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Yamagishi T, Iwata S, Otsuka S, Ichinose H, Kawakami Y. Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Low-Volume Sprint Interval Exercises: Influence of Sprint Duration and Repetitions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1265-1274. [PMID: 38451737 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to determine physiological and metabolic responses to two different sprint interval exercises (SIE) matched for total sprint duration and sprint-rest ratio. METHODS After having measured peak oxygen uptake (V̇O 2peak ), 14 healthy males (27.1 ± 4.8 yr, 169.6 ± 6.0 cm, 64.5 ± 8.4 kg, V̇O 2peak : 47.2 ± 7.7 mL·kg -1 ·min -1 ) performed four 10-s sprints with 80-s recovery (SIE10) and two 20-s sprints with 160-s recovery (SIE20) on different occasions in a counterbalanced crossover manner. Pulmonary V̇O 2 and changes in tissue oxygenation index (∆TOI) at vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) were measured during the SIE. Furthermore, T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was taken immediately before and after the SIE to determine the activation levels of VL, RF, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, adductor magnus, biceps femoris long head, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus at 50% of right thigh length. RESULTS In SIE10, increases in V̇O 2 and ∆TOI at VL and RF plateaued after the second sprint, whereas session-averaged ∆TOI was greater in SIE20 than SIE10 in both muscles (VL: 20.9 ± 7.4 vs 14.2% ± 5.9%, RF: 22.8 ± 9.3 vs 12.9% ± 6.6%, P = 0.00). Although both SIE significantly increased T2 values in all eight muscles, those magnitudes were similar between the conditions (SIE10 vs SIE20: 5%-16% vs 8%-16%). CONCLUSIONS This study showed blunted responses of whole-body (V̇O 2 ) and peripheral (∆TOI) oxidative responses with successive sprints (sprint 1 < sprints 2-4) in SIE10, suggesting that increasing sprint repetitions does not necessarily induce greater oxidative metabolism or stimulus. Moreover, greater peripheral oxygen extraction (∆TOI) was achieved with SIE20, whereas %changes of T2 indicates that the thigh muscles were similarly activated between the SIE conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soya Iwata
- Division of Vehicle Development, Mazda Motor Corporation, Hiroshima, JAPAN
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, JAPAN
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Liu Y, Zhang J, Hu Z, Zhong Z, Yuan X. Acute effects of eccentric overload training with different loading doses in male sprinters. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32369. [PMID: 38947482 PMCID: PMC11214358 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The primary objective of this study was to investigate the immediate effects of two doses (Dose1 and Dose2,D1 and D2) of inertial Flywheel Eccentric Overload (FEOL), Eccentric Hook (EH), and High-intensity Half Squat (HHS) on muscle explosiveness in male sprinters. Methods Twenty-one sub-elite male sprinters were randomly assigned to three groups: the FEOL group (n=7), the EH group (n=7), and the HSS group (n=7),Measurements of athletes' explosive jumps (CMJ, SJ, SLJ) heights, relative peak power indices, and 30-m sprint times were collected before and 6 min after the intervention. Results At D1 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.05) after HHS training intervention, while there was no significant change in FEOL and EH training (p > 0.05). At D2 loading dose, CMJ, SJ jump height, and relative peak power increased significantly (p < 0.01) after FEOL and EH training intervention, but at D2HHS intervention, these indexes tended to decrease (p < 0.05). None of the three training protocols significantly improved SLJ performance (p > 0.05). CMJ vertical jump height and relative peak power were significantly higher after D2FEOL and D2EH interventions than after D1HHS (P < 0.05). Conclusion D1HHS, D2FEOL and D2EH3 intervention methods can all improve the performance of sub-elite athletes in the 30-m test, CMJ test and SJ test. in the CMJ test, FEOL training demonstrated a higher acute augmentation effect compared to EH training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Liu
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongzhong Hu
- Department of Sports Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixuan Zhong
- Department of Sports and Physical Education, Macau Polytechnic University, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- China Athletics College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- State General Administration of Sport Key Laboratory of Sports Training, Beijing, China
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Teo WP, Tan CX, Goodwill AM, Mohammad S, Ang YX, Latella C. Brain activation associated with low- and high-intensity concentric versus eccentric isokinetic contractions of the biceps brachii: An fNIRS study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14499. [PMID: 37732821 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that neural responses following concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) muscle contractions are different, which suggests differences in motor control associated with CON and ECC contractions. This study aims to determine brain activation of the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFCs) during ECC and CON of the right bicep brachii (BB) muscle at low- and high-contraction intensities. Eighteen young adults (13M/5F, 21-35 years) were recruited to participate in one familiarization and two testing sessions in a randomized crossover design. During each testing session, participants performed either ECC or CON contractions of the BB (3 sets × 8 reps) at low- (25% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) and high-intensity (75% of maximum ECC/CON, 45°/s) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Eleven-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure changes in oxyhemoglobin (O2 Hb) from the left M1, and left and right DLPFC during ECC and CON contractions. Maximum torque for ECC was higher than CON (43.3 ± 14.1 vs. 46.2 ± 15.7 N m, p = 0.025); however, no differences in O2 Hb were observed between contraction types at low or high intensities in measured brain regions. High-intensity ECC and CON contractions resulted in greater increases in O2 Hb of M1 and bilateral DLPFC compared to low-intensity ECC and CON contractions (p = 0.014). Our findings suggest no differences in O2 Hb responses between contraction types at high and low intensities. High-contraction intensities resulted in greater brain activation of the M1 and bilateral DLPFC, which may have implications for neurorehabilitation to increase central adaptations from exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Peng Teo
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clara Xinru Tan
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alicia M Goodwill
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Saqif Mohammad
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Xuan Ang
- Physical Education and Sport Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Latella
- Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Centre for Human Performance, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Kinoshita M, Maeo S, Kobayashi Y, Eihara Y, Ono M, Sato M, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Triceps surae muscle hypertrophy is greater after standing versus seated calf-raise training. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1272106. [PMID: 38156065 PMCID: PMC10753835 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The triceps surae muscle plays important roles in fundamental human movements. However, this muscle is relatively unresponsive to resistance training (difficult to hypertrophy) but prone to atrophy with inactivity compared with other muscles. Thus, identifying an effective training modality for the triceps surae is warranted. This study compared triceps surae muscle hypertrophy after standing/knee-extended versus seated/knee-flexed plantarflexion (calf-raise) training, where the gastrocnemius is lengthened and shortened, respectively. Methods: Fourteen untrained adults conducted calf-raise training with one leg in a standing/knee-extended position and the other leg in a seated/knee 90°-flexed position at 70% of one-repetition maximum. Each leg performed 10 repetitions/set, 5 sets/session, 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Before and after the intervention, magnetic resonance imaging scans were obtained to assess muscle volume of each and the whole triceps surae. Results: Muscle volume significantly increased in all three muscles and the whole triceps surae for both legs (p ≤ 0.031), except for the gastrocnemius muscles of the seated condition leg (p = 0.147-0.508). The changes in muscle volume were significantly greater for the standing than seated condition leg in the lateral gastrocnemius (12.4% vs. 1.7%), medial gastrocnemius (9.2% vs. 0.6%), and whole triceps surae (5.6% vs. 2.1%) (p ≤ 0.011), but similar between legs in the soleus (2.1% vs. 2.9%, p = 0.410). Conclusion: Standing calf-raise was by far more effective, therefore recommended, than seated calf-raise for inducing muscle hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius and consequently the whole triceps surae. This result and similar between-condition hypertrophy in the soleus collectively suggest that training at long muscle lengths promotes muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoka Kinoshita
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuuto Kobayashi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuuri Eihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Munetaka Ono
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Mauto Sato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Department of Physical Education, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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Pakosz P, Konieczny M, Domaszewski P, Dybek T, Gnoiński M, Skorupska E. Comparison of concentric and eccentric resistance training in terms of changes in the muscle contractile properties. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2023; 73:102824. [PMID: 37696055 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2023.102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The habitual use of resistance exercises involving concentric and eccentric contractions can increase muscle strength, speed and endurance. However, current knowledge has limited potential to fully understand the application of such resistance training and the muscle changes that occur to differentiate these two types of training. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of concentric contraction (CON) and eccentric contraction (ECC) during an acute bout of resistance training on the hamstring contractile properties. A group of 20 female recreational athletes were divided into two equal groups, CON training and ECC training. The contractile properties of the muscles on both sides of the body were assessed using tensiomyography (TMG): biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST). The muscles were assessed twice, before and after 10 maximal repetitions of either concentric or eccentric isotonic contractions. The results indicate a greater change in TMG parameters with ECC training, with p < 0.001 (Td and Tc). An acute bout of resistance training induces changes in the muscle hamstrings contractile properties in both CON and ECC training. Eccentric training causes greater changes than concentric training, shortening contraction time (Td, Tc), increase radial displacement velocity (Vrd) and affecting changes in muscle belly displacement (Dm), so may be more effective in training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Pakosz
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland.
| | - Mariusz Konieczny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | - Przemysław Domaszewski
- Department of Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | - Tomasz Dybek
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Elżbieta Skorupska
- Department of Physiotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Jarosz J, Królikowska P, Matykiewicz P, Aschenbrenner P, Ewertowska P, Krzysztofik M. Effects of Flywheel vs. Free-Weight Squats and Split Squats on Jumping Performance and Change of Direction Speed in Soccer Players. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:124. [PMID: 37505611 PMCID: PMC10386668 DOI: 10.3390/sports11070124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare (i) The effects of a flywheel and free-weight resistance training program; and (ii) The effects of performing lateral and frontal split squats as part of a flywheel-resistance training program on jumping performance, the 5-0-5 change of direction test time, and the one-repetition maximum (1RM) back squat in soccer players. Twenty-four male amateur soccer players participated in this study and were randomly and equally assigned to one of three different test groups: forward split-squat group (FSQ); lateral split-squat group (LSQ); and free-weight training group (TRAD). Athletes in the FSQ group performed a squat and a forward split squat on a flywheel device, while those in the LSQ group performed a squat and a lateral split squat (instead of a forward split squat) on a flywheel device. Each training lasted 4 weeks. The main finding was that all training groups, such as TRAD, FSQ, and LSQ, significantly improved broad jump length (p = 0.001; effect size [ES] = 0.36), 5-0-5 COD time with a turn on the dominant limb (p = 0.038; ES = 0.49), and 1RM back squat (p = 0.001; ES = 0.4). In turn, both flywheel-resistance training groups (FSQ and LSQ) significantly improved their counter-movement jump height (p = 0.001; ES = 0.8 and p = 0.002; ES = 0.58; respectively) with no effect in the TRAD (p = 0.676; ES = 0.07) training group. Both free-weight and flywheel-resistance training lasting 4 weeks performed in-season contributed to significant improvement in 1RM back squat, broad jump performance, and 5-0-5 change of direction testing time, while flywheel-resistance training might be superior in counter-movement jump height enhancement in soccer players. Moreover, the manner in which split squats were performed was not a factor influencing the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Paulina Królikowska
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patryk Matykiewicz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Aschenbrenner
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Engineering, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Ewertowska
- Division of Clinical Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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Pinto-Ramos J, Moreira T, Costa L, Costa F, Barroso J, Sousa-Pinto B. Association Between Knee Extension Strength and Functional Capacity After Intensive Care Unit Discharge: A 6-Mo Prospective Cohort Study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:513-521. [PMID: 36730791 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Assessing functional improvement after intensive care unit discharge is particularly challenging. The aim of this study was to measure the association between (1) changes in knee extension muscle strength or quadriceps femoris and rectus femoris muscle thickness and (2) changes in functionality/function-related measurements in post-intensive care unit patients. METHODS This prospective cohort study included adult patients without previous disability, consecutively selected after intensive care unit discharge. Some parameters, such as Short-Form 36, 6-min walking test, 1-min sit-to-stand, and Short Physical Performance Battery, were measured at baseline and 3 and 6 mos after discharge. Correlations were assessed and regression models were built to assess the association between evolution in knee extension strength or muscle thickness and evolution in functional tests. RESULTS Thirty patients completed the follow-up. Moderate correlation was found between knee extension strength change and Short-Form 36 physical functioning (correlation coefficient [ ρ ] = 0.53), 6-min walking test ( ρ = 0.38), 1-min sit-to-stand ( ρ = 0.52), and Short Physical Performance Battery ( ρ = 0.38). Baseline values and changes in knee extension strength moderately predicted evolution in Short-Form 36 physical functioning ( r2 = 0.32, P = 0.006). Changes in muscle thickness were overall not associated with changes in functional variables. CONCLUSION Changes in knee extension muscle strength may inform on functional progression over time after intensive care unit discharge, although confirmatory studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pinto-Ramos
- From the Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal (JP-R, TM, FC, JB); CINTESIS-Center for Health Technologies and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (JP-R, BS-P); Intensive Care Unit, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal (LC); Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (JB); i3s-Institute for Health Research and Innovation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (JB); Departments of Neuroscience and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois (JB); and MEDCIDS-Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal (BS-P)
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Methenitis S, Theodorou AA, Chatzinikolaou PN, Margaritelis NV, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V. The effects of chronic concentric and eccentric training on position sense and joint reaction angle of the knee extensors. Eur J Sport Sci 2023:1-11. [PMID: 36815692 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2023.2184726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of chronic concentric or eccentric training on position sense and joint reaction angle, in healthy, untrained young men. Twenty-four men were randomly assigned into a pure concentric (CT) or a pure eccentric (ET) group and performed for 8 weeks, one training session/week, 75 maximal knee extensors contractions. Before and 48 h after the first (W1) and the last (W8) training sessions, knee joint position sense and joint reaction angle were assessed at three different knee angles (i.e. 30°, 45° and 60°). At the same time points, indirect indices of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) were evaluated (i.e. range of motion [ROM], optimal angle, maximum isometric, concentric and eccentric torques, delayed onset muscle soreness [DOMS] and blood creatine kinase concentrations [CK]). Forty-eight hours post W1, position sense, reaction angle and all EIMD indices were significantly changed for both groups (p < 0.05; η2: 0.125-0.618), however, greater alterations were observed after ET. Significant correlations were found, in both groups, between the training-induced changes of position sense, reaction angles and the changes of EIMD biomarkers (r: -0.855-0.825; p < 0.005). No significant changes were found 48 h post W8 for position sense, reaction angle and EIMD indices (p > 0.285) for both CT or ET groups. In conclusion, exercise-induced changes in position sense and reaction angle, were related to the magnitude of EIMD, and not by the type of muscle contraction per se. HighlightsExercise induced changes in position sense and reaction angle, were related to the magnitude of EIMD, and not by the type of muscle contraction per se.After the 1st training session eccentric exercise caused greater disturbances, compared to concentric exercise, in EIMD indices which caused concomitant disturbances to position sense and knee reaction angle.8 weeks of either eccentric or concentric training leads to preservation of position sense and knee reaction angle 48 h after maximal intensity exercise of either types of muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Methenitis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, Athens, Greece
| | - A A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - P N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - M G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Stone WJ, Tolusso DV, Duchette C, Malone G, Dolan A. Eccentric resistance training with neurological conditions: A meta analysis. Gait Posture 2023; 100:14-26. [PMID: 36463713 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with neurological conditions are exposed to muscle wasting resulting in reduced strength and endurance. Both deficiencies negatively impact gait and balance, each of which can be benefited by strengthening exercises. Unfortunately, people with neurological conditions often do not have the ability to perform traditional weight training as their endurance and strength fail to meet the minimum threshold for improvement. An alternative to traditional, full range of motion lifting is eccentric resistance training (ERT). RESEARCH QUESTION The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to evaluate the efficacy of ERT against conventional therapeutic modalities or weightlifting on walking speed, Timed Up and Go (TUG), and maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) in individuals with neurological conditions. METHODS Web of Science, PubMed, and Academic Search Complete were searched until September 1, 2020, followed by a manual search on December 3, 2021. Publications were included if they were peer reviewed, available in English, consisted of a pre-specified neurological disorder, involved human subjects, had an eccentric and "traditional" therapy; and reported at least one of the outcome measures at both pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Thirteen studies of human subjects (n = 297) and 47 standardized mean differences (SMD) were included in the multilevel model analysis. The analysis revealed a small, albeit non-significant effect on performance (TUG, MVIC, walking speed) when comparing traditional therapies and ERT (SMD: 0.136; 96; 95 % CI: -0.0002, 0.050). SIGNIFICANCE There appears to be no difference between ERT and traditional therapy or weightlifting on measured outcomes. In this way, ERT is as effective as traditional therapeutics and full range of motion weightlifting to improve movement in clinical populations. Practitioners working with populations with neurological conditions may consider supplementing or replacing traditional strengthening activities with ERT as clients can complete greater volumes of work with lower metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitley J Stone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA.
| | - Danilo V Tolusso
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA
| | - Catie Duchette
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA; Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA
| | - Grant Malone
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA
| | - Angie Dolan
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, USA; Doctor of Physical Therapy Program, Hanover College, USA
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Hirono T, Kunugi S, Yoshimura A, Holobar A, Watanabe K. Acute changes in motor unit discharge property after concentric versus eccentric contraction exercise in knee extensor. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2022; 67:102704. [PMID: 36137408 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2022.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the motor unit firing property immediately after concentric or eccentric contraction exercise. Eighteen healthy men performed repetitive maximal isokinetic knee extension exercises with only concentric or eccentric contraction until they exerted less than 80% of the baseline strength. Before and after the fatiguing exercise, high-density surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis was recorded during submaximal ramp-up isometric contraction and individual motor units were identified. Only motor units that could be tracked before and after exercise were analyzed. Muscle cross-sectional area of the vastus lateralis was measured using ultrasound, and electrically evoked torque was recorded before and after the exercise. Sixty-five and fifty-three motor units were analyzed before and after the concentric and eccentric contractions, respectively. The results showed that motor units with moderate to high recruitment thresholds significantly decreased recruitment thresholds under both conditions, and the motor unit discharge rates significantly increased after concentric contraction compared to eccentric contraction. A greater muscle cross-sectional area was observed with concentric contraction. The evoked torque was significantly decreased under both conditions, but no difference between the conditions. These results suggest that fatiguing exercise with concentric contraction contributes to greater neural input to muscles and metabolic responses than eccentric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirono
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Shun Kunugi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Center for General Education, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota-shi, Aichi 470-0392, Japan
| | - Akane Yoshimura
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan; Faculty of Education and Integrated Arts and Sciences, Waseda University, 1-6-1, Nishiwaseda, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Koroška cesta 46, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, 101 Tokodachi, Kaizu-cho, Toyota, Aichi 470-0393, Japan
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11
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Eihara Y, Takao K, Sugiyama T, Maeo S, Terada M, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Heavy Resistance Training Versus Plyometric Training for Improving Running Economy and Running Time Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:138. [PMID: 36370207 PMCID: PMC9653533 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an adjunct to running training, heavy resistance and plyometric training have recently drawn attention as potential training modalities that improve running economy and running time trial performance. However, the comparative effectiveness is unknown. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine if there are different effects of heavy resistance training versus plyometric training as an adjunct to running training on running economy and running time trial performance in long-distance runners. METHODS Electronic databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were searched. Twenty-two studies completely satisfied the selection criteria. Data on running economy and running time trial performance were extracted for the meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed with selected potential moderators. RESULTS The pooled effect size for running economy in heavy resistance training was greater (g = - 0.32 [95% confidence intervals [CIs] - 0.55 to - 0.10]: effect size = small) than that in plyometric training (g = -0.13 [95% CIs - 0.47 to 0.21]: trivial). The effect on running time trial performance was also larger in heavy resistance training (g = - 0.24 [95% CIs - 1.04 to - 0.55]: small) than that in plyometric training (g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 0.27 to - 0.06]: trivial). Heavy resistance training with nearly maximal loads (≥ 90% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM], g = - 0.31 [95% CIs - 0.61 to - 0.02]: small) provided greater effects than those with lower loads (< 90% 1RM, g = - 0.17 [95% CIs - 1.05 to 0.70]: trivial). Greater effects were evident when training was performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance (10-14 weeks, g = - 0.45 [95% CIs - 0.83 to - 0.08]: small vs. 6-8 weeks, g = - 0.21 [95% CIs - 0.56 to 0.15]: small) and plyometric training (8-10 weeks, g = 0.26 [95% CIs - 0.67 to 0.15]: small vs. 4-6 weeks, g = - 0.06 [95% CIs 0.67 to 0.55]: trivial). CONCLUSIONS Heavy resistance training, especially with nearly maximal loads, may be superior to plyometric training in improving running economy and running time trial performance. In addition, running economy appears to be improved better when training is performed for a longer period in both heavy resistance and plyometric training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Eihara
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Kenji Takao
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masafumi Terada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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12
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Sato S, Yoshida R, Murakoshi F, Sasaki Y, Yahata K, Kasahara K, Nunes JP, Nosaka K, Nakamura M. Comparison between concentric-only, eccentric-only, and concentric–eccentric resistance training of the elbow flexors for their effects on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2607-2614. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Trojani MC, Chorin F, Gerus P, Breuil V, Michel C, Guis S, Bendahan D, Roux C. Concentric or eccentric physical activity for patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized prospective study. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2022; 14:1759720X221102805. [PMID: 35832351 PMCID: PMC9272179 DOI: 10.1177/1759720x221102805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Knee osteoarthritis–related pain limits physical function and leads to functional disability. Physical activity is one of the central recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Although concentric muscle activities are often preferred to eccentric ones, the corresponding rationale remains controversial. Objective: To explore the effect of a 6-week exercise program on function, pain, and performance in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis were included in the prospective EX-ART project (Walking performance in osteoARThritic subjects: effect of an ECCentric muscle strengthening program) and randomized in a 6-week rehabilitation program including either eccentric or concentric activities. Metrics of interest chosen as end points measured before and after the rehabilitation were WOMAC score, pain, and muscular performance (quadriceps power PMAX and contraction strength MMAX). MRI was also used to assess muscle volume and fat infiltration changes. Results: 30 patients were included in each group; mean age was 74 (±7.6); 69% were women. At week 6, both groups showed a significant improvement in the WOMAC without difference between the two groups (p = 0.7). No difference between the two groups was identified for the pain reduction (p = 0.7). A significant improvement in the change in PMAX and MMAX at high velocity (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002) was observed in the eccentric group only. A vastus medialis hypertrophy was quantified in the eccentric group only (p = 0.002), whereas fat infiltration in the quadriceps muscles was unchanged. Conclusion: Physical activity, whether eccentric or concentric, has a benefit on function and pain in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. A few differences have been identified between the two types of rehabilitation. More particularly, a gain in muscle performance and vastus medialis volume was found with eccentric rehabilitation only. Registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT03167502.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fréderic Chorin
- LAMHESS Laboratory, HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Pauline Gerus
- LAMHESS Laboratory, HEALTHY Graduate School, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Véronique Breuil
- Department of Rheumatology, Nice University Hospital, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Constance Michel
- Center for Biological and Medical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Medicine of La Timone, Aix Marseille University, CNRS (UMR 7339), Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Guis
- Department of Rheumatology, Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - David Bendahan
- Center for Biological and Medical Magnetic Resonance, Faculty of Medicine of La Timone, Aix Marseille University, CNRS (UMR 7339), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Roux
- Department of Rheumatology, Nice University Hospital, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
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14
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Maeo S, Wu Y, Huang M, Sakurai H, Kusagawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Triceps brachii hypertrophy is substantially greater after elbow extension training performed in the overhead versus neutral arm position. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-11. [PMID: 35819335 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2100279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The biarticular triceps brachii long head (TBLong) is lengthened more in the overhead than neutral arm position. We compared triceps brachii hypertrophy after elbow extension training performed in the overhead vs. neutral arm position. Using a cable machine, 21 adults (14 males and 7 females, age: 23.4 ± 1.6 y, height: 1.69 ± 0.09 m, body mass: 64.5 ± 12.4 kg) conducted elbow extensions (90-0°) with one arm in the overhead (Overhead-Arm) and the other arm in the neutral (Neutral-Arm) position at 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM), 10 reps/set, 5 sets/session, 2 sessions/week for 12 weeks. Training load was gradually increased (+5% 1RM/session) when the preceding session was completed without repetition failure. 1RM of the assigned condition and MRI-measured muscle volume of the TBLong, monoarticular lateral and medial heads (TBLat+Med), and whole triceps brachii (Whole-TB) were assessed pre- and post-training. Training load and 1RM increased in both arms similarly (+62-71% at post, P = 0.285), while their absolute values/weights were always lower in Overhead-Arm (-34-39%, P < 0.001). Changes in muscle volume in Overhead-Arm compared to Neutral-Arm were 1.5-fold greater for the TBLong (+28.5% vs. +19.6%, Cohen's d = 1.272, P < 0.001), 1.4-fold greater for the TBLat+Med (+14.6% vs. +10.5%, d = 1.106, P = 0.002), and 1.4-fold greater for the Whole-TB (+19.9% vs. +13.9%, d = 1.427, P < 0.001). In conclusion, triceps brachii hypertrophy was substantially greater after elbow extension training performed in the overhead versus neutral arm position, even with lower absolute loads used during the training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Meng Huang
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakurai
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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15
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Sabouri M, Taghibeikzadehbadr P, Shabkhiz F, Izanloo Z, Shaghaghi FA. Effect of eccentric and concentric contraction mode on myogenic regulatory factors expression in human vastus lateralis muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2022; 43:9-20. [PMID: 35018575 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-021-09613-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle contractions are caused to release myokines by muscle fiber. This study investigated the myogenic regulatory factors, as MHC I, IIA, IIX, Myo-D, MRF4, Murf, Atrogin-1, Decorin, Myonection, and IL-15 mRNA expression in the response of eccentric vs concentric contraction. Eighteen healthy men were randomly divided into two eccentric and concentric groups, each of 9 persons. Isokinetic contraction protocols included maximal single-leg eccentric or concentric knee extension tasks at 60°/s with the dominant leg. Contractions consisted of a maximum of 12 sets of 10 reps, and the rest time between each set was 30 s. The baseline biopsy was performed 4 weeks before the study, and post-test biopsies were taken immediately after exercise protocols from the vastus lateralis muscle. The gene expression levels were evaluated using Real-Time PCR methods. The eccentric group showed a significantly lower RPE score than the concentric group (P ≤ 0.05). A significant difference in MyoD, MRF4, Myonection, and Decorin mRNA, were observed following eccentric or concentric contractions (P ≤ 0.05). The MHC I, MHC IIA, IL-15 mRNA has been changed significantly compared to the pre-exercise in the concentric group (P ≤ 0.05). While only MHC IIX and Atrogin-1 mRNA changed significantly in the eccentric group (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the results showed a significant difference in MyoD, MRF4, IL-15, and Decorin at the follow-up values between eccentric or concentric groups (P ≤ 0.05). Our findings highlight the growing importance of elucidating the different responses of muscle growth factors associated with a myogenic activity such as MHC IIA, Decorin, IL-15, Myonectin, Decorin, MuRF1, and MHC IIX mRNA in following various types of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Sabouri
- Department of Exercise Physiology & Health Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | - Fatemeh Shabkhiz
- Department of Exercise Physiology & Health Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Izanloo
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Human Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
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16
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Yamagishi T, Saito A, Kawakami Y. Determinants of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in young male and female athletes: The roles of lower extremity muscle size, strength and power. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262507. [PMID: 35020757 PMCID: PMC8754349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study sought to determine whether lower extremity muscle size, power and strength could be a determinant of whole-body maximal aerobic performance in athletes. 20 male and 19 female young athletes (18 ± 4 years) from various sporting disciplines participated in this study. All athletes performed a continuous ramp-incremental cycling to exhaustion for the determination of peak oxygen uptake ( V˙O2peak: the highest V˙O2 over a 15-s period) and maximal power output (MPO: power output corresponding to V˙O2peak). Axial scanning of the right leg was performed with magnetic resonance imaging, and anatomical cross-sectional areas (CSAs) of quadriceps femoris (QF) and hamstring muscles at 50% of thigh length were measured. Moreover, bilateral leg extension power and unilateral isometric knee extension and flexion torque were determined. All variables were normalised to body mass, and six independent variables ( V˙O2peak, CSAs of thigh muscles, leg extension power and knee extension and flexion torque) were entered into a forward stepwise multiple regression model with MPO being dependent variable for males and females separately. In the males, V˙O2peak was chosen as the single predictor of MPO explaining 78% of the variance. In the females, MPO was attributed to, in the order of importance, V˙O2peak (p < 0.001) and the CSA of QF (p = 0.011) accounting for 84% of the variance. This study suggests that while oxygen transport capacity is the main determinant of MPO regardless of sex, thigh muscle size also has a role in whole-body maximal aerobic performance in female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Yamagishi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Sport Science, Japan Institute of Sport Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Center for Health and Sports Science, Kyushu Sangyo University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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17
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A Retrospective Analysis to Determine Whether Training-Induced Changes in Muscle Thickness Mediate Changes in Muscle Strength. Sports Med 2021; 51:1999-2010. [PMID: 33881748 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of muscle thickness changes on changes in strength following 6 weeks of unaccustomed resistance training, via retrospective analysis. METHODS 151 participants completed 6 weeks of no intervention (CONTROL), one-repetition maximum training (1RM-TRAIN), or traditional resistance training (TRAD-TRAIN). Groups were assigned by covariate adaptive randomization. 1RM-TRAIN and TRAD-TRAIN performed elbow flexion exercise on the dominant arm 3 times/week. One-repetition maximum strength and muscle thickness (B-mode ultrasound at 50, 60, and 70% of the anterior upper arm) were assessed pre- and post-training. Direct and indirect effects on strength via each training modality were quantified relative to CONTROL using indicator-coded, change-score mediation analyses for each muscle thickness site. Values are presented as regression coefficients (95% CI). RESULTS The effect of 1RM-TRAIN on muscle thickness was greater than CONTROL for 60% [0.09 (0.01, 0.17) cm] and 70% [0.09 (0.01,0.18) cm] models. All muscle thickness changes for TRAD-TRAIN were greater than CONTROL: 50% [0.24 (0.16, 0.33) cm], 60% [0.25 (0.17, 0.33) cm], 70% [0.23 (0.14, 0.32) cm]. All direct effects on strength were greater for 1RM-TRAIN versus CONTROL: 50% [1.90 (1.21, 2.58) kg], 60% [1.89 (1.19, 2.58) kg], 70% [1.81 (1.12, 2.51) kg]; and TRAD-TRAIN versus CONTROL: 50% [2.04 (1.29, 2.80) kg], 60% [1.98 (1.22, 2.75) kg], 70% [1.79 (1.05, 2.53) kg]. Compared to CONTROL, there was no indication of an effect of 1RM-TRAIN on strength through muscle thickness (i.e., indirect effect) for 50% [- 0.03 (- 0.17, 0.10)], 60% [- 0.01 (- 0.17, 0.17)], or 70% [0.07 (- 0.09, 0.28)] sites, nor of TRAD-TRAIN for 50% [- 0.11 (- 0.48,0.29)], 60% [- 0.04 (- 0.42, 0.40)], and 70% sites [0.17 (- 0.23,0.58)]. CONCLUSION Training-induced changes in muscle thickness do not appear to appreciably mediate training-induced changes in the strength of untrained individuals during the first 6 weeks of training.
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Maeo S, Huang M, Wu Y, Sakurai H, Kusagawa Y, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Greater Hamstrings Muscle Hypertrophy but Similar Damage Protection after Training at Long versus Short Muscle Lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:825-837. [PMID: 33009197 PMCID: PMC7969179 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of seated versus prone leg curl training on hamstrings muscle hypertrophy and susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. METHODS Part 1: Twenty healthy adults conducted seated leg curl training with one leg (Seated-Leg) and prone with the other (Prone-Leg), at 70% one-repetition maximum (1RM), 10 repetitions per set, 5 sets per session, 2 sessions per week for 12 wk. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-measured muscle volume of the individual and whole hamstrings was assessed pre- and posttraining. Part 2: Nineteen participants from part 1 and another 12 untrained controls (Control-Leg) performed eccentric phase-only leg curl exercise at 90% 1RM, 10 repetitions per set, 3 sets for each of the seated/prone conditions with each leg. MRI-measured transverse relaxation time (T2) and 1RM of seated/prone leg curl were assessed before, 24, 48, and 72 h after exercise. RESULTS Part 1: Training-induced increases in muscle volume were greater in Seated-Leg versus Prone-Leg for the whole hamstrings (+14% vs +9%) and each biarticular (+8%-24% vs +4%-19%), but not monoarticular (+10% vs +9%), hamstring muscle. Part 2: After eccentric exercise, Control-Leg had greater increases in T2 in each hamstring muscle (e.g., semitendinosus at 72 h: +52%) than Seated-Leg (+4%) and Prone-Leg (+6%). Decreases in 1RM were also greater in Control-Leg (e.g., seated/prone 1RM at 24 h: -12%/-24%) than Seated-Leg (0%/-3%) and Prone-Leg (+2%/-5%). None of the changes significantly differed between Seated-Leg and Prone-Leg at any time points. CONCLUSION Hamstrings muscle size can be more effectively increased by seated than prone leg curl training, suggesting that training at long muscle lengths promotes muscle hypertrophy, but both are similarly effective in reducing susceptibility to muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Meng Huang
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Yuhang Wu
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Hikaru Sakurai
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Yuki Kusagawa
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
| | - Tadao Isaka
- College of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, JAPAN
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Bruce CD, Ruggiero L, Dix GU, Cotton PD, McNeil CJ. Females and males do not differ for fatigability, muscle damage and magnitude of the repeated bout effect following maximal eccentric contractions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2021; 46:238-246. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Unaccustomed eccentric (ECC) exercise induces muscle fatigue as well as damage and initiates a protective response to minimize impairments from a subsequent bout (i.e., repeated bout effect; RBE). It is uncertain if the sexes differ for neuromuscular responses to ECC exercise and the ensuing RBE. Twenty-six young adults (13 females) performed 2 bouts (4 weeks apart) of 200 ECC maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the dorsiflexors. Isometric (ISO) MVC torque and the ratio of ISO torque in response to low- versus high-frequency stimulation (10:100 Hz) were compared before and after (2–10 min and 2, 4, and 7 days) exercise. The decline in ECC and ISO MVC torque and the 10:100 Hz ratio following bout 1 did not differ between sexes (P > 0.05), with reductions from baseline of 31.5% ± 12.3%, 24.1% ± 15.4%, and 51.3% ± 12.2%, respectively. After bout 2, the 10:100 Hz ratio declined less (45.0% ± 12.4% from baseline) and ISO MVC torque recovered sooner compared with bout 1 but no differences between sexes were evident for the magnitude of the RBE (P > 0.05). These data suggest that fatigability with ECC exercise does not differ for the sexes and adaptations that mitigate impairments to calcium handling are independent of sex. Novelty: One bout of 200 maximal eccentric dorsiflexor contractions caused equivalent muscle fatigue and damage for females and males. The repeated bout effect observed after a second bout 4 weeks later also had no sex-related differences. Prolonged low-frequency force depression is promoted as an indirect measure of muscle damage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D. Bruce
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Luca Ruggiero
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gabriel U. Dix
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Paul D. Cotton
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Chris J. McNeil
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, Faculty of Health and Social Development, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
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20
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Drury B, Clarke H, Moran J, Fernandes JFT, Henry G, Behm DG. Eccentric Resistance Training in Youth: A Survey of Perceptions and Current Practices by Strength and Conditioning Coaches. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:21. [PMID: 33670687 PMCID: PMC8006255 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eccentric resistance training (ERT) in youth is advocated for aiding performance and injury risk. However, research investigating the applied practices of ERT in youth is in its infancy. In this study, we surveyed the perceptions and practices of practitioners utilizing ERT in youth to provide an understanding of its current application in practice. METHODS Sixty-four strength and conditioning coaches completed an online survey reporting their current use of ERT in youth using both open and closed questions. RESULTS Coaches deemed the inclusion of ERT important in youth with its inclusion based upon factors such as maturation status, training age and strength levels. Coaches also displayed an awareness of the physiological responses to eccentric exercise in youth compared to adults. ERT was primarily used for injury prevention, with the majority of coaches using body-weight and tempo exercises. Furthermore, utilizing eccentric hamstrings exercises was reported as highly important. The frequency of ERT tended to increase in older age groups and coaches mainly prescribed self-selected rest intervals. Finally, the need for further research into the training guidelines of ERT in youth was highlighted, in which coaches require more information on how maturation influences training adaptations and the fatigue-recovery responses. CONCLUSION Coaches emphasized the importance of including ERT for both performance and injury prevention factors in youth although further research is required to generate practical guidelines for coaches in order to support its inclusion within practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Drury
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK;
| | - John F. T. Fernandes
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - Greg Henry
- Department of Applied Sport Sciences, Hartpury University, Gloucestershire GL19 3BE, UK; (H.C.); (J.F.T.F.); (G.H.)
| | - David G. Behm
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada;
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21
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Pearson J, Wadhi T, Barakat C, Aube D, Schoenfeld BJ, Andersen JC, Barroso R, Ugrinowitsch C, De Souza EO. Does Varying Repetition Tempo in a Single-Joint Lower Body Exercise Augment Muscle Size and Strength in Resistance-Trained Men? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 36:2162-2168. [PMID: 34351728 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Pearson, J, Wadhi, T, Barakat, C, Aube, D, Schoenfeld, BJ, Andersen, JC, Barroso, R, Ugrinowitsch, C, and De Souza, EO. Does varying repetition tempo in a single-joint lower body exercise augment muscle size and strength in resistance-trained men? J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-This study compared the effects of FAST and SLOW eccentric repetition tempo in a single exercise volume-matched intervention on muscle thickness (MT) and strength in resistance-trained men. Using a within-subject design, 13 subjects had each leg randomly assigned to SLOW (1-0-3) or FAST (1-0-1) repetition tempo. Subjects underwent an 8-week strength-training (ST) intervention performed twice weekly. Unilateral leg-extension one repetition-maximum (1RM) and anterior thigh MT at the proximal (MTP) and distal (MTD) portions were assessed via ultrasound imaging at baseline and after 8 weeks of RT. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) assessments of the training sessions (i.e., 16 per leg) were averaged for further analysis. Both legs similarly increased MTP (estimated differences: FAST: 0.24 cm, 3.6%; SLOW: 0.20 cm, 3.1%). However, for MTD, analysis of covariance analysis showed a leg effect (p = 0.02) in which absolute pre-to-post change was greater in FAST compared with SLOW (estimated differences: FAST 0.23 cm, 5.5%; SLOW: 0.13 cm, 2.2%). For 1RM, both legs similarly increased maximum strength (estimated differences: FAST: 9.1 kg, 17.0%; SLOW: 10.4 kg, 22.1%, p <= 0.0001). The SLOW group had a higher RPE than FAST (8.59 vs. 7.98, p = 0.002). Despite differences in RPE, our results indicate that both repetition tempos produced similar muscular adaptations. However, they also suggest that the FAST tempo may provide a small hypertrophic advantage at the distal quadriceps. From a practical standpoint, strength and conditioning professionals may implement a FAST tempo at least in one single-joint exercise during an 8-week training period to enhance regional hypertrophic adaptations in trained individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Pearson
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Tanuj Wadhi
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Christopher Barakat
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel Aube
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Jody C Andersen
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
| | - Renato Barroso
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Laboratory of Adaptations to Strength Training, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo O De Souza
- Department of Health Sciences and Human Performance, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida
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22
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Benford J, Hughes J, Waldron M, Theis N. Concentric versus eccentric training: Effect on muscle strength, regional morphology, and architecture. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Benford
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Jonathan Hughes
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
| | - Mark Waldron
- College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea UK
- School of Science and Technology University of New England Armidale NSW Australia
| | - Nicola Theis
- School of Sport and Exercise University of Gloucestershire Gloucester UK
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23
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Exercise-Induced Myofibrillar Hypertrophy is a Contributory Cause of Gains in Muscle Strength. Sports Med 2020; 49:993-997. [PMID: 31016546 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Roussel MP, Hébert LJ, Duchesne E. Strength-training effectively alleviates skeletal muscle impairments in myotonic dystrophy type 1. Neuromuscul Disord 2020; 30:283-293. [PMID: 32340814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2020.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystemic disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness. The aim of this project is to evaluate the effects of a 12-week lower limb strength training program in 11 men with DM1. Maximal isometric muscle strength, 30-second sit-to-stand, comfortable and maximal 10-m walk test (10 mwt) were evaluated at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks, and at 6 and 9 months. The one-repetition maximum strength evaluation method of the training exercises was completed at baseline, 6 and 12 weeks. Muscle biopsies were taken in the vastus lateralis at baseline and 12 weeks to evaluate muscle fiber typing and size (including atrophy/hypertrophy factors). Performance in strength and functional tests all significantly improved by week 12. Maximal isometric muscle strength of the knee extensors decreased by month 9, while improved walking speed and 30 second sit-to-stand performance were maintained. On average, there were no significant changes in fiber typing or size after training. Further analysis showed that individual abnormal hypertrophy factor at baseline could explain the different changes in muscle size among participants. Strength training induces maximal isometric muscle strength and lasting functional gains in DM1. Abnormal hypertrophy factor could be a key component to identify high and low responders to hypertrophy in DM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Roussel
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, Québec, Canada; Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Maladies Neuromusculaires (GRIMN), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Site Saguenay, Saguenay, Québec, Canada
| | - Luc J Hébert
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale (CIRRIS), Québec, Québec, Canada; Départements de réadaptation et de radiologie et médecine nucléaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Elise Duchesne
- Groupe de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Maladies Neuromusculaires (GRIMN), Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Saguenay-Lac-St-Jean, Saguenay, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche Charles-Le Moyne - Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean sur les innovations en santé (CR-CSIS), Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé de l'Université de Sherbrooke, Site Saguenay, Saguenay, Québec, Canada; Département des sciences de la santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boul. de l'Université, Saguenay, Québec G7H 2B1, Canada.
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25
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Murao M, Imano T, Akiyama J, Kawakami T, Nakajima M. Effect of single bout downhill running on the serum irisin concentrations in rats. Growth Factors 2019; 37:257-262. [PMID: 32200682 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2020.1742118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the effect of different running modes on serum irisin concentrations in rats. A total of 18, 10-week-old rats were divided into three groups; control group, 16° uphill running group (concentric exercise; CON) and, -16° downhill running group (eccentric exercise; ECC). The running group's rats ran on the inclined treadmill at 16 m/min, for a total of 90 min. Blood was drawn from the rats, 48 h after running, after which the rats were anesthetized. The serum concentrations of irisin were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Vastus intermedius was collected for immunohistochemical analysis. After multiple comparisons, the ECC showed a significantly high serum irisin concentration (ECC: 28.42 ± 6.31 ng/ml, CON: 21.27 ± 3.03 ng/ml) and a larger irisin antibody reactive cross-sectional area in vastus intermedius compared to the CON (p < 0.05). This is the first study to reveal that single bout downhill running increases serum irisin concentrations in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Murao
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Imano
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fukuyama Medical College, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Junichi Akiyama
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Kawakami
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nakajima
- Graduate School of Health Science, Kibi International University, Takahashi, Japan
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26
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Lanza MB, Balshaw TG, Folland JP. Is the joint-angle specificity of isometric resistance training real? And if so, does it have a neural basis? Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2465-2476. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Marzilger R, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Effects of Lengthening Velocity During Eccentric Training on Vastus Lateralis Muscle Hypertrophy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:957. [PMID: 31417420 PMCID: PMC6684750 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric loading is an effective stimulus for muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, however, the effect of lengthening velocity is under debate. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of muscle lengthening velocity during eccentric training on muscle hypertrophy and strength gains at a given overall loading volume. Forty-seven participants were randomly assigned to a control (n = 14, age: 26.9 ± 4.1 years) and an experimental group (n = 33, age: 27.1 ± 4.4 years). Each leg of the participants in the experimental group was randomly assigned to one of the four eccentric training protocols with different angular velocities (i.e., 45, 120, 210, and 300°/s). Both the magnitude of loading (100% of the isometric maximum) and overall time under tension was matched between the protocols. The training was performed for 33 sessions, 3 times per week with 5 training sets per session. Before and after the intervention, the maximum isometric knee extension moments were measured in all groups using dynamometry, vastus lateralis (VL) muscle anatomical cross-sectional area, and VL muscle volume were measured in the experimental group using magnetic resonance imaging. Data was analyzed in a mixed-design analysis of variance. After the training intervention, the maximum knee joint moments increased in the experimental group (14.2%, p < 0.05) but not the control group. VL anatomical cross-sectional area and VL muscle volume increased significantly (p < 0.05) in the experimental group (5.1 and 5.7%, respectively), but we did not find any significant differences between the four training protocols in all investigated parameters (p > 0.05). The present study provides evidence that muscle hypertrophy and strength gains after eccentric exercise is velocity-independent when load magnitude and overall time under tension are matched between conditions. This is likely due to the similar mechanical demand for the muscle induced by the loading conditions of all four training protocols. The better control of motion and the potentially decreased joint loading compared to high lengthening velocity contractions support the application of slow eccentric exercises in special populations like elderly and people with neurological and musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Ünlü G, Çevikol C, Melekoğlu T. Comparison of the Effects of Eccentric, Concentric, and Eccentric-Concentric Isotonic Resistance Training at Two Velocities on Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:337-344. [PMID: 30946270 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ünlü, G, Çevikol, C, and Melekoğlu, T. Comparison of the effects of eccentric, concentric, and eccentric-concentric isotonic resistance training at two velocities on strength and muscle hypertrophy. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 337-344, 2020-The aim of this study was to compare the effects of concentric, eccentric, and eccentric-concentric isotonic resistance training at both fast and slow velocities to determine whether contraction modality affects muscle strength and hypertrophy. Forty-one young, healthy males (mean age 21.1 ± 1.8 years; height 178.9 ± 6.1 cm; body mass 70.5 ± 9.8 kg; and body mass index 22.0 ± 2.6 kg·m) were randomly assigned for 12 weeks to 1 of 5 resistance training groups to perform leg extension exercises 3 days a week (fast-eccentric; fast-concentric [FC]; slow-eccentric [SE]; slow-concentric; and concentric-eccentric [CE], 30°·s for slow and 180°·s for fast contractions), or to a nontraining control group (CG). Isotonic strength (1 repetition maximum [1RM]), isokinetic strength (peak torque), and quadriceps femoris muscle volume were measured before and after the 12 weeks of training program. In the early phase of the training period (first 3 weeks), the 1RM values of SE, FC, and CE increased remarkably (19.70, 13.73, and 19.35%, respectively; p < 0.05). Significant increases compared with the CG were found for muscle isotonic strength (∼25-41%, p < 0.001) and isokinetic peak torque at 60°·s (∼13-32%, p < 0.05) in all training groups after the 12 weeks of the training period. No statistically significant interactions between the group and time were found on isokinetic peak torques at 180°·s and muscle volume. Our results, therefore, suggest that all the training modalities in our study have the potential to induce isotonic strength gain in knee extensors, and there is insufficient evidence for the superiority of any specific mode of muscle contraction or velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürcan Ünlü
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.,Faculty of Sports Sciences, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Can Çevikol
- Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey; and
| | - Tuba Melekoğlu
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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29
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Maeo S, Shan X, Otsuka S, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Single-joint eccentric knee extension training preferentially trains the rectus femoris within the quadriceps muscles. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumiaki Maeo
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization; Ritsumeikan University; Kusatsu Shiga Japan
| | - Xiyao Shan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Shun Otsuka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Department of Sports and Life Science; National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya; Kanoya Kagoshima Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Tokorozawa Saitama Japan
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30
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Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ, Than C, Brown JM. Methods matter: the relationship between strength and hypertrophy depends on methods of measurement and analysis. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5071. [PMID: 29967737 PMCID: PMC6026459 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The relationship between changes in muscle size and strength may be affected by both measurement and statistical approaches, but their effects have not been fully considered or quantified. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to explore how different methods of measurement and analysis can affect inferences surrounding the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain. Methods Data from a previous study-in which participants performed eight weeks of elbow flexor training, followed by an eight-week period of detraining-were reanalyzed using different statistical models, including standard between-subject correlations, analysis of covariance, and hierarchical linear modeling. Results The associative relationship between strength and hypertrophy is highly dependent upon both method/site of measurement and analysis; large differences in variance accounted for (VAF) by the statistical models were observed (VAF = 0-24.1%). Different sites and measurements of muscle size showed a range of correlations coefficients with one another (r = 0.326-0.945). Finally, exploratory analyses revealed moderate-to-strong relationships between within-individual strength-hypertrophy relationships and strength gained over the training period (ρ = 0.36-0.55). Conclusions Methods of measurement and analysis greatly influence the conclusions that may be drawn from a given dataset. Analyses that do not account for inter-individual differences may underestimate the relationship between hypertrophy and strength gain, and different methods of assessing muscle size will produce different results. It is suggested that robust experimental designs and analysis techniques, which control for different mechanistic sources of strength gain and inter-individual differences (e.g., muscle moment arms, muscle architecture, activation, and normalized muscle force), be employed in future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vigotsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, City University of New York, Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Christian Than
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - J Mark Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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