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Kong Y, Kuss M, Shi Y, Fang F, Xue W, Shi W, Liu Y, Zhang C, Zhong P, Duan B. Exercise facilitates regeneration after severe nerve transection and further modulates neural plasticity. Brain Behav Immun Health 2022; 26:100556. [PMID: 36405423 PMCID: PMC9673108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with severe traumatic peripheral nerve injury (PNI) always suffer from incomplete recovery and poor functional outcome. Physical exercise-based rehabilitation, as a non-invasive interventional strategy, has been widely acknowledged to improve PNI recovery by promoting nerve regeneration and relieving pain. However, effects of exercise on chronic plastic changes following severe traumatic PNIs have been limitedly discussed. In this study, we created a long-gap sciatic nerve transection followed by autograft bridging in rats and tested the therapeutic functions of treadmill running with low intensity and late initiation. We demonstrated that treadmill running effectively facilitated nerve regeneration and prevented muscle atrophy and thus improved sensorimotor functions and walking performance. Furthermore, exercise could reduce inflammation at the injured nerve as well as prevent the overexpression of TRPV1, a pain sensor, in primary afferent sensory neurons. In the central nervous system, we found that PNI induced transcriptive changes at the ipsilateral lumber spinal dorsal horn, and exercise could reverse the differential expression for genes involved in the Notch signaling pathway. In addition, through neural imaging techniques, we found volumetric, microstructural, metabolite, and neuronal activity changes in supraspinal regions of interest (i.e., somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, hippocampus, etc.) after the PNI, some of which could be reversed through treadmill running. In summary, treadmill running with late initiation could promote recovery from long-gap nerve transection, and while it could reverse maladaptive plasticity after the PNI, exercise may also ameliorate comorbidities, such as chronic pain, mental depression, and anxiety in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfan Kong
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mitchell Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yu Shi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Fang Fang
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wen Xue
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Center for Plant Science Innovation, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Peng Zhong
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Exosomes Derived from Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Carrying miRNA-22-3p Promote Schwann Cells Proliferation and Migration through Downregulation of PTEN. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:7071877. [PMID: 36148159 PMCID: PMC9489425 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7071877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is often resulting from trauma, which leads to severe and permanently disability. Schwann cells are critical for facilitating the regeneration process after PNI. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) exosomes have been used as a novel treatment for peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we isolated ADSCs and extracted exosomes, which were verified by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and western blot (WB). Cocultured with Dorsal Root Ganglion (DRG) and Schwann cells (SCs) to evaluate the effect of exosomes on the growth of DRG axons by immunofluorescence, and the proliferation and migration of SCs by CCK8 and Transwell assays, respectively. Through exosomal miRNA sequencing and bioinformatic analysis, the related miRNAs and target gene were predicted and identified by dual luciferase assay. Related miRNAs were overexpressed and inhibited, respectively, to clarify their effects; the downstream pathway through the target gene was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and WB. Results found that ADSC-exosomes could promote the proliferation and migration of SCs and the growth of DRG axons, respectively. Exosomal miRNA-22-3p from ADSCs directly inhibited the expression of Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 (PTEN), activated phosphorylation of the AKT/mTOR axis, and enhanced SCs proliferation and migration. In conclusion, our findings suggest that ADSC-exosomes could promote SCs function through exosomal miRNA-22-3p, which could be used as a therapeutic target for peripheral nerve injury.
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Okura A, Inoue K, Sakuma E, Takase H, Ueki T, Mase M. SGK1 in Schwann cells is a potential molecular switch involved in axonal and glial regeneration during peripheral nerve injury. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 607:158-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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English AW, Carrasco D, Hoffman D, Isaacson R, Kang SS, Khan S, Liu X, Ye K. Oral Treatments With the TrkB Ligand Prodrug, R13, Promote Enhanced Axon Regeneration Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:857664. [PMID: 35496909 PMCID: PMC9051483 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.857664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury is slow and inefficient, leading to generally poor functional recovery. Activity-dependent experimental therapies that increase expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its TrkB receptors enhance regeneration, suggesting that treatments with BDNF might also be effective. However, recombinant human BDNF (rhBDNF), as well as 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF), a small molecular BDNF mimetic, may have limited treatment applications because of their modest oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile. R13 is a 7,8-DHF prodrug. Upon oral administration, it is converted in the liver to 7,8-DHF. In immunoblots from tissues at the site of nerve injury, a single oral treatment with R13 to mice following sciatic nerve transection and repair produced a rapid and prolonged increase in immunoreactivity to phosphorylated TrkB, prolonged phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK/Erk1/2), and a rapid but transient increase in phosphorylated AKT (protein kinase B). Intramuscular injections of fluorescent retrograde tracers into the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles 4 weeks after nerve injury resulted in significantly greater numbers of labeled motoneurons and dorsal root ganglion neurons in R13-treated mice than in vehicle-treated controls. Direct electromyographic (EMG) responses (M waves) were significantly larger in R13-treated mice 4 weeks after injury than vehicle-treated controls or mice treated with oral 7,8-DHF. Oral treatments with the prodrug, R13, are a potent therapy for stimulating axon regeneration and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur W. English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Arthur W. English,
| | - Dario Carrasco
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dustin Hoffman
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Robin Isaacson
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Seong Su Kang
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Samia Khan
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xia Liu
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Keqiang Ye
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
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Li Y, Jin X, Yang X, Zhang L, Qi Z. Creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury by affecting macrophage polarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 604:116-122. [PMID: 35303677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore whether creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury and its possible mechanism. In vitro: RAW264.7 cells were used to investigate the role of proteins related to the JAK2/STAT1 pathway in the polarization of macrophages treated with creatine. In vivo: A sciatic nerve crush model was used. After the injury, IL-4 or creatine was injected. The recovery of motor function was assessed by the rotarod test and sciatic function index at 2, 6, 10, and 16 days after injury. At 16 days after injury, the ultrastructure of the nerve tissue was observed under a transmission electron microscope. Immunostaining were performed at 4 and 16 days to investigate the expression levels of macrophage-related markers as well as the distribution of macrophages after injury. Compared with the IFN-γ group, the group pretreated with creatine showed a significant decrease in p-JAK2 and p-STAT1 in vitro. The motor function of mice in the creatine group (CR1) and creatine 4 days group (CR2) was significantly improved compared to the control group (CON). The improvement in the CR2 group was more significant. Immunostaining showed that infiltrating macrophages mainly comprised M1 macrophages in the CON group and M2 macrophages in the CR group. Our study shows that creatine promotes the repair of peripheral nerve injury by affecting macrophage polarization, possibly through decreasing M1 polarization by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaolei Jin
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Xiaonan Yang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Lanxin Zhang
- Center of Clinical Biological Sample Management, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PR China.
| | - Zuoliang Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No.33 Badachu Road, Shijingshan District, 100144, Beijing, PR China.
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MicroRNAs 21 and 199a-3p Regulate Axon Growth Potential through Modulation of Pten and mTor mRNAs. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0155-21.2021. [PMID: 34326064 PMCID: PMC8362682 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0155-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mTOR activity has been shown to enhance regeneration of injured axons by increasing neuronal protein synthesis, while PTEN signaling can block mTOR activity to attenuate protein synthesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in regulation of PTEN and mTOR expression, and previous work in spinal cord showed an increase in miR-199a-3p after spinal cord injury (SCI) and increase in miR-21 in SCI animals that had undergone exercise. Pten mRNA is a target for miR-21 and miR-199a-3p is predicted to target mTor mRNA. Here, we show that miR-21 and miR-199a-3p are expressed in adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, and we used culture preparations to test functions of the rat miRs in adult DRG and embryonic cortical neurons. miR-21 increases and miR-199a-3p decreases in DRG neurons after in vivo axotomy. In both the adult DRG and embryonic cortical neurons, miR-21 promotes and miR-199a-3p attenuates neurite growth. miR-21 directly bound to Pten mRNA and miR-21 overexpression decreased Pten mRNA levels. Conversely, miR-199a-3p directly bound to mTor mRNA and miR-199a-3p overexpression decreased mTor mRNA levels. Overexpressing miR-21 increased both overall and intra-axonal protein synthesis in cultured DRGs, while miR-199a-3p overexpression decreased this protein synthesis. The axon growth phenotypes seen with miR-21 and miR-199a-3p overexpression were reversed by co-transfecting PTEN and mTOR cDNA expression constructs with the predicted 3′ untranslated region (UTR) miR target sequences deleted. Taken together, these studies indicate that injury-induced alterations in miR-21 and miR-199a-3p expression can alter axon growth capacity by changing overall and intra-axonal protein synthesis through regulation of the PTEN/mTOR pathway.
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Kim JE, Cho YH, Seo TB. Treadmill exercise activates ATF3 and ERK1/2 downstream molecules to facilitate axonal regrowth after sciatic nerve injury. J Exerc Rehabil 2020; 16:141-147. [PMID: 32509698 PMCID: PMC7248442 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2040188.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of treadmill exer-cise on activating transcription factors such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) sig-naling pathway to facilitate axonal regrowth after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). The experimental rats divided into the normal control (n=10), sedentary groups for 7 (n=10) and 14 days (n=10) post crush, exercise group for 7 (n=10) and 14 days (n=10) post crush (dpc). The rats in ex-ercise groups run on treadmill device at a speed of 8 m/min for 20 min once a day according to exercise duration. In order to evaluate specific regeneration markers and axonal elongation in injured sciatic nerve, we applied immunofluorescence staining and western blot techniques. Treadmill exercise further increased growth-associated protein (GAP-43) expression and axonal regrowth at 7 and 14 dpc than those in sed-entary group. Among mitogen-activated protein kinase downstream molecules, phospho-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) was enhanced by treadmill ex-ercise at only 7 dpc and decreased to basal level 14 days later. But c-Jun N-terminal kinase, c-Jun, and phospho-cyclic adenosine mono-phosphate response element-binding protein showed a tendency to in-crease continuously until 14 dpc by exercise. ATF3 expression in exer-cise group was upregulated at both 7 and 14 dpc compared to the sed-entary group. These results indicate that treadmill exercise had benefi-cial effect on expression of regeneration-related proteins after SNI, suggesting that exercise might be one of various therapeutic strategies for sciatic nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Tae-Beom Seo
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Natural Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Park S, Liu CY, Ward PJ, Jaiswal PB, English AW. Effects of Repeated 20-Hz Electrical Stimulation on Functional Recovery Following Peripheral Nerve Injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2019; 33:775-784. [PMID: 31328654 DOI: 10.1177/1545968319862563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One hour of 20-Hz continuous electrical stimulation (ES) applied at the time of injury promotes the regeneration of axons in cut peripheral nerves. A more robust enhancement of peripheral axon regeneration is achieved by 2 weeks of daily treadmill exercise. We investigated whether repeated applications of brief ES (mES) would be more effective in promoting regeneration than a single application. Sciatic nerves of C57B6 mice were cut and repaired by end-to-end anastomosis. At that time and every third day for 2 weeks, the repaired nerve was stimulated for 1 hour at 20 Hz. In controls, injured mice were either untreated or treated with ES only once. Direct muscle responses recorded from reinnervated muscles in awake animals were observed earlier both in mice treated with ES and mES than untreated controls. Their amplitudes increased progressively over the post transection study period, but the rate of this progression was increased significantly only in animals treated once with ES. Monosynaptic H reflexes recovered to pretransection levels in both untreated and singly treated mice but in the animals treated repeatedly, they were maintained at more than twice that of the same reflexes recorded prior to injury. In anatomical analyses, both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic contacts with the cell bodies of injured motoneurons, including those expressing the vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1), were sustained in mice treated repeatedly but not in singly treated or untreated mice. Repeated ES does not enhance the rate of restoration of functional muscle reinnervation and results in the retention of exaggerated reflexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Park
- 1 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cai-Yue Liu
- 2 Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Chen M, Huang RC, Yang LQ, Ren DL, Hu B. In vivo
imaging of evoked calcium responses indicates the intrinsic axonal regenerative capacity of zebrafish. FASEB J 2019; 33:7721-7733. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802649r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Rong-Chen Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Lei-Qing Yang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Da-Long Ren
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| | - Bing Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and DiseaseUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
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McGregor CE, English AW. The Role of BDNF in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration: Activity-Dependent Treatments and Val66Met. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:522. [PMID: 30687012 PMCID: PMC6336700 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of peripheral nerves to spontaneously regenerate after injury, recovery is generally very poor. The neurotrophins have emerged as an important modulator of axon regeneration, particularly brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF regulation and signaling, as well as its role in activity-dependent treatments including electrical stimulation, exercise, and optogenetic stimulation are discussed here. The importance of a single nucleotide polymorphism in the BDNF gene, Val66Met, which is present in 30% of the human population and may hinder the efficacy of these treatments in enhancing regeneration after injury is considered. Preliminary data are presented on the effectiveness of one such activity-dependent treatment, electrical stimulation, in enhancing axon regeneration in mice expressing the met allele of the Val66Met polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Emma McGregor
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Qing L, Chen H, Tang J, Jia X. Exosomes and Their MicroRNA Cargo: New Players in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:765-776. [PMID: 30223738 PMCID: PMC6146407 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318798955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a major clinical problem and often results in a poor functional recovery. Despite obvious clinical need, treatment strategies have been largely suboptimal. In the nervous system, exosomes, which are nanosized extracellular vesicles, play a critical role in mediating intercellular communication. More specifically, microRNA carried by exosomes are involved in various key processes such as nerve and vascular regeneration, and exosomes originating from Schwann cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells can promote peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, the current knowledge of exosomes' and their miRNA cargo's role in peripheral nerve regeneration are summarized. The possible future roles of exosomes in therapy and the potential for microRNA-containing exosomes to treat peripheral nerve injuries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qing
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital of
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital of
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Miyamoto T, Iwakura T, Matsuoka N, Iwamoto M, Takenaka M, Akamatsu Y, Moritani T. Impact of prolonged neuromuscular electrical stimulation on metabolic profile and cognition-related blood parameters in type 2 diabetes: A randomized controlled cross-over trial. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 142:37-45. [PMID: 29802953 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to examine the effect of prolonged neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) on the metabolic profile and cognition-related blood parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Fourteen patients with T2DM (63.2 ± 3.0 years, 76.1 ± 3.5 kg) participated in a randomized controlled cross-over study, in which 8-week-long NMES interventions were performed on both legs. The NMES training protocol consisted of 40-min sessions, 5 days per week, for 8 weeks. The relative changes in glucose and lipid profiles, and cognition-related blood parameters were evaluated. RESULTS NMES training induced significant changes in the fasting glucose concentration (p < 0.05) and percent body fat (p < 0.05), although there were no significant changes in HbA1c and blood lipid levels (p ≥ 0.05). The change in plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels was significantly higher in the NMES period than in the control period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that an 8-week NMES training program could induce greater changes in the blood glucose concentration, percent body fat, and plasma BDNF levels than the control intervention in patients with T2DM. NMES training might prove to be an alternative exercise method for patients who might have difficulties in performing adequate voluntary exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Miyamoto
- School of Rehabilitation, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Toshio Iwakura
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsuoka
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masako Iwamoto
- Nutrition Management Department, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mariko Takenaka
- Nutrition Management Department, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasunori Akamatsu
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Moritani
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Time course of denervation-induced changes in gastrocnemius muscles of adult and old rats. Exp Gerontol 2018; 106:165-172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ren C, Chen X, Du N, Geng S, Hu Y, Liu X, Wu X, Lin Y, Bai X, Yin W, Cheng S, Yang L, Zhang Y. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound promotes Schwann cell viability and proliferation via the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:497-507. [PMID: 29805301 PMCID: PMC5968842 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.22409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been reported that ultrasound enhances peripheral nerve regeneration, but the mechanism remains elusive. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has been reported to enhance proliferation and alter protein production in various types of cells. In this study, we detected the effects of LIPUS on Schwann cells. Material and methods: Schwann cells were separated from new natal Sprague-Dawley rat sciatic nerves and were cultured and purified. The Schwann cells were treated by LIPUS for 10 minutes every day, with an intensity of 27.37 mW/cm2. After treatment for 5 days, MTT, EdU staining, and flow cytometry were performed to examine cell viability and proliferation. Neurotrophic factors, including FGF, NGF, BDNF, and GDNF, were measured by western blot and real-time PCR. GSK-3β, p-GSK-3β, β-catenin and Cyclin D1 protein levels were detected using a western blot analysis. The expression of Cyclin D1 was also detected by immunofluorescence. Results: MTT and EdU staining showed that LIPUS increased the Schwann cells viability and proliferation. Compared to the control group, LIPUS increased the expression of growth factors and neurotrophic factors, including FGF, NGF, BDNF, GDNF, and Cyclin D1. Meanwhile, GSK-3β activity was inhibited in the LIPUS group as demonstrated by the increased level of p-GSK-3β and the ratio of the p-GSK-3β/GSK-3β level. The mRNA and protein expressions of β-catenin were increased in the LIPUS group. However, SB216763, a GSK-3β inhibitor, reversed the effects of LIPUS on Schwann cells. Conclusion: LIPUS promotes Schwann cell viability and proliferation by increasing Cyclin D1 expression via enhancing the GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ren
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Ning Du
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Yingying Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Xianxian Wu
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
| | - Wenzhe Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150001, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Departmentof Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, eilongjiang Province 150081, China
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
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15
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Duret C, Mazzoleni S. Upper limb robotics applied to neurorehabilitation: An overview of clinical practice. NeuroRehabilitation 2018; 41:5-15. [PMID: 28505985 DOI: 10.3233/nre-171452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the last two decades, extensive interaction between clinicians and engineers has led to the development of systems that stimulate neural plasticity to optimize motor recovery after neurological lesions. This has resulted in the expansion of the field of robotics for rehabilitation. Studies in patients with stroke-related upper-limb paresis have shown that robotic rehabilitation can improve motor capacity. However, few other applications have been evaluated (e.g. tremor, peripheral nerve injuries or other neurological diseases). PURPOSE This paper presents an overview of the current use of upper limb robotic systems for neurorehabilitation, and highlights the rationale behind their use for the assessment and treatment of common neurological disorders. CONCLUSIONS Rehabilitation robots are little integrated in clinical practice, except after stroke. Although few studies have been carried out to evaluate their effectiveness, evidence from the neurosciences and indications from pilot studies suggests that upper limb robotic rehabilitation can be applied safely in various other neurological conditions. Rehabilitation robots provide an intensity, quality and dose of treatment that exceeds therapist-mediated rehabilitation. Moreover, the use of force fields, multi-sensory environments, feedback etc. renders such rehabilitation engaging and motivating. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation robots in neurological pathologies other than stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Duret
- Centre de Rééducation Fonctionnelle Les Trois Soleils, Médecine Physique et de Réadaptation, Unité de Neurorééducation, Boissise-Le-Roi, France.,Centre Hospitalier Sud Francilien, Neurologie, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.,Rehabilitation Bioengineering Laboratory, Volterra, Italy
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16
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Yang X, Xue P, Wei R, Liu X, Xu X, Liu Z, Chen Y, Chen Z. Dihydrotestosterone Treatment Accelerates Autograft Reversal Sciatic Nerve Regeneration in Rats. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:659-668. [PMID: 29340845 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2466-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Neuroactive steroids such as progesterone, testosterone, and their derivatives have been widely studied for their neuroprotective roles in the nervous system. Autologous nerve transplantation is considered as the gold standard repair technique when primary suture is impossible; nevertheless, this method is far from ideal. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a 5α-reduced derivative of testosterone, on the recovery of peripheral nerve injury treated with autologous nerve transplantation. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 10-mm right side sciatic nerve reversed autologous nerve transplantation and randomly divided into groups that received DHT or DHT + flutamide (an androgen receptor blocker) daily for 8 weeks after operation. Our results demonstrated that DHT could speed up the rate of axonal regeneration and increase the expression of myelin protein zero (P0) in autograft reversal sciatic nerves. Thus, our study provided new insights into improving the prognosis of patients with long gap peripheral nerve defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Pingping Xue
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ruozheng Wei
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The People's Hospital of Hanchuan, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 432300, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiang Xu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zhenbing Chen
- Department of Hand Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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17
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Meng L, Huang T, Sun C, Hill DL, Krimm R. BDNF is required for taste axon regeneration following unilateral chorda tympani nerve section. Exp Neurol 2017; 293:27-42. [PMID: 28347764 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taste nerves readily regenerate to reinnervate denervated taste buds; however, factors required for regeneration have not yet been identified. When the chorda tympani nerve is sectioned, expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) remains high in the geniculate ganglion and lingual epithelium, despite the loss of taste buds. These observations suggest that BDNF is present in the taste system after nerve section and may support taste nerve regeneration. To test this hypothesis, we inducibly deleted Bdnf during adulthood in mice. Shortly after Bdnf gene recombination, the chorda tympani nerve was unilaterally sectioned causing a loss of both taste buds and neurons, irrespective of BDNF levels. Eight weeks after nerve section, however, regeneration was differentially affected by Bdnf deletion. In control mice, there was regeneration of the chorda tympani nerve and taste buds reappeared with innervation. In contrast, few taste buds were reinnervated in mice lacking normal Bdnf expression such that taste bud number remained low. In all genotypes, taste buds that were reinnervated were normal-sized, but non-innervated taste buds remained small and atrophic. On the side of the tongue contralateral to the nerve section, taste buds for some genotypes became larger and all taste buds remained innervated. Our findings suggest that BDNF is required for nerve regeneration following gustatory nerve section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbin Meng
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Chengsan Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - David L Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Robin Krimm
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
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18
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Cannoy J, Crowley S, Jarratt A, Werts KL, Osborne K, Park S, English AW. Upslope treadmill exercise enhances motor axon regeneration but not functional recovery following peripheral nerve injury. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1408-17. [PMID: 27466130 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00129.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following peripheral nerve injury, moderate daily exercise conducted on a level treadmill results in enhanced axon regeneration and modest improvements in functional recovery. If the exercise is conducted on an upwardly inclined treadmill, even more motor axons regenerate successfully and reinnervate muscle targets. Whether this increased motor axon regeneration also results in greater improvement in functional recovery from sciatic nerve injury was studied. Axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation were studied in Lewis rats over an 11 wk postinjury period using stimulus evoked electromyographic (EMG) responses in the soleus muscle of awake animals. Motor axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation were enhanced in slope-trained rats. Direct muscle (M) responses reappeared faster in slope-trained animals than in other groups and ultimately were larger than untreated animals. The amplitude of monosynaptic H reflexes recorded from slope-trained rats remained significantly smaller than all other groups of animals for the duration of the study. The restoration of the amplitude and pattern of locomotor EMG activity in soleus and tibialis anterior and of hindblimb kinematics was studied during treadmill walking on different slopes. Slope-trained rats did not recover the ability to modulate the intensity of locomotor EMG activity with slope. Patterned EMG activity in flexor and extensor muscles was not noted in slope-trained rats. Neither hindblimb length nor limb orientation during level, upslope, or downslope walking was restored in slope-trained rats. Slope training enhanced motor axon regeneration but did not improve functional recovery following sciatic nerve transection and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Cannoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sam Crowley
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Allen Jarratt
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kelly LeFevere Werts
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista Osborne
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Optically-Induced Neuronal Activity Is Sufficient to Promote Functional Motor Axon Regeneration In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154243. [PMID: 27152611 PMCID: PMC4859548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common, and functional recovery is very poor. Beyond surgical repair of the nerve, there are currently no treatment options for these patients. In experimental models of nerve injury, interventions (such as exercise and electrical stimulation) that increase neuronal activity of the injured neurons effectively enhance axon regeneration. Here, we utilized optogenetics to determine whether increased activity alone is sufficient to promote motor axon regeneration. In thy-1-ChR2/YFP transgenic mice in which a subset of motoneurons express the light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin (ChR2), we activated axons in the sciatic nerve using blue light immediately prior to transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve. At four weeks post-injury, direct muscle EMG responses evoked with both optical and electrical stimuli as well as the ratio of these optical/electrical evoked EMG responses were significantly greater in mice that received optical treatment. Thus, significantly more ChR2+ axons successfully re-innervated the gastrocnemius muscle in mice that received optical treatment. Sections of the gastrocnemius muscles were reacted with antibodies to Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2 (SV2) to quantify the number of re-occupied motor endplates. The number of SV2+ endplates was greater in mice that received optical treatment. The number of retrogradely-labeled motoneurons following intramuscular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (conjugated to Alexa Fluor 555) was greater in mice that received optical treatment. Thus, the acute (1 hour), one-time optical treatment resulted in robust, long-lasting effects compared to untreated animals as well as untreated axons (ChR2-). We conclude that neuronal activation is sufficient to promote motor axon regeneration, and this regenerative effect is specific to the activated neurons.
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20
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Diamond A, Ling DS. Conclusions about interventions, programs, and approaches for improving executive functions that appear justified and those that, despite much hype, do not. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2015; 18:34-48. [PMID: 26749076 PMCID: PMC5108631 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 434] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘Executive Functions’ (EFs) of inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility enable us to think before we act, resist temptations or impulsive reactions, stay focused, reason, problem-solve, flexibly adjust to changed demands or priorities, and see things from new and different perspectives. These skills are critical for success in all life's aspects and are sometimes more predictive than even IQ or socioeconomic status. Understandably, there is great interest in improving EFs. It's now clear they can be improved at any age through training and practice, much as physical exercise hones physical fitness. However, despite claims to the contrary, wide transfer does not seem to occur and ‘mindless’ aerobic exercise does little to improve EFs. Important questions remain: How much can EFs be improved (are benefits only superficial) and how long can benefits be sustained? What are the best methods for improving EFs? What about an approach accounts for its success? Do the answers to these differ by individual characteristics such as age or gender? Since stress, sadness, loneliness, or poor health impair EFs, and the reverse enhances EFs, we predict that besides directly train EFs, the most successful approaches for improving EFs will also address emotional, social, and physical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Diamond
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, UBC, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2A1.
| | - Daphne S Ling
- Program in Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, UBC, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2A1
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