1
|
Hassan DAE, Ghaleb SS, Zaki AR, Abdelmenem A, Nabil S, Alim MAA. The toxic effects of anabolic steroids " nandrolone decanoate" on cardiac and skeletal muscles with the potential ameliorative effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract in adult male albino rats. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 24:17. [PMID: 36922878 PMCID: PMC10015925 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-023-00658-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic steroids (AS) are commonly abused by body builders and athletes aiming to increase their strength and muscle mass but unfortunately, the long-term use of AS may lead to serious side effects. Nandrolone Decanoate is one of the Class II anabolic androgenic steroids which quickly spread globally and used clinically and illicitly. Our research was directed to assess the toxic effects of anabolic steroids on cardiac and skeletal muscles in male albino rats and to evaluate the potential ameliorative effects of fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin. METHODS Our research was done on 120 male albino rats that were allocated into 6 groups; group I: Served as a control group, group II: Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate, group III: Received silymarin orally, group IV: Received fenugreek seeds extract orally, group (V): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and silymarin and group (VI): Received the anabolic steroid Nandrolone Decanoate and fenugreek seeds extract. By the end of the study, rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and autopsy samples for histopathological examination. RESULTS The anabolic steroids toxic effects on rats showed a significant decrease in serum High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level and increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) levels. There was a significant elevation in cardiac troponin I level. As regards to histopathological examination of the cardiac and skeletal muscles, the study showed marked degenerative changes and necrosis. Both silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract provided a protective effect on the biochemical and histopathological changes. The antioxidant effects of silymarin and fenugreek seeds extract were evaluated on the heart, skeletal muscles and showed that, the tissue levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase and reduced glutathione (GSH) decreased in AS treated rats compared to the control group. On the other hand, the tissue Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were elevated. CONCLUSIONS Anabolic steroids have a toxic effect on the cardiac and skeletal muscles of albino rats with improvement by treatment with fenugreek seeds extract and silymarin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Abd Elwahab Hassan
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt.
| | - Sherien S Ghaleb
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, 62514, Egypt
| | - Amr Reda Zaki
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelmenem
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Nabil
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Abdallah Abdel Alim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, 62511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zarei F, Moazedi AA, Salimi Z, Pourmotabbed A, Yousofvand N, Farshad M, Akrami MR. Activation of androgen receptors alters hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory retention through modulation of L-type calcium channels. Life Sci 2023; 314:121155. [PMID: 36379312 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS It has been revealed that membrane androgen receptor activation modulates avoidance memory and synaptic plasticity. In a previous study, we showed that Calcineurin, a calcium dependent phosphatase, could be a potential mediator of these AR effects. Also, it is reported that AR activation leads to L-type calcium channel activation. The aim of the current study is to test whether L-type calcium channels are downstream of AR and whether this signal pathway mediates the impairment effect of androgenic steroids on passive avoidance memory and synaptic plasticity. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the effect of Nandrolone Decanoate (AR agonist), AR antagonist (Nilutamide) plus ND or L-type calcium channel inhibitor (Nifedipine) plus ND on passive avoidance performance of adolescent male rats. For extracellular field potential recordings hippocampal slices were perfused with ND, Nilutamide-ND or Nifedipine-ND. KEY FINDINGS Our results clarified that AR activation by ND could impair avoidance behavior as step through latency decreased in ND-treated group while application of both Nilutamide and Nifedipine reestablished normal avoidance behavior. Also, LTP induction in the CA1 area of hippocampus was diminished by ND perfusion and both AR antagonist and L-type calcium channel inhibitor application lead to normal LTP. These findings support our hypothesis that activation of L-type calcium channels are involved in ARs mechanism effects on both avoidance behavior and hippocampal synaptic plasticity. SIGNIFICANCE Understanding the biological effects of AR agonists on cognitive processes and its cellular mechanism may be a new/supplementary way to treating fear-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zarei
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Ali Moazedi
- Department of Biology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran; Stem Cell and Transgenic Technology Research Center, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Zahra Salimi
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Department of Biology, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Pourmotabbed
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Namdar Yousofvand
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Moradpour Farshad
- Department of Physiology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Mohammad Reza Akrami
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Objective Nandrolone decanoate (ND) is an anabolic-androgenic steroid frequently used for clinical treatment. However, the inappropriate use of ND results in the reduction of serum testosterone level and sperm production. The suppressive effect of ND on testosterone production has not been investigated in detail. The present study was designed to examine the effect of ND on the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the rat testis. Methods Male Sprague Dawley rats at 50 days of age were subcutaneously administrated with either 2 or 10 mg of ND/kg body weight/week for 2 or 12 weeks. The changes of transcript and protein levels of steroidogenic enzymes in the testis were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analyses, respectively. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis was employed to determine the changes of immunostaining intensity of these enzymes. The steroidogenic enzymes investigated were steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 side chain cleavage enzyme, 17α-hydroxylase, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and cytochrome P450 aromatase. Results The treatment of ND resulted in depletion of Leydig cells and sloughing of germ cells in the testis. The ND treatment caused significant expressional decreases of steroidogenic enzymes at transcript and protein levels, and the destructive effects of ND on the testis were more apparent with a higher dose and a longer period of the treatment. Evident reduction of immunostaining intensity present in Leydig cells was clearly detected by the ND treatment. Conclusion The exposure to ND in young male results not only in histological changes of the testis but also in aberrant gene expression of testicular steroidogenic enzymes, consequently leading into the reduction of testosterone production in the testis and thus likely disruption of spermatogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- TaeSun Min
- Faculty of Biotechnology, SARI, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
| | - Ki-Ho Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Eulji University, Daejeon 34824, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amani M, Darbin A, Pezeshkian M, Afrasiabi A, Safaie N, Jodati A, Darabi M, Shaaker M, Latifi Z, Fattahi A, Farjah GH, Nouri M, Khadem-Ansari MH. The role of cholesterol-enriched diet and paraoxonase 1 inhibition in atherosclerosis progression. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2017; 9:133-139. [PMID: 29118945 PMCID: PMC5670334 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Atherosclerosis could be deemed as a chronic, progressive, and inflammatory disease. It has been well-documented that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) can reduce the risk of the atherosclerosis occurrence through exerting some anti-atherogenic mechanisms. In recent years, the strong evidence has suggested that paraoxonase 1 (PON1) may contribute to antioxidant properties of HDL. In the present study, the impact of a diet enriched with cholesterol and also the PON1 inhibition on atheroma formation and lipid profile has been investigated.
Methods: In this study, 24 New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to three groups receiving standard diet, atherogenic diet, and atherogenic diet plus once daily intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate as the PON1 inhibitor. Triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined and both cholesterol accumulation in aorta and fatty streak formation were evaluated.
Results: The comparison of the results in three groups reveals that cholesterol level in the group received cholesterol-enriched diet plus once daily injection of PON1 inhibitor was higher than the groups received standard diet or atherogenic diet without PON1 inhibitor (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the percentage of atheroma with type-I lesions was equal to 75% compared with the group received atherogenic diet plus nandrolone at 30%. Additionally, the differences in fatty streak formation in aorta, as well as the right and left coronary arteries in three groups given show that the difference between groups receiving atherogenic diet and standard diet was significantly lower (P < 0.05) than the difference between groups receiving atherogenic diet plus PON1 inhibitor and standard diet.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that lack of paraoxanase1 or even reduced the activity of this enzyme could accelerate the progression of fatty streak lesions toward advanced atherosclerotic lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Amani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Akbar Darbin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Pezeshkian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Afrasiabi
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Jodati
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Darabi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maghsod Shaaker
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Latifi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gholam-Hossein Farjah
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caliman IF, Bernabe CS, de Melo AF, Brasil GA, do Nascimento AM, de Lima EM, Figueiredo SG, de Andrade TU, Bissoli NS. Long-term treatment with Nandrolone Decanoate impairs mesenteric vascular relaxation in both sedentary and exercised female rats. Steroids 2017; 120:7-18. [PMID: 28192127 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) is an Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS) that under abusive regimen can lead to multiple physiological adverse effects. Studies of AAS-mediated cardiovascular (CV) alterations were mostly taken from male subjects, even though women are also susceptible to the effects of AAS and gender-specific differences in susceptibility to vascular diseases exist. Here we investigate ND-induced vascular reactivity alterations in both sedentary and exercised female rats and whether these alterations depend on endothelium-derived factors. We show that chronic exposure of female Wistar rats to ND (20mg/Kg/week for 4weeks) impaired the vascular mesenteric bed (MVB) reactivity to vasodilator (acetylcholine) agonist. The endothelium-dependent Nitric Oxide (NO) component was reduced in ND-treated rats, whereas neither the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component nor prostanoids were altered in the MVBs. Endothelial dysfunction observed in ND-treated rats was associated with decreased eNOS (Ser1177) and Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation sites and upregulation of iNOS and NADPH oxidase expression. Exercise training by weight lifting in water did not improve the vascular alterations induced by ND treatment. ND treatment also significantly reduced the serum levels of estradiol in females, overriding its CV protective effect. These results help uncover the role of ND modulating endothelial function in the setting of CV disease caused by the abuse of AAS in females. If this translates to humans, young women abusing AAS can potentially lose the cardio protective effect rendered by estrogen and be more susceptible to CV alterations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Izabela F Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil.
| | - Cristian S Bernabe
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Program in Medical Neurosciences, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Antônio F de Melo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Girlândia A Brasil
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Andrews M do Nascimento
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Ewelyne M de Lima
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Suely G Figueiredo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - Tadeu U de Andrade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vila Velha, Vila Velha, ES, Brazil
| | - Nazaré S Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jannatifar R, Shokri S, Farrokhi A, Nejatbakhsh R. Effect of supraphysiological dose of Nandrolone Decanoate on the testis and testosterone concentration in mature and immature male rats: A time course study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2015; 13:779-86. [PMID: 27141538 PMCID: PMC4827511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most studies on anabolic-androgenic steroids abuse have been done in adult rats, but few data are available to immature. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assay the effect of Nandrolone Decanoate (ND) on the testis and testosterone concentration in male immature rats compare with mature ones in short and long time. MATERIALS AND METHODS 40 mature rats were divided into 4 groups: group A (short term) and group B (long-term) received 10 mg/kg/day ND interaperitoneally for 35 and 70 days, respectively. Group C (control) without any treatment, and group D (vehicle) received dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution in two periods 35 and 70 days. 40 immature rats were divided into 4 groups same as mature ones. After surgery body weight, testis size, histomorphometry of testis, and serum testosterone level were evaluated. RESULTS Our results showed that ND decreased the number of Leydig cells in group B (39.9 ±. 919), group A (43.4 ±. 120), and long term (40.6 ±. 299) immature rats, which could result in a reduction of testosterone concentration significantly in all experimental groups except short term mature group. Number of sertoli cells, testis size, and diameter of seminiferous tubules decreased in the long-term immature group. Eventually, the number of sperm was decreased in mature and immature groups, but a severe depletion of sperm was occurred in both mature and immature in long time in comparison to the control group (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION This time course study showed that supraphysiological dose of ND may negatively affect the number of Leydig cells, sperm cell, and testosterone concentration of immature rats in the same matter of mature rats. However, the number of sertoli cell, testis size, and seminferous diameter were decreased only in the long immature rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Saeed Shokri
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Farrokhi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Reza Nejatbakhsh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shahraki MR, Mirshekari H, Shahraki AR. Chronic Administration of High Doses of Nandrolone Decanoate on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis in Male Rats. Int J High Risk Behav Addict 2015; 4:e24419. [PMID: 26495259 PMCID: PMC4609496 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.24419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are abused by athletes. Objectives: The present study was designed to evaluate chronic administration of high doses of nandrolone decanoate (ND) on the pituitary-gonadal axis and hematological parameters in normal male rats. Materials and Methods: Thirty Wistar-Albino male rats were divided assigned to control (C), placebo (P) and test (T) groups (n = 10). Group T received 15 mg/kg intramuscular (IM) ND for eight weeks. Group P received the same volume of peanut oil, but group C did not receive any agent during the trial period. At the end, animals were anesthetized, killed and blood samples collected from cervical vessels. Serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were determined by sensitive rat gonadotropins kit, using ELISA methods. Serum testosterone and hematological parameters were measured by ordinary laboratory methods. Obtained data was analyzed using SPSS 17 by ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests. Results were expressed as Mean ± SD. Statistical difference considered significantly by P < 0.05. Results: Serum testosterone, LH, FSH, weight gain, food and water intake in group T were significantly decreased compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In addition erythrocyte, leucocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit in group T were significantly increased compared to those of other groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Chronic administration of high doses of ND can alter serum FSH, LH and testosterone and hematological parameters in male rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Shahraki
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Mohammad Reza Shahraki, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9153415608, Fax: +98-5413414563, E-mail:
| | - Hamideh Mirshekari
- Zahedan Health Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Samieinasab MR, Shahraki MR, Samieinasab F, Najafi S. Influence of nandrolone decanoate administration on serum lipids and liver enzymes in rats. ARYA Atheroscler 2015; 11:256-60. [PMID: 26478734 PMCID: PMC4593662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anabolic-androgenic steroids have been associated with several side effects range. This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effects of nandrolone decanoate (ND, an anabolic steroid) on lipid profile and liver enzymes in rats in Iran. METHODS Forty adult male and female of Wistar strain rats were randomly assigned to four groups of 10 animals each: male control, female control, ND-male treated (15 mg/kg b.w./day), and ND-female treated (15 mg/kg b.w./day). Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were measured in all studied groups. RESULTS Treating rats with ND (case group) resulted in a significant elevation of TC (69.4 ± 8.7), TG (101.6 ± 32.9) and ALT (72.2 ± 13.8) and significant reduction of LDL (6.4 ± 2.6) and AST (138.7 ± 19.4) as compared to control group in female rats. ND supplementation (case group) significantly increased TC (64.4 ± 6.2), AST (255.0 ± 32.0), and ALT (84.3 ± 3.8) in comparison with the control group in male rats. CONCLUSION Overall, our result indicated that the ND use can cause a negative effect on lipid profile and liver enzyme in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Samieinasab
- Assistant Professor, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Shahraki
- Associate Professor, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fatemah Samieinasab
- Ayatollah Golpayegani Hospital, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran,Correspondence to: Fatemah Samieinasab,
| | - Somayeh Najafi
- MSc Student, Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ghorbani Baravati H, Joukar S, Fathpour H, Kordestani Z. Nandrolone Plus Moderate Exercise Increases the Susceptibility to Lethal Arrhythmias. Res Cardiovasc Med 2015; 4:e26233. [PMID: 26396972 PMCID: PMC4576214 DOI: 10.5812/cardiovascmed.26233v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Until now, no experimental study has directly assessed the arrhythmogenesis of chronic consumption of anabolic androgenic steroids along with moderate-intensity endurance exercise. Objectives: We evaluated the influence of integration of anabolic androgenic steroids along with moderate-intensity endurance exercise on susceptibility to lethal ventricular arrhythmias in rat. Materials and Methods: The animal groups were as follows: control group (CTL); exercise group (EX) which were under 6 weeks of treadmill exercise; nandrolone group (Nan) which received 5 mg/kg of nandrolone decanoate twice a week; vehicle group (Arach) which received Arachis oil (solvent of nandrolone); trained vehicle group (Arach + Ex); and trained nandrolone group (Nan + Ex). One day after ending of the intervention period, arrhythmia was inducted by intravenous infusion of aconitine and ventricular arrhythmias were recorded. Then malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of heart tissue were measured. Results: Nandrolone, exercise, and their combination were associated with heart hypertrophy. Exercise could prevent the incremental effect of nandrolone on MDA/GPX ratio. Chronic administration of nandrolone with moderate-intensity endurance exercise had no significant effect on blood pressure, heart rate, and basal electrocardiographic parameters. Combination of nandrolone and exercise significantly increased the incidence of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and reduced the VF latency (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that chronic coadministration of nandrolone with moderate-intensity endurance exercise facilitates the VF occurrence in rat. Complementary studies are needed to elucidate the involved mechanisms of this abnormality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Ghorbani Baravati
- Deptarment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Siyavash Joukar, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, P. O. Box: 76169-14115, Kerman, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-3433220081, E-mail: ,
| | - Hossein Fathpour
- Deptarment of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, IR Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, IR Iran
| |
Collapse
|