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Pinto TG, Malacarne IT, Takeshita WM, de Barros Viana M, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. Is genotoxicity a suitable biomarker for monitoring anabolic-androgenic steroids exposure in vivo? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38840431 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Steroids stand for a class of hormones (natural and synthetic) known to be helpful for a number of disorders. Despite the aforementioned beneficial effects of using these hormones, anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are also widely abused in a non-therapeutic manner for muscle-building and strength-increasing properties that may lead to genotoxicity in different tissues. The present study aims to understand whether genotoxicity may be a suitable biomarker for AAS exposure in vivo in both experimental animal and human studies. All studies published in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases that presented data on DNA damage caused by AAS were analyzed. A total of 15 articles were included in this study, and after thoroughly reviewing the studies, a total of 8 articles were classified as Strong, 6 were classified as Moderate, and only 1 was classified as Weak, totaling 14 studies being considered either Strong or Moderate. This classification makes it possible to consider the present findings as reliable. The meta-analysis data revealed a statistically significant difference in Wistar rat testis cells with AAS compared to control for tail length and % tail DNA (p < 0.001), so that the selected articles were considered homogeneous and the I2 of 0% indicated low heterogeneity. In summary, genotoxicity can be considered a suitable biomarker for monitoring AAS exposure as a result of DNA breakage and oxidative DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Guedes Pinto
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ingra Tais Malacarne
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilton Mitsunari Takeshita
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Milena de Barros Viana
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Muniz Renno
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Araki Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Santos, SP, Brazil
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2
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Souza FRD, Rochitte CE, Silva DC, Sampaio B, Passarelli M, Santos MRD, Fonseca GW, Battaglia Filho AC, Correa K, do Val RM, Yonamine M, Pereira RMR, Negrão CE, Kalil-Filho R, Alves MJDNN. Coronary Inflammation by Computed Tomography Pericoronary Fat Attenuation and Increased Cytokines in Young Male Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20220822. [PMID: 37991119 PMCID: PMC10697680 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20220822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse has been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Pericoronary fat attenuation (pFA) is a marker of coronary inflammation, which is key in the atherosclerotic process. OBJECTIVE To evaluate pFA and inflammatory profile in AAS users. METHODS Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU), 20 AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were evaluated. Coronary inflammation was evaluated by mean pericoronary fat attenuation (mPFA) in the right coronary artery (RCA), left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), and left circumflex (LCx). Interleukin (IL)-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha were evaluated by optical density (OD) in a spectrophotometer with a 450 nm filter. P<0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS AASU had higher mPFA in the RCA (-65.87 [70.51-60.70] vs. -78.07 [83.66-72.87] vs.-78.46 [85.41-71.99] Hounsfield Units (HU), respectively, p<0.001) and mPFA in the LAD (-71.47 [76.40-66.61] vs. -79.32 [84.37-74.59] vs. -82.52 [88.44-75.81] HU, respectively, p=0.006) compared with AASNU and SC. mPFA in the LCx was not different between AASU, AASNU, and SC (-72.41 [77.17-70.37] vs. -80.13 [86.22-72.23] vs. -78.29 [80.63-72.29] HU, respectively, p=0.163). AASU compared with AASNU and SC, had higher IL-1, (0.975 [0.847-1.250] vs. 0.437 [0.311-0.565] vs. 0.530 [0.402-0.780] OD, respectively, p=0.002), IL-6 (1.195 [0.947-1.405] vs. 0.427 [0.377-0.577] vs. 0.605 [0.332-0.950] OD, p=0.005) and IL-10 (1.145 [0.920-1.292] vs. 0.477 [0.382-0.591] vs. 0.340 [0.316-0.560] OD, p<0.001). TNF-α was not different between the AASU, AASNU, and SC groups (0.520 [0.250-0.610] vs. 0.377 [0.261-0.548] vs. 0.350 [0.182-430]), respectively. CONCLUSION Compared with ASSNU and controls, AASU have higher mPFA and higher systemic inflammatory cytokines profile suggesting that AAS may induce coronary atherosclerosis through coronary and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos E Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Douglas Carli Silva
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Barbara Sampaio
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Marisa Passarelli
- Universidade de São Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina - Laboratório de Lípides , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
- Universidade Nove de Julho , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Marcelo R Dos Santos
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Guilherme W Fonseca
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Antonio Carlos Battaglia Filho
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Kelly Correa
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Renata Margarida do Val
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Maurício Yonamine
- Universidade de São Paulo - Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Rosa Maria R Pereira
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Negrão
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
| | - Roberto Kalil-Filho
- Instituto do Coração do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
- Hospital Sírio Libanês , São Paulo , SP - Brasil
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Melsom HS, Heiestad CM, Eftestøl E, Torp MK, Gundersen K, Bjørnebekk AK, Thorsby PM, Stensløkken KO, Hisdal J. Reduced arterial elasticity after anabolic-androgenic steroid use in young adult males and mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9707. [PMID: 35690664 PMCID: PMC9188580 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14065-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
High-doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) is efficient for building muscle mass, but pose a risk of cardiovascular side effects. Little is known of the effect of AAS on vasculature, but previous findings suggest unfavorable alterations in vessel walls and vasoreactivity. Here, long-term effect of AAS on vascular function and morphology were examined in male weightlifters, and in a mimicking animal model. Arterial elasticity and morphology were tested with ultrasound, pulse wave velocity (PWV) and carotid intima media thickness (cIMT) in 56 current male AAS users, and 67 non-exposed weightlifting controls (WLC). Female mice were treated with testosterone for 14 days and echocardiography were applied to evaluate vascular function and morphology. Male AAS users had higher PWV (p = 0.044), reduced carotid artery compliance (p = 0.0005), and increased cIMT (p = 0.041) compared to WLC. Similar functional changes were found in the ascending aorta of mice after 7- (p = 0.043) and 14 days (p = 0.001) of testosterone treatment. This animal model can be used to map molecular mechanisms responsible for complications related to AAS misuse. Considering the age-independent stiffening of major arteries and the predictive power of an increase in PWV and cIMT, the long-term users of AAS are at increased risk of severe cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Melsom
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - C M Heiestad
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E Eftestøl
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - M K Torp
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - K Gundersen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - A K Bjørnebekk
- The Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Research Group, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P M Thorsby
- Biochemical Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Group, Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - K O Stensløkken
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Hisdal
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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de Souza FR, Dos Santos MR, Rochitte CE, Dos Santos RP, Jordão CP, Leite IS, da Fonseca GWP, Fonseca RA, de Oliveira TF, Yonamine M, Pereira RMR, Negrão CE, Alves DNNMJ. Decreased Native T1 Values and Impaired Myocardial Contractility in Anabolic Steroid Users. Int J Sports Med 2021; 43:183-191. [PMID: 34341973 DOI: 10.1055/a-1518-7953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse leads to myocardial toxicity. Human studies are conflicting about the myocardial fibrosis in AAS users. We evaluated cardiac tissue characterization, left ventricle (LV) function, and cardiac structure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU) aged 29±5 yr, 20 strength-trained AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 7 sedentary controls (SC) were enrolled. Native T1 mapping, late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE), extracellular volume (ECV), and myocardial strain were evaluated. AASU showed lower Native T1 values than AASNU (888±162 vs. 1020±179 ms p=0.047). Focal myocardial fibrosis was found in 2 AASU. AASU showed lower LV radial strain (30±8 vs. 38±6%, p<0.01), LV circumferential strain (-17±3 vs. -20±2%, p<0.01), and LV global longitudinal strain (-17±3 vs. -20±3%, p<0.01) than AASNU by CMR. By echocardiography, AASU demonstrated lower 4-chamber longitudinal strain than AASNU (-15±g3 vs. -18±2%, p=0.03). ECV was similar among AASU, AASNU, and SC (28±10 vs. 28±7 vs. 30±7%, p=0.93). AASU had higher LV mass index than AASNU and SC (85±14 vs. 64±8 vs. 58±5 g/m2, respectively, p<0.01). AAS abuse may be linked to decreased myocardial native T1 values, impaired myocardial contractility, and focal fibrosis. These alterations may be associated with maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy in young AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Ribeiro de Souza
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rodrigues Dos Santos
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Rochitte
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Parenquine Dos Santos
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Paixão Jordão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ivanhoe Stuart Leite
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Almeida Fonseca
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacociências da Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maurício Yonamine
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rosa Maria Rodrigues Pereira
- Laboratório de Metabolismo Ósseo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Negrão
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Escola de Educação Física e Esporte da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Jacob DW, Harper JL, Ivie CL, Ott EP, Limberg JK. Sex differences in the vascular response to sympathetic activation during acute hypoxaemia. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1689-1698. [PMID: 34187092 DOI: 10.1113/ep089461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is preserved during hypoxaemia in humans, but our understanding of vascular control comes from predominantly male cohorts. We tested the hypothesis that young women attenuate sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction during steady-state hypoxaemia, whereas men do not? What is the main finding and its importance? Sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is preserved or even enhanced during steady-state hypoxia in young men, and the peripheral vascular response to sympathetic activation during hypoxaemia is attenuated in young women. These data advance our understanding of sex-related differences in hypoxic vascular control. ABSTRACT Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes vasoconstriction and a reduction in peripheral blood flow. Sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction may be attenuated during systemic hypoxia to maintain oxygen delivery; however, in predominantly male participants sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is preserved or even enhanced during hypoxaemia. Given the potential for sex-specific differences in hypoxic vascular control, prior results are limited in application. We tested the hypothesis that young women attenuate sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction during steady-state hypoxaemia, whereas men do not. Healthy young men (n = 13, 25 ± 4 years) and women (n = 11, 24 ± 4 years) completed two trials consisting of a 2-min cold pressor test (CPT, a well-established sympathoexcitatory stimulus) during baseline normoxia and steady-state hypoxaemia. Beat-to-beat blood pressure (finger photoplethysmography) and forearm blood flow (venous occlusion plethysmography) were measured continuously. Total and forearm vascular conductance (TVC and FVC, respectfully) were calculated. A change (Δ) in TVC and FVC from steady-state during the last 1 min of CPT was calculated and differences between normoxia and systemic hypoxia were assessed. In men, the reduction in TVC during CPT was greater during hypoxia compared to normoxia (ΔTVC, P = 0.02), whereas ΔTVC did not differ between conditions in women (P = 0.49). In men, ΔFVC did not differ between normoxia and hypoxia (P = 0.92). In women, the reduction in FVC during CPT was attenuated during hypoxia (ΔFVC, P < 0.01). We confirm sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction is preserved or enhanced during hypoxaemia in young men, whereas peripheral vascular responsiveness to sympathetic activation during hypoxaemia is attenuated in young women. The results advance our understanding of sex-related differences in hypoxic vascular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain W Jacob
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harper
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Clayton L Ivie
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ott
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9010097. [PMID: 33477800 PMCID: PMC7832337 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AASs) are a large group of molecules including endogenously produced androgens, such as testosterone, as well as synthetically manufactured derivatives. AAS use is widespread due to their ability to improve muscle growth for aesthetic purposes and athletes’ performance, minimizing androgenic effects. AAS use is very popular and 1–3% of US inhabitants have been estimated to be AAS users. However, AASs have side effects, involving all organs, tissues and body functions, especially long-term toxicity involving the cardiovascular system and the reproductive system, thereby, their abuse is considered a public health issue. The aim of the proposed review is to highlight the most recent evidence regarding the mechanisms of action of AASs and their unwanted effects on organs and lifestyle, as well as suggesting that AAS misuse and abuse lead to adverse effects in all body tissues and organs. Oxidative stress, apoptosis, and protein synthesis alteration are common mechanisms involved in AAS-related damage in the whole body. The cardiovascular system and the reproductive system are the most frequently involved apparatuses. Epidemiology as well as the molecular and pathological mechanisms involved in the neuropsychiatric side-effects of AAS abuse are still unclear, further research is needed in this field. In addition, diagnostically reliable tests for AAS abuse should be standardized. In this regard, to prevent the use of AASs, public health measures in all settings are crucial. These measures consist of improved knowledge among healthcare workers, proper doping screening tests, educational interventions, and updated legislation.
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Seara FAC, Pereira-Junior PP, Silva-Almeida C, Dos-Santos RC, Souza RN, Costa CRM, Domingos AE, Barbosa RAQ, Ferraz AP, Machado AAN, Ceccato VM, Takiya CM, Ponte CG, Reis LC, Olivares EL, Nascimento JHM. Anabolic steroid excess promotes hydroelectrolytic and autonomic imbalance in adult male rats: Is it enough to alter blood pressure? Steroids 2020; 163:108711. [PMID: 32739291 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study investigated the effects of anabolic steroid (AS) excess on blood pressure regulation. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with nandrolone decanoate (AS) or vehicle (CTL) for 8 or 10 weeks. Saline (1.8%) and water intake were measured in metabolic cages. Urinary volume, osmolarity, Na+ and K+ concentrations, and plasma osmolarity were measured. The autonomic balance was estimated by heart rate variability at baseline or after icv injection of losartan. Cardiac function was assessed by echocardiography and ex vivo recordings. Myocardial collagen deposition was evaluated by Picrosirius-Red staining. Vascular reactivity and wall thickness were investigated in aortic sections. Blood pressure (BP) was assessed by tail-cuff plethysmography. Angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R), renin, and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) mRNA expression was measured in the kidneys and whole hypothalamus. RESULTS AS group exhibited decreased urinary volume and Na+ concentration, while urinary K+ concentration, plasma osmolarity, and renal AT1R and renin mRNA levels were increased compared to CTL (p < 0.05). Water intake was increased, and saline intake was decreased in the AS group (p < 0.01). AS group exhibited increased low-frequency/high-frequency-ratio, while it was decreased by icv injection of losartan (p < 0.05) compared to baseline. Neither cardiac function nor vascular reactivity/morphology was affected by AS excess (p > 0.05). Ultimately, BP levels were not altered by AS excess (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION AS excess promoted hydroelectrolytic and autonomic imbalance but did not alter vascular or cardiac function/morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A C Seara
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P Pereira-Junior
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudio Silva-Almeida
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Estácio de Sá University, Brazil
| | - Raoni C Dos-Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel N Souza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - César R M Costa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Brazil
| | - Ainá E Domingos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raiana A Q Barbosa
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana P Ferraz
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André A N Machado
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Gene Expression, University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vânia M Ceccato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Gene Expression, University of Ceará, Brazil
| | - Christina M Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiano G Ponte
- Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luis C Reis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Brazil
| | - Emerson L Olivares
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program of Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, Brazil
| | - Jose H M Nascimento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Souza FRD, Dos Santos MR, Porello RA, Fonseca GWPD, Sayegh ALC, Lima TP, Ferreira FD, Oliveira TFD, Yonamine M, Takayama L, Pereira RMR, Negrão CE, Passarelli M, Rochitte CE, Alves MJDNN. Diminished cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL and coronary artery disease in young male anabolic androgenic steroid users. Atherosclerosis 2019; 283:100-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Christou GA, Christou MA, Žiberna L, Christou KA. Indirect clinical markers for the detection of anabolic steroid abuse beyond the conventional doping control in athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 19:1276-1286. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1587522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A. Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria A. Christou
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Lovro Žiberna
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Slovenian Anti-Doping Organization (SLOADO), Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Konstantinos A. Christou
- Laboratory of Sports Medicine, Sports Medicine Division, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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de Souza FR, Sales ARK, Dos Santos MR, Porello RA, Fonseca GWPD, Sayegh ALC, Filho ACB, Pereira RMR, Takayama L, Oliveira TFD, Yonamine M, Negrão CE, Alves MJDNN. Retrograde and oscillatory shear rate in young anabolic androgenic steroid users. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:422-429. [PMID: 30387184 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed shear rate (SR), characterized by increased retrograde and oscillatory SR in the brachial artery, is associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic hyperactivity. Young subjects do not have disturbed SR; however, elderly subjects do, which seems to be associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse in young is associated with increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). We hypothesized that AAS users might have disturbed SR. We tested the association between retrograde and oscillatory SR with MSNA. In addition, we measured the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). We evaluated 10 male AAS users, age 27 ± 4 years, and 10 age-matched AAS nonusers, age 29 ± 5 years. At rest, retrograde and oscillatory SR were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, MSNA was measured with microneurography, and hs-CRP was measured in blood sample. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was also assessed. AAS users had higher retrograde SR (24.42 ± 17.25 vs 9.15 ± 6.62 s- 1 , P = 0.01), oscillatory SR (0.22 ± 0.13 vs 0.09 ± 0.07 au P = 0.01), and MSNA (42 ± 9 vs 32 ± 4 bursts/100 heart beats, P = 0.018) than nonusers. MSNA (bursts/100 heart beats) was correlated with retrograde SR (r = 0.50, P = 0.050) and oscillatory SR (r = 0.51, P = 0.042). AAS users had higher hs-CRP [1.17 (0.44-3.63) vs 0.29 (0.17-0.70) mg/L, P = 0.015] and decreased FMD (6.42 ± 2.07 vs 8.28% ± 1.53%, P = 0.035) than nonusers. In conclusion, AAS abuse is associated with retrograde and oscillatory SR which were associated with augmented sympathetic outflow. In addition, AAS seems to lead to inflammation characterized by increased hs-CRP. These alterations may have the potential of increasing the early risk of atherosclerotic disease in young AAS users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liliam Takayama
- Bone Laboratory Metabolism, Rheumatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Franco de Oliveira
- Pharmacoscience Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Yonamine
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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dos Santos MR, Sayegh AL, Armani R, Costa-Hong V, de Souza FR, Toschi-Dias E, Bortolotto LA, Yonamine M, Negrão CE, Alves MJN. Resting spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac autonomic control in anabolic androgenic steroid users. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e226. [PMID: 29791601 PMCID: PMC5952050 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids in athletes is a strategy used to enhance strength and skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, its abuse leads to an imbalance in muscle sympathetic nerve activity, increased vascular resistance, and increased blood pressure. However, the mechanisms underlying these alterations are still unknown. Therefore, we tested whether anabolic androgenic steroids could impair resting baroreflex sensitivity and cardiac sympathovagal control. In addition, we evaluate pulse wave velocity to ascertain the arterial stiffness of large vessels. METHODS Fourteen male anabolic androgenic steroid users and 12 nonusers were studied. Heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate were recorded. Baroreflex sensitivity was estimated by the sequence method, and cardiac autonomic control by analysis of the R-R interval. Pulse wave velocity was measured using a noninvasive automatic device. RESULTS Mean spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, baroreflex sensitivity to activation of the baroreceptors, and baroreflex sensitivity to deactivation of the baroreceptors were significantly lower in users than in nonusers. In the spectral analysis of heart rate variability, high frequency activity was lower, while low frequency activity was higher in users than in nonusers. Moreover, the sympathovagal balance was higher in users. Users showed higher pulse wave velocity than nonusers showing arterial stiffness of large vessels. Single linear regression analysis showed significant correlations between mean blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity and pulse wave velocity. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for lower baroreflex sensitivity and sympathovagal imbalance in anabolic androgenic steroid users. Moreover, anabolic androgenic steroid users showed arterial stiffness. Together, these alterations might be the mechanisms triggering the increased blood pressure in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R. dos Santos
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Ana L.C. Sayegh
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Valéria Costa-Hong
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Francis R. de Souza
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Edgar Toschi-Dias
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Luiz A. Bortolotto
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | | | - Carlos E. Negrão
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- Faculdade de Educacao Fisica e Esporte, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Maria-Janieire N.N. Alves
- Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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PORELLO RAFAELARMANI, DOS SANTOS MARCELORODRIGUES, DE SOUZA FRANCISRIBEIRO, DA FONSECA GUILHERMEWESLEYPEIXOTO, SAYEGH ANALUIZACARRARI, DE OLIVEIRA TIAGOFRANCO, AKIHO CÉSARABREU, YONAMINE MAURÍCIO, PEREIRA ROSAMARIARODRIGUES, NEGRÃO CARLOSEDUARDO, ALVES MARIAJANIEIREDENAZARÉNUNES. Neurovascular Response during Exercise and Mental Stress in Anabolic Steroid Users. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:596-602. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Increased blood pressure and aortic stiffness among abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids. J Hypertens 2018; 36:277-285. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Barbosa Neto O, da Mota GR, De Sordi CC, Resende EAMR, Resende LAPR, Vieira da Silva MA, Marocolo M, Côrtes RS, de Oliveira LF, Dias da Silva VJ. Long-term anabolic steroids in male bodybuilders induce cardiovascular structural and autonomic abnormalities. Clin Auton Res 2017; 28:231-244. [DOI: 10.1007/s10286-017-0470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Sayegh ALC, Dos Santos MR, Sarmento AO, de Souza FR, Salemi VMC, Hotta VT, Marques ACDB, Krämer HH, Trombetta IC, Mady C, Alves MJDNN. Cardiac and peripheral autonomic control in restrictive cardiomyopathy. ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:341-350. [PMID: 28772037 PMCID: PMC5542737 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Autonomic dysfunction determines the advance of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and is related to poor outcomes. However, this autonomic imbalance is unknown in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) even though they have similar symptoms and poor quality of life as DCM patients have. The aim of this study was to evaluate if autonomic and neurovascular controls were altered in RCM patients. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifteen RCM patients, 10 DCM patients, and 10 healthy subjects were evaluated. Heart rate and blood pressure (BP) were recorded. Peripheral sympathetic activity [muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA)] by microneurography and cardiac sympathetic activity by power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by the sequence method and forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography. Both cardiomyopathy groups had higher MSNA frequency (P < 0.001) and MSNA incidence (P < 0.001), higher cardiac sympathovagal balance (P < 0.02), reduced BRS for increase (P = 0.002) and for decrease in BP (P = 0.002), and lower forearm blood flow (P < 0.001) compared with healthy subjects. We found an inverse correlation between BRS for increase and decrease in BP and peripheral sympathetic activity (r = -0.609, P = 0.001 and r = -0.648, P < 0.001, respectively) and between BRS for increase and decrease in BP and cardiac sympathetic activity (r = -0.503, P = 0.03 and r = -0.487, P = 0.04, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The RCM patients had cardiac and peripheral autonomic dysfunctions associated with peripheral vasoconstriction. Nonetheless, the presence of normal ejection fraction underestimates the evolution of the disease and makes clinical treatment difficult. These alterations could lead to a similar cardiovascular risk as that observed in DCM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza C Sayegh
- Clinical Unit of Cardiomyopathy, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Dos Santos
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana O Sarmento
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francis R de Souza
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vera M C Salemi
- Clinical Unit of Heart Failure, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viviane T Hotta
- Clinical Unit of Cardiomyopathy, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akothirene Cristhina D B Marques
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Heidrum H Krämer
- Departmente of Neurology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ivani C Trombetta
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Unit, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Charles Mady
- Clinical Unit of Cardiomyopathy, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
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Caliman IF, Bernabe CS, de Melo AF, Brasil GA, do Nascimento AM, de Lima EM, Figueiredo SG, de Andrade TU, Bissoli NS. Long-term treatment with Nandrolone Decanoate impairs mesenteric vascular relaxation in both sedentary and exercised female rats. Steroids 2017; 120:7-18. [PMID: 28192127 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is an Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) that under abusive regimen can lead to multiple physiological adverse effects. Studies of AAS-mediated cardiovascular (CV) alterations were mostly taken from male subjects, even though women are also susceptible to the effects of AAS and gender-specific differences in susceptibility to vascular diseases exist. Here we investigate ND-induced vascular reactivity alterations in both sedentary and exercised female rats and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors. We show that chronic exposure of female Wistar rats to ND (20mg/Kg/week for 4weeks) impaired the vascular mesenteric bed (MVB) reactivity to vasodilator (acetylcholine) agonist. The endothelium-dependent Nitric Oxide (NO) component was reduced in ND-treated rats, whereas neither the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component nor prostanoids were altered in the MVBs. Endothelial dysfunction observed in ND-treated rats was associated with decreased eNOS (Ser1177) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation sites and upregulation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression. Exercise training by weight lifting in water did not improve the vascular alterations induced by ND treatment. ND treatment also significantly reduced the serum levels of estradiol in females, overriding its CV protective effect. These results help uncover the role of ND modulating endothelial function in the setting of CV disease caused by the abuse of AAS in females. If this translates to humans, young women abusing AAS can potentially lose the cardio protective effect rendered by estrogen and be more susceptible to CV alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela F Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Cristian S Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Program in Medical Neurosciences, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antônio F de Melo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Girlândia A Brasil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andrews M do Nascimento
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ewelyne M de Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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Santos MAPD, Oliveira CVCD, Silva AS. Adverse cardiovascular effects from the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids as ergogenic resources. Subst Use Misuse 2014; 49:1132-7. [PMID: 24832723 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2014.903751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This review evaluates the documented cardiovascular functioning among anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users. AAS users manifest a reduction in HDL cholesterol, increased inflammatory markers, and oxidative stress. Strong evidence associating AAS use with blood pressure at hypertensive levels, as well as hypertrophy and cardiac dysfunction has also been reported. Both epidemiological and autopsy studies attest the relationship between AAS use and early mortality. The review's limitations are noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Pereira dos Santos
- 1Departamento de Biofísica e Fisiologia, Campus Universitário Ministro Petrônio Portella, Universidade Federal do Piauí , Teresina-PI , Brasil
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18
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Marques Neto SR, Silva ADH, Santos MCPD, Ferraz EF, Nascimento JHM. The blockade of angiotensin AT1 and aldosterone receptors protects rats from synthetic androgen-induced cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 208:166-71. [PMID: 23279762 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of exercise and antagonists of the angiotensin II and aldosterone receptors on cardiac autonomic regulation and ventricular repolarization in rats chronically treated with nandrolone decanoate (ND), a synthetic androgen. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: sedentary, trained, ND-treated, trained and ND-treated, trained and treated with both ND and spironolactone, and trained and treated with both ND and losartan. ND (10 mg kg(-1) weekly) and the antagonists (20 mg kg(-1) daily) of the angiotensin II AT1 (losartan) and aldosterone (spironolactone) receptors were administered for 8 weeks. Exercise training was performed using a treadmill five times each week for 8 weeks. Following this 8-week training and treatment period, electrocardiogram recordings were obtained to determine the time and frequency domains of heart rate variability (HRV) and corrected QT interval (QTc). RESULTS Nandrolone decanoate treatment increased the QTc interval and reduced the parasympathetic indexes of HRV (RMSSD, pNN5 and high-frequency power) in sedentary and trained rats. The ratio between low- and high-frequency power (LF/HF) was higher in ND-treated groups. Both losartan and spironolactone treatments prevented the effects of ND on the QTc interval and the HRV parameters (RMSSD, pNN5, high-frequency power, and the LF/HF ratio). CONCLUSION Our results show that chronic treatment with a high dose of ND induces cardiac parasympathetic dysfunction and disturbances in ventricular repolarization in both sedentary and exercised rats. Furthermore, inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system using losartan, or spironolactone, prevented these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. da H. Silva
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - M. C. P. dos Santos
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - E. F. Ferraz
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
| | - J. H. M. Nascimento
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro; Brazil
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Pozzi R, Fernandes KR, de Moura CFG, Ferrari RAM, Fernandes KPS, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. Nandrolone decanoate induces genetic damage in multiple organs of rats. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2013; 64:514-518. [PMID: 23223961 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9848-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the impact potential of nandrolone decanoate on DNA damage in multiple organs of Wistar rats by means of single-cell gel (comet) assay and micronucleus test. A total of 15 animals were distributed into three groups of five animals each as follows: control group = animal not exposed to nandrolone decanoate; experimental group = animals exposed to nandrolone decanoate for 24 h at 5 mg/kg subcutaneously; and experimental group = animals exposed to nandrolone decanoate for 24 h at 15 mg/kg subcutaneously. Significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) were noted in peripheral blood, liver, and heart cells exposed to nandrolone decanoate at the two doses evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed between groups. Kidney cells showed genetic damage at only the highest dose (15 mg/kg) used. However, micronucleus data did not show remarkable differences among groups. In conclusion, the present study indicates that nandrolone decanoate induces genetic damage in rat blood, liver, heart, and kidney cells as shown by single-cell gel (comet) assay results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Pozzi
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 11060-001, Brazil
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20
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Pozzi R, Fernandes KR, Foot Gomes de Moura C, Ferrari RAM, Fernandes KPS, Chaves MD, Renno ACM, Ribeiro DA. DNA damage, p53, Ki-67 and COX-2 expression in rat tongue cells exposed to nandrolone decanoate. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 23:289-96. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.755594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Morikawa AT, Maranhão RC, Alves MJNN, Negrão CE, da Silva JL, Vinagre CGC. Effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on chylomicron metabolism. Steroids 2012; 77:1321-6. [PMID: 22939845 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on chylomicron metabolism. METHODS An artificial lipid emulsion labeled with radioactive cholesteryl ester (CE) and triglycerides (TG) mimicking chylomicrons was intravenously injected into individuals who regularly weight trained and made regular use of AAS (WT+AAS group), normolipidemic sedentary individuals (SDT group) and individuals who also regularly weight trained but did not use AAS (WT group). Fractional clearance rates (FCR) were determined by compartmental analysis for emulsion plasma decay curves. RESULTS FCR-CE for the WT+AAS group was reduced (0.0073 ± 0.0079 min(-1), 0.0155 ± 0.0100 min(-1), 0.0149 ± 0.0160 min(-1), respectively; p<0.05), FCR-TG was similar for both the WT and SDT groups. HDL-C plasma concentrations were lower in the WT+AAS group when compared to the WT and SDT groups (22 ± 13; 41 ± 7; 38 ± 13 mg/dL, respectively; p<0.001). Hepatic triglyceride lipase activity was greater in the WT+AAS group when compared to the WT and SDT groups (7243 ± 1822; 3898 ± 1232; 2058 ± 749, respectively; p<0.001). However, no difference was observed for lipoprotein lipase activity. CONCLUSIONS Data strongly suggest that AAS may reduce the removal from the plasma of chylomicron remnants, which are known atherogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra T Morikawa
- Heart Institute (InCor) of Medical School Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Golestani R, Slart RHJA, Dullaart RPF, Glaudemans AWJM, Zeebregts CJ, Boersma HH, Tio RA, Dierckx RAJO. Adverse cardiovascular effects of anabolic steroids: pathophysiology imaging. Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42:795-803. [PMID: 22299602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02642.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are widely abused for enhancing muscle mass, strength, growth and improving athletic performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS In recent years, many observational and interventional studies have shown important adverse cardiovascular effects of AAS abuse. CONCLUSIONS This review discusses established and future perspectives of novel molecular imaging techniques that may serve as potential tools for early detection of AAS-associated cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Golestani
- Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging Endocrinology, Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Severo CB, Ribeiro JP, Umpierre D, Da Silveira AD, Padilha MC, De Aquino Neto FR, Stein R. Increased atherothrombotic markers and endothelial dysfunction in steroid users. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2012; 20:195-201. [PMID: 22345686 DOI: 10.1177/2047487312437062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) may be associated with changes in atherothrombotic markers and endothelial function. The purpose of this study was to compare atherothrombotic markers and endothelial function of AAS users and non-users. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Ten athletes who were users of AAS (confirmed by urine analysis) and 12 non-user athletes were evaluated. Body weight, blood pressure, exercise load (hours/week), complete blood count (CBC), platelets, fibrinogen, lipids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone and estradiol were measured. Endothelium-dependent and independent functions were assessed by brachial artery ultrasound. RESULTS AAS users had higher body mass and blood pressure (p < 0.05). Platelet count was higher whereas HDL-cholesterol was lower in AAS users compared with non-users (p < 0.05). Levels of hs-CRP were higher in AAS users (p < 0.001). Follicle-stimulating hormone was suppressed in all users and not suppressed in non-users (p < 0.001). Compared with non-users, flow-mediated dilation was significantly reduced in AAS users (p = 0.03), whereas endothelium-independent function was similar in both groups. Additionally, flow-mediated dilation was positively associated with levels of HDL- cholesterol (r = 0.49, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS AAS users present important changes in blood lipids as well as in inflammatory markers, which are compatible with increased cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, this profile is accompanied by a reduction in the endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia B Severo
- Exercise Pathophysiology Research Laboratory (LaFiEx) and Cardiology Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Rothman RD, Weiner RB, Pope H, Kanayama G, Hutter AM, Fifer MA, Dec GW, Baggish AL. Anabolic androgenic steroid induced myocardial toxicity: an evolving problem in an ageing population. BMJ Case Rep 2011; 2011:bcr.05.2011.4280. [PMID: 22688938 DOI: 10.1136/bcr.05.2011.4280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Widespread use of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse is a rapidly increasing public health concern with an expanding demographic. Previous studies and reports have been exclusive to young individuals at low risk for traditional, non-AAS associated, cardiovascular disease. To date, the impact of AAS use on older patients has not been well characterised. The patient herein presented documents a dramatic case of an older individual who developed decompensated heart failure secondary to illicit use of AAS, highlighting an evolving problem among a rapidly expanding demographic and illustrating that a) AAS, used to alter appearance or augment performance, is no longer an issue confined to young adults; b) older individuals with ageing myocardium may be particularly susceptible to AAS toxicity and may present with fulminate congestive heart failure; and that c) AAS abstinence coupled with traditional heart failure pharmacotherapy may be an effective treatment for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Rothman
- Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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