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Angel-Isaza J, Carmona-Hernandez JC, González-Correa CH, Narváez-Solarte WV. Potential Hypoglycemic and Antilipidemic Activity of Polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis (Granadilla). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083551. [PMID: 37110785 PMCID: PMC10143080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of fruits or by-products from plants of the Passifloraceae family has been associated with multiple health and nutritional benefits, due to their phenolic compound content. Likewise, the effects of polyphenols from Camellia sinensis (green tea) have been explored and are considered a reference for different biological actions of these bioactive substances. This study compared the hypoglycemic and antilipemic activity of polyphenol-rich extracts of Passiflora ligularis Juss (passion fruit) and Camellia sinensis (green tea) given to a group of Wistar rats induced to be overweight. The individuals were subjected to three doses of supplementation of both sources of polyphenols in the drinking water. An additional group without polyphenol supplementation served as a control group. Water consumption, weight gain, glycemia, cholesterol, serum triglycerides and percentage of fecal ethereal extracts were analyzed. Although Passiflora ligularis Juss had five times less polyphenol content than Camellia sinensis, rats fed doses of 2.5 and 3.0 g/L Passiflora ligularis Juss showed reduced glycemia by 16%, suggesting an antiglycemic activity similar to that of Camellia sinensis. On the other hand, higher doses of polyphenols from Passiflora ligularis Juss and Camellia sinensis significantly reduced triglyceride levels (p = 0.05) by more than 17% compared to the unsupplemented control group. The polyphenol-rich extracts produced effective inhibitory activity of lipemic metabolites with a reduction in the percentage of fecal lipids (p < 0.05), with no side effects on liver tissue. The 3.0 g/L dose produced the best result on signs of metabolic syndrome associated with excess weight. Polyphenols extracted from fresh Colombian passion fruit showed the potential to decrease metabolic syndrome risk factors in a murine model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Angel-Isaza
- Research Group on Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Security (NUTRIMESA), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170001, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Carmona-Hernandez
- Medical Research Group, Metabolism-Nutrition-Polyphenols (MeNutrO), Universidad de Manizales, Manizales 170004, Colombia
| | - Clara Helena González-Correa
- Research Group on Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Security (NUTRIMESA), Universidad de Caldas, Manizales 170001, Colombia
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Hayashi K, Kawai S, Hinohara K, Osada K. Oligonol, a Low-molecular Weight Polyphenol Extracted from Lychee Fruit, Modulates Cholesterol Metabolism in Rats within a Short Period. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:1077-1085. [PMID: 32788520 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing research interest in the hypocholesterolemic effect of various food components such as polyphenols. In this study, we examined the effects of oligonol-a low-molecular weight polyphenol extracted from lychee fruit-on cholesterol metabolism in rats under short-term administration. Administration of oligonol for 3 days significantly increased cecum weight and decreased cecal n-butyric acid concentrations in rats. Oligonol also significantly lowered the levels of hepatic cholesterol and increased the levels of total neutral steroids excreted in the feces. It also increased fecal β-muricholic acid significantly, whereas the levels of total acidic steroids remained unchanged. Gene expression of hepatic CYP7A1 (cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1) significantly increased following the administration of oligonol. This increase could be ascribed to changes in the expression of farnesoid X receptor, small heterodimer partner, and fibroblast growth factor 15 in ileum. Our data suggest that oligonol induces hypocholesterolemic effects through the inhibition of biliary cholesterol absorption from the intestine and the upregulation of cholesterol catabolism in rats even following short-term administration. Therefore, oligonol may be an important food component for reducing cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khota Hayashi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Saki Kawai
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Ken Hinohara
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Kyoichi Osada
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University
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Ndong M, Uehara M, Katsumata S, Sato S, Suzuki K. Preventive Effects ofMoringa oleifera(Lam) on Hyperlipidemia and Hepatocyte Ultrastructural Changes in Iron Deficient Rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1826-33. [PMID: 17690476 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Moringa oleifera (MO), Moringaceae on hyperlipidemia and hepatocyte ultrastructural changes caused by iron deficiency were investigated. Four-week-old male Wistar-strain rats were fed a control diet based on AIN-93G (C), an iron deficient diet (FeD), a FeD + 0.5% MO (FeD-m) diet, or a FeD + MO 1% (FeD-M) diet for 4 weeks. It was found that MO reduced iron-deficient diet-induced increases in serum and hepatic lipids with dose-dependent increases of serum quercetin and kaempherol, but did not prevent anemia. By electron microscopy, in iron deficient hepatocytes, slightly swollen mitochondria and few glycogen granules were observed, but glycogen granules increased and mitochondria were normalized by treatment with MO. Furthermore, lipoproteins were observed in the Golgi complex under treatment with MO. These results suggest a possible beneficial effect of MO in the prevention of hyperlipidemia and ultrastructural changes in hepatocytes due to iron-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Ndong
- Department of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Tokyo, Japan
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Inoue K, Morikawa T, Takahashi M, Yoshida M, Ogawa K. A 13-week subchronic toxicity study of grape skin extract in F344 rats. J Toxicol Sci 2013; 38:559-70. [PMID: 23824012 DOI: 10.2131/jts.38.559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A 13-week repeated oral dose toxicity study of grape skin extract (GSE) was performed using F344 rats. Four groups of animals, each consisting of ten males and ten females, were fed a diet containing 0%, 0.2%, 1.0% or 5.0% GSE for 13 weeks. Throughout the experiment, there were no treatment-related changes in clinical signs, body weight or mean food intake in any of the treated groups of either gender. Hematological studies and serum biochemical analyses revealed no treatment-related changes in all groups in both genders. In the glandular epithelial cells of the parotid glands, diffuse hypertrophy and basophilia was observed in all animals in both 5.0% groups. Hypertrophy of the parotid glands was not detected in the 0.2% or the 1.0% dose groups. In female kidneys, slight calcification in the renal proximal tubules of the cortex and medulla was observed in all groups including controls. This is a common spontaneous change in female rats, and the incidence was comparable between controls and treated groups. However, the number of tubules with calcification was higher in the 5.0% group based on a semi-morphometric analysis. Based on the histopathology of the parotid glands and the minor change in the kidneys, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of GSE in the present study was a 1.0% treatment dose in both genders (males: 0.6 ± 0.2 g/kg body weight/day; females: 0.7 ± 0.1 g/kg body weight/day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Inoue
- Division of Pathology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Japan.
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Fardet A, Chardigny JM. Plant-Based Foods as a Source of Lipotropes for Human Nutrition: A Survey of In Vivo Studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2013; 53:535-90. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.549596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Bladé C, Arola L, Salvadó MJ. Hypolipidemic effects of proanthocyanidins and their underlying biochemical and molecular mechanisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 54:37-59. [PMID: 19960459 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins are the most abundant polyphenols in human diets. Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that proanthocyanidins protect against cardiovascular diseases. Despite the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of these flavonoids, one of the mechanisms by which proanthocyanidins exert their cardiovascular protection is improving lipid homeostasis. Animal studies demonstrate that proanthocyanidins reduce the plasma levels of atherogenic apolipoprotein B-triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and LDL-cholesterol but increase antiatherogenic HDL-cholesterol. The results in humans, however, are less clear. This review summarizes the results that have been published on plasma triglyceride, apolipoprotein B, HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in humans and animal models in response to proanthocyanidin extracts and proanthocyanidin-rich foods. The physiological processes and biochemical pathways that are related to lipid homeostasis and affected by proanthocyanidin consumption are also discussed. Intestinal lipid absorption, chylomicron secretion by the intestine and VLDL secretion by the liver are the processes that are most repressed by proanthocyanidins, which, therefore, induce hypolipidemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Bladé
- Nutrigenomics Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Spain.
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Del Bas JM, Ricketts ML, Vaqué M, Sala E, Quesada H, Ardevol A, Salvadó MJ, Blay M, Arola L, Moore DD, Pujadas G, Fernandez-Larrea J, Bladé C. Dietary procyanidins enhance transcriptional activity of bile acid-activated FXR in vitro and reduce triglyceridemia in vivo in a FXR-dependent manner. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:805-14. [PMID: 19496086 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of dietary flavonoids has been associated with reduced mortality and risk of cardiovascular disease, partially by reducing triglyceridemia. We have previously reported that a grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) reduces postprandial triglyceridemia in normolipidemic animals signaling through the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP) a target of the bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Our aim was to elucidate whether FXR mediates the hypotriglyceridemic effect of procyanidins. In FXR-driven luciferase expression assays GSPE dose-dependently enhanced FXR activity in the presence of chenodeoxycholic acid. GSPE gavage reduced triglyceridemia in wild type mice but not in FXR-null mice, revealing FXR as an essential mediator of the hypotriglyceridemic actions of procyanidins in vivo. In the liver, GSPE downregulated, in an FXR-dependent manner, the expression of the transcription factor steroid response element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) and several SREBP1 target genes involved in lipogenesis, and upregulated ApoA5 expression. Altogether, our results indicate that procyanidins lower triglyceridemia following the same pathway as bile acids: activation of FXR, transient upregulation of SHP expression and subsequent downregulation of SREBP1 expression. This study adds dietary procyanidins to the arsenal of FXR ligands with potential therapeutic use to combat hypertriglyceridemia, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Maria Del Bas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Campus Sescelades, Tarragona, Spain
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Takatera K, Ogawa H, Yamamoto K, Kanou N, Yuji Kunimoto YK. Effects of Yomogi Extract on Lipid Metabolism in Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.56.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
Many in vivo trials have evaluated the effects of grape products on different CVD risk factors. Most published studies have dealt with some specific aspects of mechanisms of grape flavonoid action or have focused only on one product, such as wine. The aim of the present paper is to review trials dealing with grape products and CVD published during the last 13 years (seventy-five trials). Polyphenols, alcohol and dietary fibre are the main constituents of the tested products. In animal and human studies, grape products have been shown to produce hypotensive, hypolipidaemic and anti-atherosclerotic effects, and also to improve antioxidant status as measured in terms of plasma antioxidant capacity, oxidation biomarkers, antioxidant compounds or antioxidant enzymes. Differences in the design of the studies and in the composition of the tested products (not always provided) could explain the different results of these studies.
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Lam CK, Zhang Z, Yu H, Tsang SY, Huang Y, Chen ZY. Apple polyphenols inhibit plasma CETP activity and reduce the ratio of non-HDL to HDL cholesterol. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:950-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Frederiksen H, Mortensen A, Schrøder M, Frandsen H, Bysted A, Knuthsen P, Rasmussen SE. Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:564-71. [PMID: 17441214 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between consumption of red wine and other polyphenolic compounds and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits were used to investigate the effects of polyphenols in a red grape skin and seed extract (GSE) on the development of atherosclerosis. WHHL rabbits received either semisynthetic diet (casein based) or semisynthetic diet added GSE over a period of 15 wk. Plasma lipids and aortic cholesterol accumulation were measured. Feeding semisynthetic diet was associated with increasing hypercholesterolemia, which was developing slower in GSE group compared to the controls as recorded by significantly lower plasma cholesterol in dosage week 7 (males: P < 0.05, females: P < 0.01) and 11 (males: P < 0.01). Aortic atherosclerosis evaluated as the cholesterol content in aortic tissue was comparable in the control and GSE-dosed females, but it was significantly reduced in the abdominal part of GSE-dosed male compared to the controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding GSE extract to WHHL rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet and, furthermore, retarded the development of aortic atherosclerosis in males as demonstrated by significantly lower cholesterol content in the abdominal part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Frederiksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark.
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Ohta Y, Funayama M, Seino H, Sami M, Kanda T, Shoji T, Ohtake Y, Osada K. Apple Polyphenol Improves Lipid Metabolism and Insulin Independence in Obese Rats. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.54.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Watanabe T, Inoue M, Uno T, Mazumder TK, Nagai S, Tsuji K. Effects of Dietary Phellinus linteus on Cholesterol Gallstone Formation in Mice. J JPN SOC FOOD SCI 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/nskkk.53.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ishikawa M, Maki K, Tofani I, Kimura K, Kimura M. Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract promotes bone formation in rat's mandibular condyle. Eur J Oral Sci 2005; 113:47-52. [PMID: 15693829 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0722.2004.00176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of dietary supplementation with grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) 3 mg added in 100 g high-calcium diet with a calcium content of 1697 mg 100 g(-1) on mandibular condyle bone debility, which was induced by a low-calcium diet. Forty Wistar male rats, 5 week old, were randomly divided into control (Co), low-calcium diet (LC), low-calcium/high-calcium diet (LCH), and low-calcium/high-calcium with supplementary GSPE diet (LCHG) groups for 6 wk. Bone formation of the mandibular condyle was measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Significant differences were not seen among the four groups for body weight, measured weekly. The LCHG group scored significantly higher in cortical bone density, total bone cross-sectional area, cortical bone cross-sectional area, cortical bone mineral content, total bone density, total bone mineral content, and in the stress-strain index to the reference axis x when compared with the LCH group. We concluded that a high-calcium diet combined with GSPE supplementation is more effective in reversing mandibular condyle bone debility in rats than is a low-calcium diet, standard diet, or high-calcium diet alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu Dental College, 2-6-1 Manazuru, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu 803-8580, Japan.
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Mitsui J, Tofani I, Okura H, Hashimoto T, Maki K, Kimura M. Effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract on alteration of mechanical properties of metaphysis tibia bone in rats fed a low-calcium diet. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(05)70026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tofani I, Maki K, Kojima K, Kimura M. Beneficial effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract on formation of tibia bone in low-calcium feeding rats. PEDIATRIC DENTAL JOURNAL 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0917-2394(04)70008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kamitani Y, Maki K, Tofani I, Nishikawa Y, Tsukamoto K, Kimura M. Effects of grape seed proanthocyanidins extract on mandibles in developing rats. Oral Dis 2004; 10:27-31. [PMID: 14996291 DOI: 10.1046/j.1354-523x.2003.00977.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE), a flavonoid, has a beneficial effect on physical health, which may include the health of bone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of GSPE on mandibular bone by examining trabecular and cortical bone density, mineral content, and non-invasive bone strength in low-calcium diet rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar male rats at 5 weeks old (n = 40) were divided into control (A), low-calcium diet (B), low-calcium diet plus standard diet (C), and low-calcium diet plus standard diet with supplementary GSPE (D) groups. Following 3 weeks of a calcium-restricted diet, group D rats were given 3 mg of GSPE as supplement in 100 g of a standard diet for the next 3 weeks. Following the 6-week experimental period, mandibular bones were examined using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). RESULTS There were no significant differences in body weight or trabecular bone area among the four groups. Trabecular bone density, and trabecular bone mineral content, cortical bone density, cortical bone cross-sectional area, and cortical bone mineral content were significantly higher in group D than in C. Further, Stress-strain index (SSI) values of xSSI and ySSI in group D were significantly higher than in C, although there was no significant difference in pSSI value between those two groups. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that GSPE treatment caused an increase in both bone formation and bone strength in rat mandibles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kamitani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu Dental College, Kokurakita-ku, Kitakyushu, Japan
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