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Costa AM, Dos Santos Valentim MR, da Silva LF, de Almeida R, Daflon SDA, Quintaes BR, Campos JC. Comparison between Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms in the evaluation of the toxic pollutants of leachates from Brazilian landfills. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1546-1558. [PMID: 34351579 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecotoxicological assessment of landfill leachate has become a priority to determine its impacts on the ecosystem. Toxicity assays with microorganisms stand out due to their quick response, low cost and ease of testing. In this context, the present study evaluated the acute toxic effects of leachates from two landfills of different ages and modes of operation to bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms and the ammonia nitrogen and humic substances (HS) sensitivity to these organisms. Reductions greater than 30% in leachate toxicity were observed after ammonia removal for A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms. After 97% removal of HS, the greater reductions in toxicity (44.28 to 79.82%) were verified for microbial species studied, indicating that the organic compounds (measured as chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon and humic substances) were the primary pollutants responsible for the toxicity of the leachates. Concerning the organisms studied, A. fischeri showed greater sensitivity to the leachates' pollutants compared to the activated sludge microorganisms. Nevertheless, a strong correlation was observed between A. fischeri and activated sludge microorganisms' toxicity responses, suggesting that respirometry assay can be used to determine leachate toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyne Moraes Costa
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | | | - Livia Ferreira da Silva
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ronei de Almeida
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Sarah Dario Alves Daflon
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Bianca Ramalho Quintaes
- Municipal Company of Urban Cleaning of Rio de Janeiro, Américo de Souza Braga street 647, Rio de Janeiro, 22783-385, Brazil
| | - Juacyara Carbonelli Campos
- School of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Athos da Silveira Ramos Avenue 149, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil.
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Mai H, Cachot J, Clérandeau C, Martin C, Mazzela N, Gonzalez P, Morin B. An environmentally realistic pesticide and copper mixture impacts embryonic development and DNA integrity of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3600-3611. [PMID: 30368696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3586-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Frequent occurrences of pesticides in the environment have raised concerns that combined exposure to these chemicals may result in enhanced toxicity through additive or synergistic interaction between compounds. Spermatozoa and embryos of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were exposed to different concentrations of a pesticide mixture with and without copper, mimicking the cocktail of pollutants occurring in the oyster culture area of Arcachon Bay. For the 1× exposure condition, measured concentration corresponds to a total concentration of 1.083 μg L-1 for the mixture of 14 pesticides and to 6.330 μg L-1 for copper (Cu). Several endpoints including larval abnormalities, DNA damage to spermatozoa and embryo and gene expression in D-larvae were investigated. Results demonstrated that pesticide mixtures in combination with or without copper induced a dose-dependent increase in embryotoxic and genotoxic effects on D-larvae from the lowest tested dose of 0.1×. Transcription of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress (cat), respiratory chain (coxI), metal detoxification (mt1 and mt2), and cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (p53) was found to be significantly downregulated while the xenobiotic biotransformation gene gst was significantly upregulated in embryos exposed to pesticide mixture with and without Cu. These findings raise the question of the possible impacts of mixtures of pesticides and metals on wild or farmed oyster populations from polluted coastal marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Mai
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
- University of Science and Technology of Hanoi, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Jérôme Cachot
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, F-33400, Talence, France
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Kim J, Fischer M, Helms V. Prediction of Synergistic Toxicity of Binary Mixtures to Vibrio fischeri Based on Biomolecular Interaction Networks. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1138-1150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jongwoon Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Max Fischer
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, Campus E 7.1, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, E 2.1, 66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Volkhard Helms
- Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland University, E 2.1, 66041 Saarbruecken, Germany
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4
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Soliman YAA, Brahim AM, Moustafa AH, Hamed MAF. Antifouling evaluation of extracts from Red Sea soft corals against primary biofilm and biofouling. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Gatidou G, Stasinakis AS, Iatrou EI. Assessing single and joint toxicity of three phenylurea herbicides using Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri bioassays. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119 Suppl:S69-S74. [PMID: 24821233 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Single and joint toxicity of three substituted urea herbicides, namely monolinuron [3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea], linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] and diuron [1-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-3,3 dimethyl urea], were studied. The duckweed Lemna minor and the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri were used for the toxicity assessment and they were exposed to various concentrations of the herbicides, individually and in binary mixtures. The exposure time was 7d for the duckweed and 30 min for the bacterium. Estimation of EC50 values was performed by frond counting and reduction in light output for Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri, respectively. Lemna minor was found to be much more sensitive than Vibrio fischeri to target compounds. The toxicity of the three herbicides applied solely was estimated to be in decreasing order: diuron (EC50=28.3 μg L(-1))≈linuron (EC50=30.5 μg L(-1))>monolinuron (EC50=300 μg L(-1)) for the duckweed and linuron (EC50=8.2 mg L(-1))>diuron (EC50=9.2 mg L(-1))>monolinuron (EC50=11.2 mg L(-1)) for the bacterium. Based on the environmental concentrations reported in the literature and EC50 values obtained from Lemna minor experiments, Risk Quotients (RQ) much higher than 1 were calculated for diuron and linuron. In Lemna minor experiments, combination of target compounds resulted to additive effects due to their same mode of phenylurea action on photosynthetic organisms. Regarding Vibrio fischeri, synergistic, additive and antagonistic effects were observed, which varied according to the concentrations of target compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Evangelia I Iatrou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
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Prakash S, Ahila N, Sri Ramkumar V, Ravindran J, Kannapiran E. Antimicrofouling properties of chosen marine plants: An eco-friendly approach to restrain marine microfoulers. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Bao VWW, Lui GCS, Leung KMY. Acute and chronic toxicities of zinc pyrithione alone and in combination with copper to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 157:81-93. [PMID: 25456222 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is a widely used booster biocide in combination with copper (Cu) in antifouling paints as a substitute for tributyltin. The co-occurrence of ZnPT and Cu in coastal marine environments is therefore very common, and may pose a higher risk to marine organisms if they can result in synergistic toxicity. This study comprehensively investigated the combined toxicity of ZnPT and Cu, on the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus, for the first time, based on both 96-h acute toxicity tests using adult copepods and chronic full-life cycle tests (21 d) using nauplii <24-h old. As ZnPT has been reported to be easily trans-chelated to copper pyrithione (CuPT) in the presence of Cu, the acute toxicities of CuPT alone and in combination with Cu on adult copepods were also assessed. Our results showed that ZnPT and Cu exhibited a strong synergistic toxic effect on the copepod in both acute and chronic tests. During the acute test, the mortalities of adult copepods increased dramatically even with an addition of Cu at concentrations as low as 1-2 μg/L compared with those exposed to ZnPT alone. Severe chronic toxicities were further observed in the copepods exposed to ZnPT-Cu mixtures, including a significant increase of naupliar mortality, postponing of development from naupliar to copepodid and from copepodid to adult stage, and a significant decrease of intrinsic population growth when compared with those of copepods exposed to ZnPT or Cu alone. Such synergistic effects might be partly attributable to the formation of CuPT by the trans-chelation of ZnPT and Cu, because CuPT was found to be more toxic than ZnPT based on the acute toxicity results. Mixtures of CuPT and Cu also led to synergistic toxic effects to the copepod, in particular at high Cu concentrations. A novel non-parametric response surface model was applied and it proved to be a powerful method for analysing and predicting the acute binary mixture toxicities of the booster biocides (i.e., ZnPT and CuPT) and Cu on the copepod. To better protect precious marine resources, it is necessary to revise and tighten existing water quality criteria for biocides, such as ZnPT and CuPT, to account for their synergistic effects with Cu at environmentally realistic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien W W Bao
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gilbert C S Lui
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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8
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Majik MS, Rodrigues C, Mascarenhas S, D'Souza L. Design and synthesis of marine natural product-based 1H-indole-2,3-dione scaffold as a new antifouling/antibacterial agent against fouling bacteria. Bioorg Chem 2014; 54:89-95. [PMID: 24875126 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Marine organisms such as seaweeds, sponges and corals protect their own surfaces from fouling by their high anesthetic, repellant, and settlement inhibition properties. Within the marine ecosystem, evolution has allowed for the development of certain antifouling properties. Isatin is a biologically active chemical produced by an Alteromonas sp. strain inhibiting the surface of embryos of the cardiean shrimp Palaemon macrodectylus, which protect them from the pathogenic fungus Lagenidium callinectes. In present study, an antibacterial activity of isatin and its synthetic analogues were evaluated against different fouling bacteria in order to explore the structure activity relationships for the first time. The synthesized compounds along with parent isatin were tested against different ecologically relevant marine microorganisms by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Few synthetically modified isatin exhibited potent inhibitory activity at concentration of 2 μg/disc against Planococcus donghaensis, Erythrobacter litoralis, Alivibrio salmonicida, Vibrio furnisii. Overall, the modified analogues showed stronger activity than the parent marine natural product (isatin) and hence 1H-indole-2,3-dione scaffold has immense potential as future antibacterial/antifouling candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh S Majik
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula Goa 403 004, India.
| | - Cheryl Rodrigues
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula Goa 403 004, India
| | - Stacey Mascarenhas
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula Goa 403 004, India
| | - Lisette D'Souza
- Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory, CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona-Paula Goa 403 004, India
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9
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Cedergreen N. Quantifying synergy: a systematic review of mixture toxicity studies within environmental toxicology. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96580. [PMID: 24794244 PMCID: PMC4008607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 502] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocktail effects and synergistic interactions of chemicals in mixtures are an area of great concern to both the public and regulatory authorities. The main concern is whether some chemicals can enhance the effect of other chemicals, so that they jointly exert a larger effect than predicted. This phenomenon is called synergy. Here we present a review of the scientific literature on three main groups of environmentally relevant chemical toxicants: pesticides, metal ions and antifouling compounds. The aim of the review is to determine 1) the frequency of synergy, 2) the extent of synergy, 3) whether any particular groups or classes of chemicals tend to induce synergy, and 4) which physiological mechanisms might be responsible for this synergy. Synergy is here defined as mixtures with minimum two-fold difference between observed and predicted effect concentrations using Concentration Addition (CA) as a reference model and including both lethal and sub-lethal endpoints. The results showed that synergy occurred in 7%, 3% and 26% of the 194, 21 and 136 binary pesticide, metal and antifoulants mixtures included in the data compilation on frequency. The difference between observed and predicted effect concentrations was rarely more than 10-fold. For pesticides, synergistic mixtures included cholinesterase inhibitors or azole fungicides in 95% of 69 described cases. Both groups of pesticides are known to interfere with metabolic degradation of other xenobiotics. For the four synergistic metal and 47 synergistic antifoulant mixtures the pattern in terms of chemical groups inducing synergy was less clear. Hypotheses in terms of mechanisms governing these interactions are discussed. It was concluded that true synergistic interactions between chemicals are rare and often occur at high concentrations. Addressing the cumulative rather than synergistic effect of co-occurring chemicals, using standard models as CA, is therefore regarded as the most important step in the risk assessment of chemical cocktails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Cedergreen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Iyapparaj P, Revathi P, Ramasubburayan R, Prakash S, Palavesam A, Immanuel G, Anantharaman P, Sautreau A, Hellio C. Antifouling and toxic properties of the bioactive metabolites from the seagrasses Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea serrulata. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 103:54-60. [PMID: 24576890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study documents the antifouling and toxic properties of seagrasses Syringodium isoetifolium and Cymodocea serrulata. For that, the seagrasses S. isoetifolium and C. serrulata were extracted individually using organic solvents viz. dichloromethane, acetone and methanol. Amongst the extracts, the maximum antimicrofouling and antimacrofouling activities were exhibited by methanol extracts of both the seagrasses. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of methanolic extracts of seagrasses was ranged from 1.0 to 10µg/ml against test biofilm bacteria and microalgal strains. Similarly, 100% fouling inhibition of limpet Patella vulgata was found at 6.0mg/ml of methanolic extracts of seagrasses. The mussel Perna indica showed 50% of byssal production and attachment inhibition at 21.51±2.03, 17.82±1.07µg/ml and the anticrustaecean activity for 50% mortality of Artemia salina was recorded at 732.14±9.21 and 394.16±5.16µg/ml respectively for methanolic extracts of S. isoetifolium and C. serrulata. The minimal inhibitory and higher lethal concentrations of active methanol extracts shows it׳s less toxic nature. Based on the prolific results, methanol extracts of S. isoetifolium and C. serrulata were subjected to purification using silica gel column and thin layer chromatography. Then the active compounds of the bioassay guided fractions were partially characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and keyed out that fatty acids (C16 to C24) were the major components which responsible for the antifouling properties of the candidate seagrasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanisamy Iyapparaj
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Peranandam Revathi
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Santhiyagu Prakash
- Research Institute, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Grasian Immanuel
- CMST, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Rajakkamangalam 629502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Perumal Anantharaman
- CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608502, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Asmita Sautreau
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Claire Hellio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
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Li YX, Wu HX, Xu Y, Shao CL, Wang CY, Qian PY. Antifouling activity of secondary metabolites isolated from chinese marine organisms. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2013; 15:552-8. [PMID: 23613141 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling results in tremendous economic losses to maritime industries around the world. A recent global ban on the use of organotin compounds as antifouling agents has further raised demand for safe and effective antifouling compounds. In this study, 49 secondary metabolites, including diterpenoids, steroids, and polyketides, were isolated from soft corals, gorgonians, brown algae, and fungi collected along the coast of China, and their antifouling activity was tested against cyprids of the barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) amphitrite. Twenty of the compounds were found to inhibit larval settlement significantly at a concentration of 25 μg ml(-1). Two briarane diterpenoids, juncin O (2) and juncenolide H (3), were the most promising non-toxic antilarval settlement candidates, with EC50 values less than 0.13 μg ml(-1) and a safety ratio (LC50/EC50) higher than 400. A preliminary structure-activity relationships study indicated that both furanon and furan moieties are important for antifouling activity. Intriguingly, the presence of hydroxyls enhanced their antisettlement activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Li
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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12
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Bao VWW, Leung KMY, Lui GCS, Lam MHW. Acute and chronic toxicities of Irgarol alone and in combination with copper to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:1140-1148. [PMID: 23069205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Irgarol 1051 has been widely used as a booster biocide in combination with copper (Cu) in antifouling paints. The combined toxicity of Irgarol with Cu on marine organisms, however, has not been fully investigated. This study investigated the acute and chronic toxicities of binary mixtures of Irgarol and CuSO(4) to the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. The acute combined toxicity of Irgarol and Cu was simple additive as revealed by two response surface models and their contours. However, based on chronic full life-cycle tests, when Irgarol was combined with Cu at an environmentally realistic concentration (10 μg L(-1)), a slightly synergistic effect was observed at a high Irgarol concentration (940 μg L(-1)), as shown by a significant increase in larval mortality. As Cu contamination is widespread in coastal environments, our results entail the importance of considering the combined toxic effect of the booster biocide and Cu for setting ecologically realistic water quality criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien W W Bao
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
Various antifouling (AF) coatings have been developed to protect submerged surfaces by deterring the settlement of the colonizing stages of fouling organisms. A review of the literature shows that effective AF compounds with specific targets are ones often considered non-toxic. Such compounds act variously on ion channels, quorum sensing systems, neurotransmitters, production/release of adhesive, and specific enzymes that regulate energy production or primary metabolism. In contrast, AF compounds with general targets may or may not act through toxic mechanisms. These compounds affect a variety of biological activities including algal photosynthesis, energy production, stress responses, genotoxic damage, immunosuppressed protein expression, oxidation, neurotransmission, surface chemistry, the formation of biofilms, and adhesive production/release. Among all the targets, adhesive production/release is the most common, possibly due to a more extensive research effort in this area. Overall, the specific molecular targets and the molecular mechanisms of most AF compounds have not been identified. Thus, the information available is insufficient to draw firm conclusions about the types of molecular targets to be used as sensitive biomarkers for future design and screening of compounds with AF potential. In this review, the relevant advantages and disadvantages of the molecular tools available for studying the molecular targets of AF compounds are highlighted briefly and the molecular mechanisms of the AF compounds, which are largely a source of speculation in the literature, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yuan Qian
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, HKSAR, China.
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Li Y, Zhang F, Xu Y, Matsumura K, Han Z, Liu L, Lin W, Jia Y, Qian PY. Structural optimization and evaluation of butenolides as potent antifouling agents: modification of the side chain affects the biological activities of compounds. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:857-864. [PMID: 22920194 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.717071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A recent global ban on the use of organotin compounds as antifouling agents has increased the need for safe and effective antifouling compounds. In this study, a series of new butenolide derivatives with various amine side chains was synthesized and evaluated for their anti-larval settlement activities in the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite. Side chain modification of butenolide resulted in butenolides 3c-3d, which possessed desirable physico-chemical properties and demonstrated highly effective non-toxic anti-larval settlement efficacy. A structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that varying the alkyl side chain had a notable effect on anti-larval settlement activity and that seven to eight carbon alkyl side chains with a tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) substituent on an amine terminal were optimal in terms of bioactivity. Analysis of the physico-chemical profile of butenolide analogues indicated that lipophilicity is a very important physico-chemical parameter contributing to bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Li
- KAUST Global Collaborative Research, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong , PR China
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Bao VWW, Leung KMY, Qiu JW, Lam MHW. Acute toxicities of five commonly used antifouling booster biocides to selected subtropical and cosmopolitan marine species. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1147-1151. [PMID: 21420693 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Since 1990s, various booster biocides have been increasingly used as substitutes of organotins. However, knowledge about their toxicities on tropical/sub-tropical marine species is significantly lacking. This study comprehensively investigated the acute toxicities of copper, tributyltin (TBT), and five commonly used booster biocides including Irgarol, diuron, zinc pyrithione (ZnPT), copper pyrithione (CuPT) and chlorothalonil on the growth or survival of 12 marine species in which eight of them are native species of subtropical Hong Kong. We found that Irgarol was more toxic than TBT on the growth of autotrophic species. The toxicity of CuPT was comparable to that of TBT on almost all test species, while it showed higher toxicity than TBT on medaka fish larvae. As the usage of these biocides is expected to further increase worldwide, accurate assessments of their ecological risks are required for better informed decision on their management. This study provided useful datasets for such purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien W W Bao
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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Camps M, Briand JF, Guentas-Dombrowsky L, Culioli G, Bazire A, Blache Y. Antifouling activity of commercial biocides vs. natural and natural-derived products assessed by marine bacteria adhesion bioassay. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2011; 62:1032-1040. [PMID: 21414639 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation is a key step during marine biofouling, the natural colonization of immersed substrata, leading to major economic and ecological consequences. Consequently, bacteria have been used for the screening of new non-toxic antifoulants: the adhesion of five strains isolated on three French locations was monitored using a fluorescence-based assay and toxicity was also evaluated. Nine biocides including commercial, natural and natural-derived products were tested. The commercial antifoulants, TBTO and Sea Nine showed low EC(50) but high toxicity. The non-commercial products TFA-Z showed significant anti-adhesion activities and appeared to be non-toxic, suggesting a specific anti-adhesion mechanism. In addition, the strains could be classified depending on their sensitivity to the molecules used even if strain sensitivity also depended on the molecules tested. In conclusion, TFA-Z would be a promising candidate as non-toxic antifoulant and our results strengthen the need to perform antifouling bioassays with a panel of strains showing different response profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Camps
- Laboratoire MAPIEM, EA 4323, Biofouling et Substances Naturelles Marines, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, 83162 La Valette-du-Var, France
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17
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Arning J, Matzke M, Stolte S, Nehen F, Bottin-Weber U, Böschen A, Abdulkarim S, Jastorff B, Ranke J. Analyzing Cytotoxic Effects of Selected Isothiazol-3-one Biocides Using the Toxic Ratio Concept and Structure−Activity Relationship Considerations. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1954-61. [DOI: 10.1021/tx900263m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arning
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marianne Matzke
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stolte
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frauke Nehen
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bottin-Weber
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andrea Böschen
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Salha Abdulkarim
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bernd Jastorff
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Ranke
- Department 3: Sustainability in Chemistry and Department 10: Theoretical Ecology, UFT−Centre for Environmental Research and Sustainable Technology, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-28359 Bremen, Germany, and Faculty of Biology/Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Bremen, Leobener Strasse, D-2835 Bremen, Germany
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18
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Zhou X, Xu Y, Jin C, Qian PY. Reversible anti-settlement activity against Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite, Bugula neritina, and Hydroides elegans by a nontoxic pharmaceutical compound, mizolastine. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:739-747. [PMID: 20183132 DOI: 10.1080/08927010903154724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Mizolastine, an antihistamine pharmaceutical, was found to significantly inhibit larval settlement of the barnacle Amphibalanus (=Balanus) amphitrite, the bryozoan Bugula neritina, and the polychaete Hydroides elegans with EC(50) values of 4.2, 11.2, and 4.1 microg ml(-1), respectively. No toxicity against the larvae of these three species was observed at the concentration range tested during incubations with mizolastine. To determine whether the anti-settlement activity of mizolastine is reversible, recovery bioassays using these three species were conducted. More than 70% of the larvae that had been exposed for 4 h to mizolastine at concentrations four-fold greater than their respective EC(50) values completed normal metamorphosis. The results of the recovery bioassay provide evidence that the anti-settlement effect of mizolastine is reversible in addition to being nontoxic. The anti-settlement activities of several intermediates of the synthesis process of mizolastine were also examined. One of the intermediates, 2-chloro-1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole, inhibited larval settlement and metamorphosis with low toxicity. These results may improve the understanding of the key functional group responsible for the anti-settlement activity of mizolastine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 131 Jiangyang Mid Road, Yangzhov, China
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19
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Zhou X, Zhang Z, Xu Y, Jin C, He H, Hao X, Qian PY. Flavone and isoflavone derivatives of terrestrial plants as larval settlement inhibitors of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. BIOFOULING 2009; 25:69-76. [PMID: 18855151 DOI: 10.1080/08927010802455941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To determine whether they could serve as non-toxic or less damaging alternative antifouling (AF) agents, 17 flavone and isoflavone derivatives were isolated from terrestrial plant extracts, purified and examined for their ability to inhibit the settlement of barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) cyprids. In larval bioassays, eight compounds showed strong anti-larval settlement activities, with EC(50) values <10 microg ml(-1). Through an analysis of the structure-activity relationship of these compounds, it was found that (1) the structural difference between flavones and isoflavones did not affect their AF activities; (2) the 5-hydroxyl group on the skeletons played a key role in AF activities; and (3) the presence of hydroxyl group or bulky group on C3 significantly reduced AF activities. A hydrolysis experiment using genistein, a typical active compound in this study, indicated that it was decomposed in the marine environment by hydrolysis reaction and that the degradation speed was significantly affected by pH. In a field AF test, genistein inhibited the attachment of B. amphitrite on panels coated with genistein-paint mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhou
- Coastal Marine Laboratory and Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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20
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Bao VWW, Leung KMY, Kwok KWH, Zhang AQ, Lui GCS. Synergistic toxic effects of zinc pyrithione and copper to three marine species: Implications on setting appropriate water quality criteria. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:616-623. [PMID: 18495176 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) is widely applied in conjunction with copper (Cu) in antifouling paints as a substitute for tributyltin. The combined effects of ZnPT and Cu on marine organisms, however, have not been fully investigated. This study examined the toxicities of ZnPT alone and in combination with Cu to the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana, polychaete larvae Hydroides elegans and amphipod Elasmopus rapax. Importantly, ZnPT and Cu resulted in a strong synergistic effect with isobologram interaction parameter lambda>1 for all test species. The combined toxicity of ZnPT and Cu was successfully modelled using the non-parametric response surface and its contour. Such synergistic effects may be partly due to the formation of copper pyrithione. It is, therefore, inadequate to assess the ecological risk of ZnPT to marine organisms solely based on the toxicity data generated from the biocide alone. To better protect precious marine resources, it is advocated to develop appropriate water quality criteria for ZnPT with the consideration of its compelling synergistic effects with Cu at environmentally realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien W W Bao
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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21
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Whole-cell luminescence-based flow-through biodetector for toxicity testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:1181-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1770-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Zhou X, Okamura H, Nagata S. Abiotic degradation of triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP) antifouling agent in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1904-10. [PMID: 17257651 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The abiotic degradation of the new antifouling agent, triphenylborane pyridine (TPBP), was investigated in buffer solutions having different pH values (pH 5, 7, and 9), and in artificial and natural seawater to estimate environmental fate of TPBP. The TPBP in these waters was decomposed by a seven-day hydrolysis process at 50 degrees C both in the dark and a photolysis process under UV-A irradiation using a high-pressure mercury lamp for periods up to 24h. TPBP hydrolysis was significantly enhanced by acidic pH solutions. The photolysis rate of TPBP was higher in acidic pH solutions than in neutral or basic pH solutions, and was highest in natural seawater, which could have contained naturally dissolved organic matter. Two degradation products, phenol and an unknown substance (Peak #1), were observed during the hydrolysis and photolysis studies of TPBP. The concentration of these substances after a one-day photolysis treatment was higher than after a seven-day hydrolysis treatment. The degradation rate of TPBP in the five test water samples was related to the simultaneous photolysis formation of phenol and Peak #1. However, the degradation rate of TPBP was not related to the formation of the hydrolysis products. Therefore, it is suggested that photodegradation of TPBP follows a different pathway to the hydrolysis degradation of TPBP. Our results indicate the chemical and photochemical reaction of TPBP in water occurs in natural aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhou
- Environmental Biochemistry Division, Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University, Fukaeminami 5-1-1, Higashinada, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
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