signs of toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Katyayani Balijepalli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Jalan University Campus, JalanElmu, Off Jalan University, 59100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Velan Suppaiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, JalanJalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - An-Me Chin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, JalanJalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ayuba Sunday Buru
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, JalanJalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sreenivasa Rao Sagineedu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, JalanJalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Pichika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, 126, JalanJalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Cheng S, Zhao M, Sun Z, Yuan W, Zhang S, Xiang Z, Cai Y, Dong J, Huang K, Yan P. Diterpenes from a Chinese collection of the brown alga Dictyota plectens. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2014; 77:2367-74. [PMID: 25495797 DOI: 10.1021/np5002829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-seven diterpenes of six chemical classes, including seven new diterpenes (1, 2, 6, 10, 11, 16, and 19), have been isolated from a collection of the brown alga Dictyota plectens from the South China Sea. The structures of the new diterpenes were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with reported data. In the in vitro assays, 9, 12, 14, 16, and 22 showed inhibitory activity against HIV-1 replication with IC50 values of 16.1-30.5 μM, compounds 5, 13, 24, and 26 exhibited anti-H5N1 activity with inhibition rates of 50%-62% at 30.0 μM, and 12 and 24 also showed potent inhibition against LPS-induced NO production with inhibition rates of 90% and 86%, respectively, at 10.0 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimiao Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou 325035, People's Republic of China
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Yadav PA, Suresh G, Rao MSA, Shankaraiah G, Usha Rani P, Babu KS. Limonoids from the leaves of Soymida febrifuga and their insect antifeedant activities. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:888-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Moghadamtousi SZ, Goh BH, Chan CK, Shabab T, Kadir HA. Biological activities and phytochemicals of Swietenia macrophylla King. Molecules 2013; 18:10465-83. [PMID: 23999722 PMCID: PMC6270564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules180910465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swietenia macrophylla King (Meliaceae) is an endangered and medicinally important plant indigenous to tropical and subtropical regions of the World. S. macrophylla has been widely used in folk medicine to treat various diseases. The review reveals that limonoids and its derivatives are the major constituents of S. macrophylla. There are several data in the literature indicating a great variety of pharmacological activities of S. macrophylla, which exhibits antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, antimutagenic, anticancer, antitumor and antidiabetic activities. Various other activities like anti-nociceptive, hypolipidemic, antidiarrhoeal, anti-infective, antiviral, antimalarial, acaricidal, antifeedant and heavy metal phytoremediation activity have also been reported. In view of the immense medicinal importance of S. macrophylla, this review aimed at compiling all currently available information on its ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of S. macrophylla, showing its importance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Habsah Abdul Kadir
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +603-796-743-63; Fax: +603-796-741-78
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Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structure determination of triterpenoids including squalene derivatives, lanostanes, holostanes, cycloartanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, euphanes, tirucallanes, tetranortriterpenoids, quassinoids, lupanes, oleananes, friedelanes, ursanes, hopanes, onoceranes and saponins; 308 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Hill
- School of Chemistry, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Discovery of structurally diverse and bioactive compounds from plant resources in China. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2012; 33:1147-58. [PMID: 22941284 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the major discoveries of structurally diverse and/or biologically significant compounds from plant resources in China, mainly from the traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) since the establishment of our research group in 1999. In the past decade, a large array of biologically significant and novel structures has been identified from plant resources (or TCM) in our laboratory. The structural modification of several biologically important compounds led to more than 400 derivatives, some of which exhibited significantly improved activities and provided opportunities to elucidate the structure-activity relationship of the related compound class. These findings are important for drug discovery and help us understand the biological basis for the traditional applications of these plants in TCM.
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