1
|
Yang K, Chen Y, Wang M, Zhang Y, Yuan Y, Hou H, Mao YH. The Improvement and Related Mechanism of Microecologics on the Sports Performance and Post-Exercise Recovery of Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1602. [PMID: 38892536 PMCID: PMC11174581 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity and functionality of gut microbiota may play a crucial role in the function of human motor-related systems. In addition to traditional nutritional supplements, there is growing interest in microecologics due to their potential to enhance sports performance and facilitate post-exercise recovery by modulating the gut microecological environment. However, there is a lack of relevant reviews on this topic. This review provides a comprehensive overview of studies investigating the effects of various types of microecologics, such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, on enhancing sports performance and facilitating post-exercise recovery by regulating energy metabolism, mitigating oxidative-stress-induced damage, modulating immune responses, and attenuating bone loss. Although further investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms through which microecologics exert their effects. In summary, this study aims to provide scientific evidence for the future development of microecologics in athletics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keer Yang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yonglin Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Minghan Wang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yishuo Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yu Yuan
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Haoyang Hou
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
| | - Yu-Heng Mao
- School of Exercise and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China; (K.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.W.); (Y.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.H.)
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Human Sports Performance Science, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Motowidło J, Stronska-Garbien K, Bichowska-Pawęska M, Kostrzewa M, Zając A, Ficek K, Drozd M. Effect of Step Load Based on Time under Tension in Hypoxia on the ACL Pre-Operative Rehabilitation and Hormone Levels: A Case Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2792. [PMID: 38792333 PMCID: PMC11122198 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of step load in hypoxia on the effectiveness of preoperative rehabilitation (PR) and hormone levels based on a case study. Introduction: We assessed the impact of variables such as rate of movement and time under tension (TUT) in normobaric hypoxia on the levels of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and erythropoietin (EPO). Additionally, the impact of step load on the hypertrophy and strength of knee extensors and flexors was assessed. Methods: The work uses a case study, the research subject of which was a 23-year-old female professional handball player. The tests included an isokinetic assessment of the peak torque of knee extensors and flexors as well as body composition analysis. Results: The results showed a more than (10.81-fold) increase in GH after the microcycle with time under tension (TUT). The deficit between the lower limbs was also reduced. Conclusions: Using a hypoxic environment based on an appropriate altitude, combined with changes such as a short rest break between sets and a controlled tempo of movement with an eccentric phase, TUT may offer an alternative to the PR process, especially among athletes who care about fast RTS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Motowidło
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Katarzyna Stronska-Garbien
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Marta Bichowska-Pawęska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Krzysztof Ficek
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| | - Miłosz Drozd
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.S.-G.); (M.K.); (A.Z.); (K.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Zamora L, Benavente C, Petrer I, Padial P, Timón R, Arguelles J, Feriche B. Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8-week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1. [PMID: 38446192 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05442-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare external and internal training load markers during resistance training (RT) in normoxia (N), intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (HH), and intermittent normobaric hypoxia (NH). METHODS Thirty-three volunteers were assigned an 8-week RT program in either N (690 m, n = 10), HH (2320 m, n = 10), or NH (inspired fraction of oxygen = 15.9%; ~ 2320 m, n = 13). The RT program (3x/week) consisted of six exercises, with three sets of six to 12 repetitions at ~ 70% of one repetition maximum (1RM) with the first session of each week used for analysis. 1RM in back squat and bench press was used to evaluate muscle strength before and after the program. External load was assessed by the volume load relative to body mass (RVL, kg·kg-1). Internal load was assessed by the ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate (HR). RESULTS Smaller relative improvements were found for the back squat in the N group (11.5 ± 8.8%) when compared to the NH group (22.2 ± 8.2%, P = 0.01) and the HH group (22 ± 8.1%, P = 0.02). All groups showed similar RVL, HR responses and RPE across the program (P˃0.05). However, reduced HR recovery values, calculated as the difference between the highest HR value (HRpeak) and the resting heart rate after a two min rest, were seen in the N and NH groups across the program (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION It seems that 8 weeks of intermittent RT in hypoxic environments could maximize time-efficiency when aiming to improve strength levels in back squat without evoking higher levels of physiological stress. Performing RT at hypobaric hypoxia may improve the cardiorespiratory response, which in turn could speed recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Division of Sport Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Irene Petrer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafa Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Javier Arguelles
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang Y, Liu X, Hurr C. Effect of 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training for repeated vertical jump performance in untrained males. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:213-221. [PMID: 37791831 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15383-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To be successful in sports, it is critical to maintain a high level of muscular power throughout a game. Physiological adaptations induced by hypoxic exercise training would provide benefits for fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 4-week intermittent hypoxic exercise training program is more effective in improving power endurance during repeated vertical jumps (VJs) when compared with a normoxic counterpart. METHODS Eighteen young adult males were divided into two training groups: 1) normoxic training group (NT, FiO2: 20.9%, N.=9); and 2) hypoxic training group (HT, FiO2: 13.7%, N.=9). For both NT and HT, participants performed three sessions per week for four weeks. Each session consisted of a 60-min exercise session including strength and power training. A repeated VJ (40 reps/set, 2 sets with 5 min rest given between them) was performed before and after the training (pretraining and post-training). RESULTS The HT group displayed an improvement in repeated VJ performance in a later phase of set 1 following the training (25-30 rep: pretraining 26.49±6.20 vs. post-training 30.55±5.37cm, P=0.0285; 30-35 rep: pretraining 25.08±5.29 vs. post-training 29.56±5.37cm, P=0.0064; 35-40 rep: pretraining 25.05±5.51 vs. post-training 29.28±5.71cm, P=0.0161). In set 2, repeated VJ performance in the later phase was also enhanced in HT following the training (P<0.05 for all). No changes in repeated VJ performance were seen in NT following the training (P>0.05 for all). Also, the HT group showed a trend towards a decrease in Fatigue Index in set 1 (pretraining 23.51±13.27 vs. Post 11.87±12.51%, P=0.1308) and set 2 (pretraining 29.11±13.66 vs. post-training 17.81±17.97%, P=0.1588) following the training. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training can be an effective training modality to improve fatigue-resisting ability during repeated explosive exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Chang
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Institute of Physical Education, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai'an, China
| | - Chansol Hurr
- Department of Physical Education, Integrative Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Education, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea -
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Okawara H, Iwasawa Y, Sawada T, Sugai K, Daigo K, Seki Y, Ichihara G, Nakashima D, Sano M, Nakamura M, Sato K, Fukuda K, Katsumata Y. Anaerobic threshold using sweat lactate sensor under hypoxia. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22865. [PMID: 38129473 PMCID: PMC10739691 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the reliability and validity of sweat lactate threshold (sLT) measurement based on the real-time monitoring of the transition in sweat lactate levels (sLA) under hypoxic exercise. In this cross-sectional study, 20 healthy participants who underwent exercise tests using respiratory gas analysis under hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2], 15.4 ± 0.8%) in addition to normoxia (FiO2, 20.9%) were included; we simultaneously monitored sLA transition using a wearable lactate sensor. The initial significant elevation in sLA over the baseline was defined as sLT. Under hypoxia, real-time dynamic changes in sLA were successfully visualized, including a rapid, continual rise until volitionary exhaustion and a progressive reduction in the recovery phase. High intra- and inter-evaluator reliability was demonstrated for sLT's repeat determinations (0.782 [0.607-0.898] and 0.933 [0.841-0.973]) as intraclass correlation coefficients [95% confidence interval]. sLT correlated with ventilatory threshold (VT) (r = 0.70, p < 0.01). A strong agreement was found in the Bland-Altman plot (mean difference/mean average time: - 15.5/550.8 s) under hypoxia. Our wearable device enabled continuous and real-time lactate assessment in sweat under hypoxic conditions in healthy participants with high reliability and validity, providing additional information to detect anaerobic thresholds in hypoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okawara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Iwasawa
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonori Sawada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugai
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Daigo
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Seki
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Genki Ichihara
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakashima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuda
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katsumata
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Márquez G, Colomer D, Benavente C, Morenilla L, Alix-Fages C, Padial P, Feriche B. Altitude-induced effects on neuromuscular, metabolic and perceptual responses before, during and after a high-intensity resistance training session. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2119-2129. [PMID: 37209140 PMCID: PMC10492878 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05195-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We tested if an acute ascending to 2320 m above sea level (asl) affects corticospinal excitability (CSE) and intracortical inhibition (SICI) measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) at rest, before, during and after a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session. We also explored whether blood lactate concentration (BLa), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived muscular pain and total training volume differed when the RT session was performed at hypoxia (H) or normoxia (N). METHODS Twelve resistance-trained men performed eight sets of 10 repetitions at 70% of one repetition maximum of a bar biceps curl at N (SpO2 = 98.0 ± 0.9%) and H (at 2320 asl, SpO2 = 94.0 ± 1.9%) in random order. Before each session, a subjective well-being questionnaire, the resting motor threshold (rMT) and a single pulse recruitment curve were measured. Before, during and after the RT session, BLa, RPE, muscle pain, CSE and SICI were measured. RESULTS Before the RT session only the rMT differed between H (- 5.3%) and N (ES = 0.38). RPE, muscle pain and BLa increased through the RT session and were greater at H than N (12%, 54% and 15%, respectively) despite a similar training volume (1618 ± 468 kg vs. 1638 ± 509 kg). CSE was reduced during the RT session (~ 27%) but recovered ten minutes after, regardless of the environmental condition. SICI did not change after any RT session. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that acute exposure to moderate hypoxia slightly increased the excitability of the most excitable structures of the corticospinal tract but did not influence intracortical or corticospinal responses to a single RT session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - David Colomer
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Morenilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Avda. Ernesto Che Guevara, 121-Pazos-Liáns, 15179, Oleiros, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Alix-Fages
- Applied Biomechanics and Sports Technology Research Group, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khalafi M, Sakhaei MH, Symonds ME, Noori Mofrad SR, Liu Y, Korivi M. Impact of Exercise in Hypoxia on Inflammatory Cytokines in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37382855 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both acute exercise and environmental hypoxia may elevate inflammatory cytokines, but the inflammatory response in the hypoxic exercise is remaining unknown. OBJECTIVE We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the effect of exercise in hypoxia on inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. METHODS PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify the original articles that compared the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 changes, published up to March 2023. Standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random effect model to (1) determine the effect of exercise in hypoxia, (2) determine the effect of exercise in normoxia and (3) compare the effect of exercise in hypoxia with normoxia on IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 responses. RESULTS Twenty-three studies involving 243 healthy, trained and athlete subjects with a mean age range from 19.8 to 41.0 years were included in our meta-analysis. On comparing exercise in hypoxia with normoxia, no differences were found in the response of IL-6 [0.17 (95% CI - 0.08 to 0.43), p = 0.17] and TNF-α [0.17 (95% CI - 0.10 to 0.46), p = 0.21] between the conditions. Exercise in hypoxia significantly increased IL-10 concentration [0.60 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.03), p = 0.006] compared with normoxia. In addition, exercise during both hypoxia and normoxia increased IL-6 and IL-10, whereas TNF-α was increased only in hypoxic exercise condition. CONCLUSION Overall, exercise in both hypoxia and normoxia increased inflammatory cytokines; however, hypoxic exercise may lead to a greater inflammatory response in adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Khalafi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Sakhaei
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Guilan, Iran
| | - Michael E Symonds
- Centre for Perinatal Research, Academic Unit of Population and Lifespan Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Saeid Reza Noori Mofrad
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
| | - Yubo Liu
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mallikarjuna Korivi
- Institute of Human Movement and Sports Engineering, College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua City, 321004, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jenkins JR, Salmon OF, Smith CM. Moderate and Severe Acute Normobaric Hypoxia and the 3-Repetition Deadlift, Hand-Release Push-Up, and Leg Tuck Events From the Army Combat Fitness Test. Mil Med 2023; 188:e753-e760. [PMID: 35072728 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The newly implemented Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT) of the U.S. Army seeks to revolutionize the Army's fitness culture and reduce the rate of preventable injuries among soldiers. The initial rollout of the ACFT has been met with several challenges, including a gender-neutral scoring system. The ACFT has undergone several revisions to adapt to the present state of U.S. Army physical fitness; however, the test faces several more obstacles as more data become available. The ACFT was designed to measure combat readiness, a useful tool for units facing deployment or a change in duty station to a high-altitude environment. Reduced oxygen availability (hypoxia) at high altitude influences many physiological functions associated with physical fitness, such that there is an increased demand for oxygen in exercising muscle. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate the effects of normoxic and two levels of hypoxia exposure (moderate and severe; fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2]: 16.0% and 14.3%) during the 3-repetition deadlift (MDL), hand-release push-up (HRP), and leg tuck (LTK) events of the ACFT. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fourteen recreationally active men (n = 10) and women (n = 4) soldier analogs (27.36 ± 1.12 years, height 1.71 ± 2.79 m, weight 80.60 ± 4.24 kg) completed the MDL, HRP, and LTK at normoxia and acute normobaric moderate (MH; FiO2 16%) and severe (SH; FiO2 14.3%) hypoxic exposure. Scores and performance were recorded for each event, and heart rate (HR) and total body oxygen saturation (SpO2) were monitored throughout. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess differences in modified ACFT scores, performance, HR, and SpO2 among hypoxic conditions, with follow-up one-way ANOVA and paired t-test when appropriate. RESULTS Total body oxygen saturation was decreased at MH and SH conditions compared to normoxia but did not vary between ACFT events. Heart rate was not influenced by altitude but did increase in response to exercise. Scores of the modified total and individual ACFT events were not different between normoxia, MH, and SH. There was also no difference in performance based on the amount of weight lifted during the MDL and number of repetitions of the HRP and LTK events in response to hypoxic exposure. CONCLUSIONS Performance and scores of the modified ACFT were not influenced by acute normobaric MH and SH exposure compared to normoxia. Further investigations should examine the full testing battery of the ACFT to provide a comprehensive analysis and potential evidence for such differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin R Jenkins
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Owen F Salmon
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Cory M Smith
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences PhD Program, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
- Human and Environmental Physiology Laboratory, College of Health Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Benavente C, Schoenfeld BJ, Padial P, Feriche B. Efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia on muscle hypertrophy and strength development: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3676. [PMID: 36871095 PMCID: PMC9985626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30808-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions (RTH) on muscle hypertrophy and strength development. Searches of PubMed-Medline, Web of Science, Sport Discus and the Cochrane Library were conducted comparing the effect of RTH versus normoxia (RTN) on muscle hypertrophy (cross sectional area (CSA), lean mass and muscle thickness) and strength development [1-repetition maximum (1RM)]. An overall meta-analysis and subanalyses of training load (low, moderate or high), inter-set rest interval (short, moderate or long) and severity of hypoxia (moderate or high) were conducted to explore the effects on RTH outcomes. Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. The overall analyses showed similar improvements in CSA (SMD [CIs] = 0.17 [- 0.07; 0.42]) and 1RM (SMD = 0.13 [0.0; 0.27]) between RTH and RTN. Subanalyses indicated a medium effect on CSA for longer inter-set rest intervals and a small effect for moderate hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH. Moreover, a moderate effect for longer inter-set rest intervals and a trivial effect for severe hypoxia and moderate loads favoring RTH was found on 1RM. Evidence suggests that RTH employed with moderate loads (60-80% 1RM) and longer inter-set rest intervals (≥ 120 s) enhances muscle hypertrophy and strength compared to normoxia. The use of moderate hypoxia (14.3-16% FiO2) seems to be somewhat beneficial to hypertrophy but not strength. Further research is required with greater standardization of protocols to draw stronger conclusions on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Exercise Science and Recreation, CUNY Lehman College, The Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marume K, Mugele H, Ueno R, Amin SB, Lesmana HS, Possnig C, Hansen AB, Simpson LL, Lawley JS. The impact of leg position on muscle blood flow and oxygenation during low-intensity rhythmic plantarflexion exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1091-1099. [PMID: 36645478 PMCID: PMC10119266 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training (RT) is an effective countermeasure to combat physical deconditioning whereby localized hypoxia within the limb increases metabolic stress eliciting muscle adaptation. The current study sought to examine the influence of gravity on muscle oxygenation (SmO2) alongside vascular hemodynamic responses. METHODS In twelve young healthy adults, an ischemic occlusion test and seven minutes of low-intensity rhythmic plantarflexion exercise were used alongside superficial femoral blood flow and calf near-infrared spectroscopy to assess the microvascular vasodilator response, conduit artery flow-mediated dilation, exercise-induced hyperemia, and SmO2 with the leg positioned above or below the heart in a randomized order. RESULTS The microvascular vasodilator response, assessed by peak blood flow (798 ± 231 mL/min vs. 1348 ± 290 mL/min; p < 0.001) and reperfusion slope 10 s of SmO2 after cuff deflation (0.75 ± 0.45%.s-1 vs.2.40 ± 0.94%.s-1; p < 0.001), was attenuated with the leg above the heart. This caused a blunted dilatation of the superficial femoral artery (3.0 ± 2.4% vs. 5.2 ± 2.1%; p = 0.008). Meanwhile, blood flow area under the curve was comparable (above the heart: 445 ± 147 mL vs. below the heart: 474 ± 118 mL; p = 0.55) in both leg positions. During rhythmic exercise, the increase in femoral blood flow was lower in the leg up position (above the heart: 201 ± 94% vs. below the heart: 292 ± 114%; p = 0.001) and contributed to a lower SmO2 (above the heart: 41 ± 18% vs. below the heart 67 ± 5%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Positioning the leg above the heart results in attenuated peak vascular dilator response and exercise-induced hyperemia that coincided with a lower SmO2 during low-intensity plantarflexion exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Marume
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hendrik Mugele
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ryo Ueno
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sachin B Amin
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Carmen Possnig
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexander B Hansen
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
FUJII R, NAKAMURA N, KAWAMURA T, MURAOKA I. Hormone and oxidative stress response during recovery on normoxia after hypoxic resistance exercise. GAZZETTA MEDICA ITALIANA ARCHIVIO PER LE SCIENZE MEDICHE 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0393-3660.21.04591-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
12
|
Benjanuvatra N, Bradbury D, Landers G, Goods PSR, Girard O. How does multi-set high-load resistance exercise impact neuromuscular function in normoxia and hypoxia? Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35770524 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2095929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether hypoxia during multi-set, high-load resistance exercise alters neuromuscular responses. Using a single-blinded (participants), randomised crossover design, eight resistance-trained males completed five sets of five repetitions of bench press at 80% of one repetition maximum in moderate normobaric hypoxia (inspiratory oxygen fraction = 0.145) and normoxia. Maximal isometric bench press trials were performed following the warm-up, after 10 min of altitude priming and 5 min post-session (outside, inside and outside the chamber, respectively). Force during pre-/post-session maximal voluntary isometric contractions and bar velocity during exercise sets were measured along with surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of the pectoralis major, anterior deltoid and lateral and medial triceps muscles. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA (condition×time) were used. A significant time effect (p = 0.048) was found for mean bar velocity, independent of condition (p = 0.423). During sets of the bench press exercise, surface EMG amplitude of all studied muscles remained unchanged (p > 0.187). During maximal isometric trials, there were no main effects of condition (p > 0.666) or time (p > 0.119), nor were there any significant condition×time interactions for peak or mean forces and surface EMG amplitudes (p > 0.297). Lower end-exercise blood oxygen saturation (90.9 ± 1.8 vs. 98.6 ± 0.6%; p < 0.001) and higher blood lactate concentration (5.8 ± 1.4 vs. 4.4 ± 1.6 mmol/L; p = 0.007) values occurred in hypoxia. Acute delivery of systemic normobaric hypoxia during multi-set, high-load resistance exercise increased metabolic stress. However, only subtle neuromuscular function adjustments occurred with and without hypoxic exposure either during maximal isometric bench press trials before versus after the session or during actual exercise sets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Benjanuvatra
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D Bradbury
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - G Landers
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - P S R Goods
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150.,Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Australia, 6150
| | - O Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
New Trend of Physical Activity and Exercise for Health Promotion and Functional Ability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137939. [PMID: 35805597 PMCID: PMC9265872 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
14
|
Differences in stress response between two altitudes assessed by salivary cortisol levels within circadian rhythms in long-distance runners. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9749. [PMID: 35697776 PMCID: PMC9192635 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
There are conflicting reports regarding the efficacy of cortisol as a stress marker in altitude training due to the influence of the circadian rhythm. This study aimed to verify whether the automated measurement of salivary cortisol concentration via sequential sampling could detect the differences in exercise stress between two altitudes. We enrolled 12 elite female long-distance runners living near sea level. For the first higher-altitude camp, the runners lived at 1800 m and trained at 1700 m for 7 days. For the second lower-altitude camp, they lived at 1550 m and trained at 1300 m for 7 days. Their saliva was sequentially collected on the last 2 days during each camp which involved different intensity exercises in the morning and afternoon. The salivary cortisol concentrations were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Before dinner, the basal salivary cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp. The rate of change in the salivary cortisol concentration during the morning exercise was significantly higher in the higher-altitude camp than in lower-altitude camp (p = 0.028) despite the same exercise programs and intensities. Salivary cortisol level measurements during the athletes' circadian rhythms could detect the differences in acclimatization and exercise stress between two altitudes.
Collapse
|
15
|
Benavente C, Feriche B, Olcina G, Schoenfeld BJ, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Almeida F, Martínez-Guardado I, Timon R, Padial P. Inter-set rest configuration effect on acute physiological and performance-related responses to a resistance training session in terrestrial vs simulated hypoxia. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13469. [PMID: 35607454 PMCID: PMC9123884 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic stress is considered a key factor in the activation of hypertrophy mechanisms which seems to be potentiated under hypoxic conditions.This study aimed to analyze the combined effect of the type of acute hypoxia (terrestrial vs simulated) and of the inter-set rest configuration (60 vs 120 s) during a hypertrophic resistance training (RT) session on physiological, perceptual and muscle performance markers. Methods Sixteen active men were randomized into two groups based on the type of hypoxia (hypobaric hypoxia, HH: 2,320 m asl; vs normobaric hypoxia, NH: FiO2 of 15.9%). Each participant completed in a randomly counterbalanced order the same RT session in four separated occasions: two under normoxia and two under the corresponding hypoxia condition at each prescribed inter-set rest period. Volume-load (load × set × repetition) was calculated for each training session. Muscle oxygenation (SmO2) of the vastus lateralis was quantified during the back squat exercise. Heart rate (HR) was monitored during training and over the ensuing 30-min post-exercise period. Maximal blood lactate concentration (maxLac) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were determined after the exercise and at the end of the recovery period. Results Volume-load achieved was similar in all environmental conditions and inter-set rest period length did not appreciably affect it. Shorter inter-set rest periods displayed moderate increases in maxLac, HR and RPE responses in all conditions. Compared to HH, NH showed a moderate reduction in the inter-set rest-HR (ES > 0.80), maxLac (ES > 1.01) and SmO2 (ES > 0.79) at both rest intervals. Conclusions Results suggest that the reduction in inter-set rest intervals from 120 s to 60 s provide a more potent perceptual, cardiovascular and metabolic stimulus in all environmental conditions, which could maximize hypertrophic adaptations in longer periods of training. The abrupt exposure to a reduced FiO2 at NH seems to reduce the inter-set recovery capacity during a traditional hypertrophy RT session, at least during a single acute exposition. These results cannot be extrapolated to longer training periods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Benavente
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Brad J. Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Filipa Almeida
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Faculty of Education, BRABE Group, Department of Psychology. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, University of Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Timon
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kon M, Ebi Y, Nakagaki K. Hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out sprint interval exercise under systemic hyperoxia. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 63:101445. [PMID: 35168036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperoxic gas inhalation during exercise may negatively affect all-out sprint interval exercise (SIE)-induced hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. We investigated the effects of acute all-out SIE under systemic hyperoxia on hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses. DESIGN This was a randomised-crossover trial. Ten healthy males (mean ± standard error of age = 23.1 ± 0.9 years; height = 171.0 ± 1.6 cm; body mass = 66.2 ± 2.0 kg; body mass index = 22.6 ± 0.5 kg/m2) completed the following two experimental regimens: 1) SIE under normoxia and 2) SIE under systemic hyperoxia (FiO2 = 60%). The subjects performed four bouts of 30-s maximal cycling efforts with 4 min recovery between efforts. The circulating levels of hormonal (growth hormone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), metabolic (glucose, free fatty acid, and lactate), and angiogenic (vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9, and endostatin) markers were measured before and at 0 (immediately after the regimen), 30, and 120 min after both regimens. RESULTS In response to both SIE regimens, the peak and mean power outputs gradually decreased over the intermittent exercise session compared with those in the first bout (p < 0.01) with no significant differences between the regimens. Both regimens significantly increased the circulating concentrations of all hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic markers (p < 0.01). However, there were no significant differences in the levels of these markers in response to the two regimens at any time point (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that acute systemic hyperoxia does not influence the hormonal, metabolic, and angiogenic responses to all-out SIE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- Department of Health Care and Sports, Faculty of Human Life Design, Toyo University, 1-7-11, Akabanedai, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0053, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Yoshiko Ebi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakagaki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1 Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan; Department of Sports Sciences, Yamanashi Gakuin University, 2-4-5 Sakaori, Kofu, Yamanashi 158-8508, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hormonal and metabolic responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1007-1017. [PMID: 35142944 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04897-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In young adults, the hormonal responses to resistance exercise are amplified by normobaric hypoxia. Hormone concentrations and metabolism are typically dysregulated with age, yet the impact of hypoxia on these responses to resistance exercise are uncharacterised. Therefore, this study aimed to characterise the acute and chronic hormonal and metabolic responses of older adults to resistance training in normobaric hypoxia. METHODS Adults aged 60-75 years completed 8 weeks of resistance training in either normoxia (20.9% O2; n = 10) or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2, n = 10) twice weekly at 70% of their predicted 1-repetition maximum. Growth hormone, glucose, lactate, insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), cortisol, total testosterone, adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine were quantified at pre- and post-training, and in the 60 min following the first training session (untrained state) and the last training session (trained state). RESULTS Eight weeks of training in hypoxia did not affect the resting levels of the hormones or physiological factors measured. However, hypoxia significantly blunted the acute growth hormone response in the 15 min following the last training session at week eight (43.87% lower in the hypoxic group; p = 0.017). This novel and unexpected finding requires further investigation. All other hormones were unaffected acutely by hypoxia in the 60 min following the first and the last training session. CONCLUSION Chronic resistance training in normobaric hypoxia supresses the growth hormone response to exercise in older adults. All other hormones and metabolic markers were unaffected both acutely and chronically by hypoxia.
Collapse
|
18
|
Moberg M, Apró W, Horwath O, Hall G, Blackwood SJ, Katz A. Acute normobaric hypoxia blunts contraction-mediated mTORC1- and JNK-signaling in human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2022; 234:e13771. [PMID: 34984845 PMCID: PMC9285439 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim Hypoxia has been shown to reduce resistance exercise‐induced stimulation of protein synthesis and long‐term gains in muscle mass. However, the mechanism whereby hypoxia exerts its effect is not clear. Here, we examine the effect of acute hypoxia on the activity of several signalling pathways involved in the regulation of muscle growth following a bout of resistance exercise. Methods Eight men performed two sessions of leg resistance exercise in normoxia or hypoxia (12% O2) in a randomized crossover fashion. Muscle biopsies were obtained at rest and 0, 90,180 minutes after exercise. Muscle analyses included levels of signalling proteins and metabolites associated with energy turnover. Results Exercise during normoxia induced a 5‐10‐fold increase of S6K1Thr389 phosphorylation throughout the recovery period, but hypoxia blunted the increases by ~50%. Phosphorylation of JNKThr183/Tyr185 and the JNK target SMAD2Ser245/250/255 was increased by 30‐ to 40‐fold immediately after the exercise in normoxia, but hypoxia blocked almost 70% of the activation. Throughout recovery, phosphorylation of JNK and SMAD2 remained elevated following the exercise in normoxia, but the effect of hypoxia was lost at 90‐180 minutes post‐exercise. Hypoxia had no effect on exercise‐induced Hippo or autophagy signalling and ubiquitin‐proteasome related protein levels. Nor did hypoxia alter the changes induced by exercise in high‐energy phosphates, glucose 6‐P, lactate or phosphorylation of AMPK or ACC. Conclusion We conclude that acute severe hypoxia inhibits resistance exercise‐induced mTORC1‐ and JNK signalling in human skeletal muscle, effects that do not appear to be mediated by changes in the degree of metabolic stress in the muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Moberg
- Åstrand Laboratory Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - William Apró
- Åstrand Laboratory Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology Karolinska Institute Stockholm Sweden
| | - Oscar Horwath
- Åstrand Laboratory Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Gerrit Hall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Clinical Biochemistry Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sarah Joan Blackwood
- Åstrand Laboratory Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Abram Katz
- Åstrand Laboratory Department of Physiology, Nutrition and Biomechanics Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Transcription Factor Movement and Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Human Skeletal Muscle: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031517. [PMID: 35163441 PMCID: PMC8836245 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to exercise, the oxidative capacity of mitochondria within skeletal muscle increases through the coordinated expression of mitochondrial proteins in a process termed mitochondrial biogenesis. Controlling the expression of mitochondrial proteins are transcription factors—a group of proteins that regulate messenger RNA transcription from DNA in the nucleus and mitochondria. To fulfil other functions or to limit gene expression, transcription factors are often localised away from DNA to different subcellular compartments and undergo rapid movement or accumulation only when required. Although many transcription factors involved in exercise-induced mitochondrial biogenesis have been identified, numerous conflicting findings and gaps exist within our knowledge of their subcellular movement. This review aims to summarise and provide a critical analysis of the published literature regarding the exercise-induced movement of transcription factors involved in mitochondria biogenesis in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dolscheid-Pommerich RC, Stoffel-Wagner B, Fimmers R, Eichhorn L. Changes in hormones after apneic hypoxia/hypercapnia - an investigation in voluntary apnea divers. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2022; 298:103845. [PMID: 35041989 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2022.103845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prolonged apnea is characterized by hypoxia/hypercapnia. Hypoxia can be associated with hormonal dysfunction. We raised the question as to whether steroid hormonal and gonadotropin levels could be influenced by short-term hypoxia/hypercapnia in a model of dry apnea in trained apnea divers. METHODS Adrenal, sex steroid and pituitary hormones were measured in ten trained voluntary apnea divers before, immediately after, 0.5 h and 4 h after a maximal breath-hold. Apnea was carried out under dry conditions. RESULTS Corticosterone, progesterone, cortisol, 17-OH-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione showed a significant continuous increase with a maximum at 0.5 h after apnea, followed by a decrease back to or below baseline at 4 h after apnea. Testosterone, estradiol, cortisone and dihydrotestosterone showed a decrease 4 h after apnea. Dehydroepiandrosteronesulfate, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) showed no significant changes. CONCLUSION Even a single apnea resulted in two different patterns of hormone response to apnea, with increased adrenal and reduced sex steroid levels, while LH/FSH showed no clear kinetic reaction. Apnea divers might be a suitable clinical model for hypoxic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Dolscheid-Pommerich
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - B Stoffel-Wagner
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - R Fimmers
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - L Eichhorn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Girard O, Mariotti-Nesurini L, Malatesta D. Acute performance and physiological responses to upper-limb multi-set exercise to failure: Effects of external resistance and systemic hypoxia. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1877-1888. [PMID: 34736360 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.2002951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study quantified performance and physiological responses during multi-set resistance exercise to failure at light versus moderate loads in normoxia and systemic hypoxia. On separate visits, fifteen resistance-trained adults performed barbell biceps curl exercise trials (6 sets to failure, 2 min rest between sets) in four separate randomised conditions; i.e. in normoxia at 380 m above sea level or systemic hypoxia at ∼3800 m simulated altitude (inspired oxygen fraction = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with two different intensity levels (30% and 70% of 1 repetition maximal or 1RM). Muscle activation (root mean square value calculated from surface electromyography) and oxygenation (integrated-tissue saturation index derived from near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored for the biceps brachii muscle. The total number of repetitions before failure at 30% 1RM (122 ± 5 vs. 131 ± 5; P = 0.021), but not 70% 1RM (39 ± 1 vs. 41 ± 2; P = 0.313), was lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Root mean square activity of the biceps brachii muscle was higher for 70% 1RM compared to 30% 1RM (P < 0.001), while the increase in muscle activation from the first to the last set (P < 0.001) occurred independently of altitude (P > 0.158). Deoxygenation and reoxygenation responses were higher under hypoxic versus normoxic conditions at 70% 1 RM (P = 0.013 and P = 0.015) but not 30% 1RM (P = 0.528 and P = 0.384). During upper-limb multi-set resistance exercise to failure, exposure to acute normobaric hypoxia negatively impacts performance at light, but not moderate, loads. Overall, external resistance has more profound effects on physiological strain than hypoxic exposure per se.Highlights The addition of acute systemic hypoxia negatively affects work performed at low, but not moderate, loads during upper-limb resistance exercise to failure.Hypoxic exposure, however, does not fundamentally alter muscle activation and oxygenation patterns.Muscle activation and oxygenation responses in turn are more largely influenced by load lifted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Luca Mariotti-Nesurini
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Malatesta
- Institute of Sport Sciences of the University of Lausanne, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Augmented muscle glycogen utilization following a single session of sprint training in hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2981-2991. [PMID: 34228222 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04748-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined the effect of a single session of sprint interval training in hypoxia on muscle glycogen content among athletes. METHODS Ten male college track and field sprinters (mean ± standard error of the mean: age, 21.1 ± 0.2 years; height, 177 ± 2 cm; body weight, 67 ± 2 kg) performed two exercise trials under either hypoxia [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2), 14.5%] or normoxia (NOR: FiO2, 20.9%). The exercise consisted of 3 × 30 s maximal cycle sprints with 8-min rest periods between sets. Before and immediately after the exercise, the muscle glycogen content was measured using carbon magnetic resonance spectroscopy in vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles. Moreover, power output, blood lactate concentrations, metabolic responses (respiratory oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output), and muscle oxygenation were evaluated. RESULTS Exercise significantly decreased muscle glycogen content in both trials (interaction, P = 0.03; main effect for time, P < 0.01). Relative changes in muscle glycogen content following exercise were significantly higher in the HYPO trial (- 43.5 ± 0.4%) than in the NOR trial (- 34.0 ± 0.3%; P < 0.01). The mean power output did not significantly differ between the two trials (P = 0.80). The blood lactate concentration after exercise was not significantly different between trials (P = 0.31). CONCLUSION A single session of sprint interval training (3 × 30 s sprints) in hypoxia caused a greater decrease in muscle glycogen content compared with the same exercise under normoxia without interfering with the power output.
Collapse
|
23
|
Hormonal and Inflammatory Responses to Hypertrophy-Oriented Resistance Training at Acute Moderate Altitude. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18084233. [PMID: 33923577 PMCID: PMC8072638 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a traditional hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (RT) session at acute terrestrial hypoxia on inflammatory, hormonal, and the expression of miR-378 responses associated with muscular gains. In a counterbalanced fashion, 13 resistance trained males completed a hypertrophic RT session at both moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Venous blood samples were taken before and throughout the 30 min post-exercise period for determination of cytokines (IL6, IL10, TNFα), hormones (growth hormone [GH], cortisol [C], testosterone), and miR-378. Both exercise conditions stimulated GH and C release, while miR-378, testosterone, and inflammatory responses remained near basal conditions. At H, the RT session produced a moderate to large but nonsignificant increase in the absolute peak values of the studied cytokines. miR-378 revealed a moderate association with GH (r = 0.65; p = 0.026 and r = −0.59; p = 0.051 in N and H, respectively) and C (r = 0.61; p = 0.035 and r = 0.75; p = 0.005 in N and H, respectively). The results suggest that a RT session at H does not differentially affect the hormonal, inflammatory, and miR-378 responses compared to N. However, the standardized mean difference detected values in the cytokines suggest an intensification of the inflammatory response in H that should be further investigated.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kon M, Ikeda T, Homma T, Suzuki Y. Responses of Angiogenic Regulators to Resistance Exercise Under Systemic Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:436-441. [PMID: 30199444 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kon, M, Ikeda, T, Homma, T, and Suzuki, Y. Responses of angiogenic regulators to resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 35(2): 436-441, 2021-Resistance exercise and hypoxia powerfully affect the secretions of angiogenic regulators. However, the effects of resistance exercise under acute systemic hypoxia on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators are unknown. Therefore, we investigated the effects of resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia on angiogenic regulator responses. Twelve healthy male subjects completed 2 experimental trials: (a) resistance exercise under normoxia (NRE), and (b) resistance exercise under systemic hypoxia (13% oxygen) (HRE) using a hypoxic generator. The subjects performed 2 consecutive resistance exercises (bench press and bilateral leg press), consisting of 5 sets with 10 repetitions at 70% of 1 repetition maximum with a 1-minute rest between sets. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations were measured before exercise (and before exposure to hypoxia in the HRE trial) and at 0, 15, and 30 minutes after the resistance exercises. In both trials, serum VEGF, MMP-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations significantly increased after the exercises compared with preexercise values (p < 0.05). At 0 minutes after exercise, the percentage change in VEGF concentration was significantly higher in the HRE trial compared with that in the NRE trial (p < 0.05). However, the exercise-induced changes in MMP-2, MMP-9, and endostatin concentrations did not differ between trials. The present results demonstrate that acute systemic hypoxia induces a greater resistance exercise-induced VEGF response, suggesting that hypoxia plays an important role in increasing the VEGF response to a bout of resistance exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Ikeda
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan ; and
| | - Toshiyuki Homma
- Faculty of Sports & Health Science, Department of Sports Science, Daito Bunka University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan ; and
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Resistance Training in Hypoxia as a New Therapeutic Modality for Sarcopenia-A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11020106. [PMID: 33573198 PMCID: PMC7912455 DOI: 10.3390/life11020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic training is believed to be generally useful for improving exercise performance in various athletes. Nowadays, exercise intervention in hypoxia is recognized as a new therapeutic modality for health promotion and disease prevention or treatment based on the lower mortality and prevalence of people living in high-altitude environments than those living in low-altitude environments. Recently, resistance training in hypoxia (RTH), a new therapeutic modality combining hypoxia and resistance exercise, has been attempted to improve muscle hypertrophy and muscle function. RTH is known to induce greater muscle size, lean mass, increased muscle strength and endurance, bodily function, and angiogenesis of skeletal muscles than traditional resistance exercise. Therefore, we examined previous studies to understand the clinical and physiological aspects of sarcopenia and RTH for muscular function and hypertrophy. However, few investigations have examined the combined effects of hypoxic stress and resistance exercise, and as such, it is difficult to make recommendations for implementing universal RTH programs for sarcopenia based on current understanding. It should also be acknowledged that a number of mechanisms proposed to facilitate the augmented response to RTH remain poorly understood, particularly the role of metabolic, hormonal, and intracellular signaling pathways. Further RTH intervention studies considering various exercise parameters (e.g., load, recovery time between sets, hypoxic dose, and intervention period) are strongly recommended to reinforce knowledge about the adaptational processes and the effects of this type of resistance training for sarcopenia in older people.
Collapse
|
26
|
Lockhart C, Scott BR, Thoseby B, Dascombe BJ. Acute Effects of Interset Rest Duration on Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Resistance Exercise in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 34:2241-2249. [PMID: 30063554 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lockhart, C, Scott, BR, Thoseby, B, and Dascombe, BJ. Acute effects of interset rest duration on physiological and perceptual responses to resistance exercise in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 34(8): 2241-2249, 2020-This study aimed to determine whether manipulating interset rest periods during resistance training in hypoxia impacts on physiological and perceptual responses to exercise. Twelve healthy males completed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing for the bilateral leg extension, before completing 4 separate randomized trials comprising 5 × 10 repetitions of leg extensions at 70% 1RM. Experimental trials were completed in both moderate hypoxia (FIO2 = 15%) and normoxia (FIO2 = 21%), using interset rest periods of both 60 and 180 seconds for each environmental condition. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify muscle oxygenation of vastus lateralis , and surface electromyography assessed the activation of vastus lateralis and medialis. Blood lactate concentration ([BLa]) and midthigh circumference were assessed before and immediately after each trial. Heart rate (HR) responses, blood oxygen saturation, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were also assessed after each set and the whole session RPE (sRPE). Perceived quadriceps soreness was reported before, immediately after, and at 24 and 48 hours after each trial. Muscle activation (sets 4-5), RPE (sets 3-5), and sRPE were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the 60-second trials of the resistance exercise protocol. Significant increases (p < 0.01) were observed for [BLa] and midthigh circumference across sets within each condition. No significant main effect was observed for interset rest duration or environmental condition for muscle oxygenation, HR, or perceived quadriceps soreness. These findings indicate that performing resistance exercise in hypoxia or normoxia with shortened interset rest periods increases muscle activation and perceived exertion, without exacerbating muscle soreness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catriona Lockhart
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Bradley Thoseby
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia.,La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Center, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia; and
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Allsopp GL, Hoffmann SM, Feros SA, Pasco JA, Russell AP, Wright CR. The Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Resistance Training Adaptations in Older Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2306-2312. [PMID: 32881839 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Allsopp, GL, Hoffmann, SM, Feros, SA, Pasco, JA, Russell, AP, and Wright, CR. The effect of normobaric hypoxia on resistance training adaptations in older adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The effect of normobaric hypoxia on strength, body composition, and cardiovascular fitness was investigated after a resistance training intervention in older adults. A single-blinded, randomized control trial recruited 20 healthy adults aged 60-75 years for an 8-week resistance training intervention in normoxia (n = 10) or normobaric hypoxia (14.4% O2; n = 10). Subjects performed 2 sessions per week of upper-body and lower-body exercises at 70% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM). Pretraining and post-training, maximal oxygen uptake (V[Combining Dot Above]O2max), muscular endurance (30 maximal knee flexions/extensions), and 5RM were assessed, with 5RM used to calculate 1RM. Subjects underwent whole-body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at pretraining and post-training for fat and lean mass quantification. Significance was set at p < 0.05. Subjects in both groups substantially improved their calculated 1RM strength for leg extension, pectoral fly, row, and squat (normoxia; 30, 38, 27, and 29%, hypoxia; 43, 50, 28, and 64%, respectively); however, hypoxia did not augment this response. Hypoxia did not enhance V[Combining Dot Above]O2max or muscular endurance responses after the training intervention, with no improvements seen in either group. Fat mass and lean mass remained unchanged in both groups after the intervention. In summary, 8 weeks of resistance training in hypoxia was well tolerated in healthy older adults and increased upper-body and lower-body strength. However, the magnitude of strength and lean muscle improvements in hypoxia was no greater than normoxia; therefore, there is currently no evidence to support the use of hypoxic resistance training in older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle L Allsopp
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Samantha M Hoffmann
- Center for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon A Feros
- Center for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie A Pasco
- Epi-Center for Healthy Ageing, IMPACT SRC, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine-Western Health, Melbourne Medical School, the University of Melbourne, St Albans, Victoria, Australia.,Barwon Health, Ryrie Street, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron P Russell
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Craig R Wright
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yatsutani H, Mori H, Ito H, Hayashi N, Girard O, Goto K. Endocrine and Metabolic Responses to Endurance Exercise Under Hot and Hypoxic Conditions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:932. [PMID: 32973541 PMCID: PMC7466541 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We explored the effect of heat stress during an acute endurance exercise session in hypoxia on endocrine and metabolic responses. Methods A total of 12 healthy males cycled at a constant workload (60% of the power output associated with their maximal oxygen uptake under each respective condition) for 60 min in three different environments: exercise under hot and hypoxia (H+H; fraction of inspiratory oxygen or FiO2: 14.5%, 32°C), exercise under hypoxia (HYP; FiO2: 14.5%, 23°C), and exercise under normoxia (NOR; FiO2: 20.9%, 23°C). After completing the exercise, participants remained in the chamber for 3 h to evaluate metabolic and endocrine responses under each environment. Changes in muscle oxygenation (only during exercise), blood variables, arterial oxygen saturation, and muscle temperature were determined up to 3 h after exercise. Results Serum erythropoietin (EPO) level was increased to similar levels in both H+H and HYP at 3 h after exercise compared with before exercise (P < 0.05), whereas no significant increase was found under NOR. No significant difference between H+H and HYP was observed in the serum EPO level, blood lactate level, or muscle oxygenation at any time (P > 0.05). Exercise-induced serum growth hormone (GH) elevation was significantly greater in H+H compared with HYP (P < 0.05) and HYP showed significantly lower value than NOR (P < 0.05). Arterial oxygen saturation during exercise was significantly lower in H+H and HYP compared with NOR (P < 0.05). Furthermore, H+H showed higher value compared with HYP (P < 0.05). Conclusion The serum EPO level increased significantly with endurance exercise in hypoxia. However, the addition of heat stress during endurance exercise in hypoxia did not augment the EPO response up to 3 h after completion of exercise. Exercise-induced GH elevation was significantly augmented when the hot exposure was combined during endurance exercise in hypoxia. Muscle oxygenation levels during endurance exercise did not differ significantly among the conditions. These findings suggest that combined hot and hypoxic stresses during endurance exercise caused some modifications of metabolic and endocrine regulations compared with the same exercise in hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yatsutani
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mori
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroto Ito
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Nanako Hayashi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sessional work-rate does not affect the magnitude to which simulated hypoxia can augment acute physiological responses during resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2159-2169. [PMID: 32705392 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia augments physiological and perceptual responses, and if altering work-rate by performing repetitions to failure compared to sub-maximally increases the magnitude of these responses. METHODS Twenty male university students (minimum of 2 year resistance training experience) completed four sessions, two in hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 0.13), and two in normoxia (FiO2 = 0.21). For each condition, session one comprised three sets to failure of shoulder press and bench press (high work-rate session), while session two involved the same volume load, distributed over six sets (low work-rate session). Muscle oxygenation (triceps brachii), surface electromyographic activity (anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, and triceps brachii), heart rate (HR), and arterial blood oxygen saturation were recorded. Blood lactate concentration ([Bla-]) was recorded pre-exercise and 2 min after each exercise. Muscle thickness was measured pre- and post-exercise via ultrasound. RESULTS Muscle oxygenation values during sets and inter-set rest periods were lower in hypoxia vs normoxia (p = 0.001). Hypoxia caused greater [Bla-] during the shoulder press of failure sessions (p = 0.003) and both shoulder press (p = 0.048) and bench press (p = 0.005) of non-failure sessions. Hypoxia increased HR during non-failure sessions (p < 0.001). There was no effect of hypoxia on muscular swelling, surface electromyographic activity, perceived exertion, or number of repetitions performed. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxia augmented metabolite accumulation, but had no impact on any other physiological or perceptual response compared to the equivalent exercise in normoxia. Furthermore, the magnitude to which hypoxia increased the measured physiological responses was not influenced by sessional work-rate.
Collapse
|
30
|
Honda A, Kon M, Matsubayashi T, Suzuki Y. Short-Term Intermittent Hypoxic Resistance Training Does Not Impair Osteogenic Response in Sea Level Residents. High Alt Med Biol 2020; 21:160-166. [PMID: 32013568 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteogenic responses induced by training under hypoxia remain unclear. We aimed to investigate whether intermittent hypoxic resistance training affects osteogenic responses. Materials and Methods: Sixteen male participants underwent resistance training under normoxia (NRT; n = 7) or hypoxia (HRT; O2 = 14.4%, n = 9), twice a week for 8 weeks. The HRT group exercised and rested for 30 minutes under hypoxia, with total hypoxic exposure time in one session of ∼60 minutes. At pre- and postexperiment, bone mineral density (BMD) of the whole body and right proximal femur was measured. At the first and last training sessions, bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), osteocalcin (OC), cross-linked N-telopeptide of type I collagen (NTx), type I collagen cross-linked C-telopeptide (ICTP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and blood lactate (La) concentration were analyzed at rest and postexercise. Results: BMD did not change with training and hypoxia. Although BAP, OC, and ICTP levels at rest significantly increased with training (p < 0.01, 0.05, and 0.05, respectively), they did not change with hypoxia. NTx and IL-6 did not change. Additionally, changing patterns of bone markers and La induced by a single bout of exercise were similar among groups in both training sessions. Conclusions: Short-term resistance training enhanced overall bone metabolism, regardless of the oxygen level. Hypoxia has no effects on osteogenic responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Honda
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Asahi University, Mizuho, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kon
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsubayashi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Sciences, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Kita-ku, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Feriche B, Schoenfeld BJ, Bonitch-Gongora J, de la Fuente B, Almeida F, Argüelles J, Benavente C, Padial P. Altitude-induced effects on muscular metabolic stress and hypertrophy-related factors after a resistance training session. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1083-1092. [PMID: 31699003 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1691270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of exposure to moderate altitude on factors associated with muscular adaptations following whole-body hypertrophy-oriented resistance training (R T) sessions. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed both counterbalanced standard hypertrophic R T sessions (3 sets × 10RM, 2 min rest) at moderate-altitude (H; 2320 m asl) and under normoxic conditions (N; <700 m asl). Participants rested 72 h between training sessions. Before and after the exercise session, blood samples were obtained for determination of metabolites and ions (lactate, inorganic phosphate, liquid carbon dioxide and calcium) and hormones (testosterone and growth hormone). Session-related performance and perception of effort (s-RPE) were also monitored. Results showed no meaningful differences in performance or s-RPE (8.5 ± 1.4 vs 8.6 ± 0.8 respectively for N and H; p = 0.603). All blood variables displayed statistically significant changes throughout the recovery period compared to basal levels (p < 0.05), except for the testosterone. However, no altitude effect was observed in maximal blood lactate, calcium or anabolic hormones (p > 0.05). The reduction observed in the liquid carbon dioxide concentration in H (21.11 ± 1.46 vs 16.19 ± 1.61 mmol·l-1) seems compatible with an increase in buffering capacity. Compared to N, inorganic phosphate displayed lower recovery values after the R T in H (2.89 ± 0.64 vs 2.23 ± 0.60 mg dl-1; p = 0.007). The results of this study do not support an accentuated effect of acute moderate terrestrial hypoxia on metabolic and hormonal factors linked to muscle growth during hypertrophic resistance training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Belen Feriche
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Brad J Schoenfeld
- Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Bonitch-Gongora
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Blanca de la Fuente
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Filipa Almeida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Argüelles
- High performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Benavente
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rodríguez-Zamora L, Padial P, Schoenfeld BJ, Feriche B. Mean Propulsive Velocity Is a Viable Method for Adjusting the Resistance-Training Load at Moderate Altitude. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:52. [PMID: 33344975 PMCID: PMC7739744 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the viability of using mean propulsive velocity (MPV) to adjust the load in the countermovement jump (CMJ) at moderate altitude. Twenty-four volunteers were assigned to a 4-week power-oriented resistance training (RT) program in either normoxia (N, 690 m) or intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IH, 2,320 m). The load was adjusted to maintain execution velocity of CMJ at 1m·s-1 of MPV. Relative peak power output (Prel), and percentage of velocity loss throughout the sets (VL) were determined for each session. The internal load was measured by the rating of perceived exertion (RPE). The absolute load lifted was higher in IH compared to N (75.6 ± 8.4 vs. 58.5 ± 12.3 kg P < 0.001). However, similar relative increases for both groups were found when comparing the final values (IH: 8.2%, P = 0.007; N: 9.8%, P = 0.03) with no changes in VL between groups (P = 0.36). Post-study Prel improved significantly only in IH (+7% W·kg-1, P = 0.002). Mean RPE was greater in IH vs. N (6.8 ± 1.5 vs. 5.6 ± 2, P < 0.001). The MPV seems to be a viable method for adjusting external load during RT at moderate altitude. However, given that RT at moderate altitude increases RPE, it is prudent to monitor internal load when using the MPV to best determine the actual physiological stress of the session.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lara Rodríguez-Zamora
- Division of Sport Sciences, School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ramos-Campo DJ, Martínez-Guardado I, Rubio-Arias JA, Freitas TT, Othalawa S, Andreu L, Timón R, Alcaraz PE. Muscle Architecture and Neuromuscular Changes After High-Resistance Circuit Training in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 35:3035-3040. [PMID: 31524779 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ramos-Campo, DJ, Martínez-Guardado, I, Rubio-Arias, JA, Freitas, TT, Othalawa, S, Andreu, L, Timón, R, and Alcaraz, PE. Muscle architecture and neuromuscular changes after high-resistance circuit training in hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2019-This study aimed to analyze the effect of 8 weeks of high-resistance circuit (HRC) training in hypoxia on muscle architecture, strength, and neuromuscular variables. Twenty-eight resistance-trained subjects were assigned to a hypoxia (FiO2 = 15%; HG: n = 15; age: 24.6 ± 6.8 years; height: 177.4 ± 5.9 cm; and mass: 74.9 ± 11.5 kg) or normoxia group (FiO2 = 20.9%; NG: n = 13; age: 23.2 ± 5.2 years; height: 173.4 ± 6.2 cm; and mass: 69.4 ± 7.4 kg). Each training session consisted of 2 blocks of 3 exercises (block 1: bench press, leg extension, and front lat pulldown; block 2: deadlift, elbow flexion, and ankle extension). Each exercise was performed with a 6 repetition maximum load. Subjects exercised twice weekly and, before and after the training program, vastus lateralis muscle thickness and pennation angle, knee extensors electromyographic activity, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and rate of force development (RFD) and H-Reflex (Hmax), M-wave of the soleus muscle were assessed. Both training groups showed similar improvements in muscle thickness (effect size [ES] = HG: 0.23; NG: 0.41), pennation angle (ES = HG: 0.86; NG: 0.15), MVC (ES HG: 0.63; NG: 0.61), Hmax (ES = HG: 0.96; NG: 0.40), RFD at 200 milliseconds (ES = HG: 0.31; NG: 0.61) and peak RFD (ES = HG: 0.21; NG: 0.66). No significant between-group differences were found. In conclusion, similar morphological and neuromuscular adaptations can be achieved after 8 weeks of HRC training under hypoxic or normoxic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Luis Andreu
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- Sport Science Faculty, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- Sport Science Faculty, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Farney TM, Bliss MV, Hearon CM, Salazar DA. The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue Among Healthy Participants. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2464-2470. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
35
|
Girard O, Willis SJ, Purnelle M, Scott BR, Millet GP. Separate and combined effects of local and systemic hypoxia in resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2313-2325. [PMID: 31468172 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES This study quantified performance, physiological, and perceptual responses during resistance exercise to task failure with blood flow restriction (BFR), in systemic hypoxia, and with these stimuli combined. METHODS Fourteen young men were tested for 1-repetition maximum (1RM) in the barbell biceps curl and lying triceps extension exercises. On separate visits, subjects performed exercise trials (4 sets to failure at 70% 1RM with 90 s between sets) in six separate randomized conditions, i.e., in normoxia or hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 20.9% and 12.9%, respectively) combined with three different levels of BFR (0%, 45%, or 60% of resting arterial occlusion pressure). Muscle activation and oxygenation were monitored via surface electromyography and near-infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, and perceptual responses were assessed following each set. RESULTS Compared to set 1, the number of repetitions before failure decreased in sets 2, 3, and 4 for both exercises (all P < 0.001), independently of the condition (P > 0.065). Arterial oxygen saturation was lower with systemic hypoxia (P < 0.001), but not BFR, while heart rate did not differ between conditions (P > 0.341). Muscle oxygenation and activation during exercise trials remained unaffected by the different conditions (all P ≥ 0.206). A significant main effect of time, but not condition, was observed for overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing, and limb discomfort (all P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Local and systemic hypoxic stimuli, or a combination of both, did not modify the fatigue-induced change in performance, trends of muscle activation or oxygenation, nor exercise-related sensations during a multi-set resistance exercise to task failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia. .,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marin Purnelle
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brendan R Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
McKeown DJ, Simmonds MJ, Kavanagh JJ. Reduced blood oxygen levels induce changes in low-threshold motor unit firing that align with the individual’s tolerance to hypoxia. J Neurophysiol 2019; 121:1664-1671. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00071.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify how acute hypoxia impacts firing characteristics of biceps brachii motor units (MUs) during sustained isometric elbow flexions. MU data were extracted from surface electromyography (EMG) during 25% maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) in 10 healthy subjects (age 22 ± 1 yr). Blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was then stabilized at 80% by reducing 1% of the fraction of inspired oxygen every 3 min for 35 min. MU data were once again collected 1 h and 2 h following the 35-min desaturation phase. Although MVC remained unaffected during 2 h of 80% SpO2, subject-specific changes in MU firing rate were observed. Four of 10 subjects exhibited a decrease in firing rate 1 h postdesaturation (12 ± 11%) and 2 h postdesaturation (16 ± 12%), whereas 6 of 10 subjects exhibited an increase in firing rate 1 h (9 ± 6%) and 2 h (9 ± 4%) postdesaturation. These bidirectional changes in firing rate were strongly correlated to the desaturation phase and the subjects’ SpO2 sensitivity to oxygen availability, where subjects who had decreased firing rates reached the target SpO2 20 min into the desaturation phase ( R2 = 0.90–0.98) and those who had increased firing rates reached the target SpO2 35 min into the desaturation phase ( R2 = 0.87–0.98). It is unlikely that a single mechanism accounted for these subject-specific changes in firing rate. Instead, differences in intrinsic properties of the neurons, afferent input to the motoneurons, neuromodulators, and sympathetic nerve activity may exist between groups. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanisms of compromised motor control when exposed to hypoxia are largely unknown. The current study examined how severe acute hypoxia affects motor unit firing rate during sustained isometric contractions of the bicep brachii. The response to hypoxia was different across subjects, where motor unit firing rate increased for some individuals and decreased for others. This bidirectional change in firing rate was associated with how fast subjects desaturated during hypoxic exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. McKeown
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael J. Simmonds
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Justin J. Kavanagh
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Biazon TMPC, Ugrinowitsch C, Soligon SD, Oliveira RM, Bergamasco JG, Borghi-Silva A, Libardi CA. The Association Between Muscle Deoxygenation and Muscle Hypertrophy to Blood Flow Restricted Training Performed at High and Low Loads. Front Physiol 2019; 10:446. [PMID: 31057426 PMCID: PMC6479177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolic stress induced by blood flow restriction (BFR) during resistance training (RT) might maximize muscle growth. However, it is currently unknown whether metabolic stress are associated with muscle hypertrophy after RT protocols with high- or low load. Therefore, the aim of the study was to compare the effect of high load RT (HL-RT), high load BFR (HL-BFR), and low load BFR (LL-BFR) on deoxyhemoglobin concentration [HHb] (proxy marker of metabolic stress), muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), activation, strength, architecture and edema before (T1), after 5 (T2), and 10 weeks (T3) of training with these protocols. Additionally, we analyzed the occurrence of association between muscle deoxygenation and muscle hypertrophy. Thirty young men were selected and each of participants’ legs was allocated to one of the three experimental protocols in a randomized and balanced way according to quartiles of the baseline CSA and leg extension 1-RM values of the dominant leg. The dynamic maximum strength was measured by 1-RM test and vastus lateralis (VL) muscle cross-sectional area CSA echo intensity (CSAecho) and pennation angle (PA) were performed through ultrasound images. The measurement of muscle activation by surface electromyography (EMG) and [HHb] through near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of VL were performed during the training session with relative load obtained after the 1-RM, before (T1), after 5 (T2), and 10 weeks (T3) training. The training total volume (TTV) was greater for HL-RT and HL-BFR compared to LL-BFR. There was no difference in 1-RM, CSA, CSAecho, CSAecho/CSA, and PA increases between protocols. Regarding the magnitude of the EMG, the HL-RT and HL-BFR groups showed higher values than and LL-BFR. On the other hand, [HHb] was higher for HL-BFR and LL-BFR. In conclusion, our results suggest that the addition of BFR to exercise contributes to neuromuscular adaptations only when RT is performed with low-load. Furthermore, we found a significant association between the changes in [HHb] (i.e., metabolic stress) and increases in muscle CSA from T2 to T3 only for the LL-BFR, when muscle edema was attenuated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís M P C Biazon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel D Soligon
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Ramon M Oliveira
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - João G Bergamasco
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Audrey Borghi-Silva
- Cardiopulmonary Physiotherapy Laboratory, Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB - Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kasai N, Kojima C, Goto K. Metabolic and Performance Responses to Sprint Exercise under Hypoxia among Female Athletes. Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E71-E78. [PMID: 30539121 PMCID: PMC6225966 DOI: 10.1055/a-0628-6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study determined metabolic and performance responses to repeated sprint exercise under hypoxia among female team-sport athletes. Fifteen female athletes (age, 20.7±0.2 years; height, 159.6±1.7 cm; body weight, 55.3±1.4 kg) performed two exercise trials under either a hypoxic [HYPO; fraction of inspired oxygen (F
i
O
2
), 14.5%] or normoxic (NOR; F
i
O
2
, 20.9%) condition. The exercise consisted of two sets of 8×6-s maximal sprint (pedaling). The average power output was not significantly different between trials for set 1 (
P
=0.89), but tended to be higher in the NOR trial for set 2 (
P
=0.05). The post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher in the HYPO trial than that in the NOR trial (
P
<0.05). Exercise significantly increased serum growth hormone (GH) and cortisol concentrations (
P
<0.01 for both hormones), with no difference between the trials. In conclusion, repeated short-duration sprints interspaced with 30-s recovery periods in moderate hypoxia caused further increase in blood lactate compared with the same exercise under normoxic conditions among female team-sport athletes. However, exercise-induced GH and cortisol elevations or power output during exercise were not markedly different regardless of the different levels of inspired oxygen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobukazu Kasai
- Ritsumeikan University, Guraduate School of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kojima
- Ritsumeikan University, Guraduate School of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Ritsumeikan University, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
박훈영, 임기원, 김지수. Exercise physiology basis and necessity of hypoxic training to improve exercise performance in elite athletes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.24985/kjss.2018.29.4.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
40
|
Martínez-Guardado I, Sánchez-Ureña B, Olcina G, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Timón R. Bench press performance during an intermittent hypoxic resistance training to muscle failure. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1138-1143. [PMID: 30293408 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resistance training performed under hypoxia conditions has been shown to cause major metabolic and hormonal responses. However, the influence of hypoxia on an acute session has been barely studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effects of an intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) to muscle failure on bench press performance. METHODS A randomized crossover design was performed, and 25 untrained men performed a resistance training under two different conditions: normoxia (FIO2=21%) and high-level hypoxia (FIO2=13%). Resistance training consisted of 3 sets of 75% 1RM to muscle failure, with a 2-minute rest between sets. Physical performance was assessed by quantifying total repetitions, concentric velocity and power variable during all sets. Arterial oxygen saturation, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), capillary blood lactate and muscle soreness were also assessed after training. RESULTS Physical performance during bench press did not differ under hypoxic conditions (P>0.05). However, there were significant increases (P<0.05) of RPE (from 7.5±0.8 to 7.9±0.8) and blood lactate concentrations (from 5.5±1.2 to 6.2±1.5 mmol/L) in the hypoxia group. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that hypoxic resistance exercise does not affect exercise performance during bench press exercise. However, influence to perceived exercise intensity and blood lactate concentrations, suggesting that hypoxic resistance training may add substantially to the training dose experienced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ismael Martínez-Guardado
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain -
| | - Braulio Sánchez-Ureña
- School of Human Movement Sciences and Quality of Life, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Guillermo Olcina
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Rafael Timón
- Department of Didactics of the Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jagim AR, Dominy TA, Camic CL, Wright G, Doberstein S, Jones MT, Oliver JM. Acute Effects of the Elevation Training Mask on Strength Performance in Recreational Weight lifters. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:482-489. [PMID: 29084093 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Jagim, AR, Dominy, TA, Camic, CL, Wright, G, Doberstein, S, Jones, MT, and Oliver, JM. Acute effects of the elevation training mask on strength performance in recreational weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 32(2): 482-489, 2018-The Elevation Training Mask 2.0 (ETM) is a novel device that purportedly simulates altitude training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effects of the ETM on resistance exercise performance, metabolic stress markers, and ratings of mental fatigue. Twenty male recreational weight lifters completed 2 training sessions of back squat and bench press (6 sets of 10 repetitions at 85% of 5-repetition maximum and seventh set to failure) as well as a maximal effort sprint test (18% body mass) with the mask (ETM) and without the mask (NM). Training evaluation included baseline and postexercise blood lactate and oxygen saturation measures. Performance evaluation included peak and average velocity bar velocity, total volume load, total work, total repetitions completed, and sprint performance. Adverse side effects were reported in 12% (n = 3) of participants, which included feelings of light headedness, anxiety, and discomfort. No differences were found in repetitions or total workload in back squat (p = 0.07) or bench press (p = 0.08) between conditions. A lower peak velocity was identified during the back squat, bench press, and sprint test in the ETM condition (p = 0.04). Blood lactate values were lower after bench press and sprint during the ETM condition (p < 0.001). Significantly lower ratings of alertness and focus for task were found after squat, bench press, and sprint test in the ETM condition compared with the NM condition (p < 0.001). Wearing the ETM during bouts of resistance training did not hinder the ability to achieve desired training volumes during the resistance training session. However, wearing the ETM does seem to attenuate the ability to maintain working velocity during training bouts and negatively influence ratings of alertness and focus for task.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise Science Department, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Trevor A Dominy
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Clayton L Camic
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois
| | - Glenn Wright
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Scott Doberstein
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Division of Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Jonathan M Oliver
- Kinesiology Department, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Morales-Artacho AJ, Padial P, García-Ramos A, Pérez-Castilla A, Argüelles-Cienfuegos J, De la Fuente B, Feriche B. Intermittent Resistance Training at Moderate Altitude: Effects on the Force-Velocity Relationship, Isometric Strength and Muscle Architecture. Front Physiol 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29882549 PMCID: PMC5976859 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxic resistance training (IHRT) may help to maximize the adaptations following resistance training, although conflicting evidence is available. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of moderate altitude on the functional, neural and muscle architecture responses of the quadriceps muscles following a power-oriented IHRT intervention. Twenty-four active males completed two 4-week consecutive training blocks comprising general strengthening exercises (weeks 1–4) and power-oriented resistance training (weeks 5–8). Training sessions were conducted twice a week at moderate altitude (2320 m; IHRT, n = 13) or normoxia (690 m; NT, n = 11). Training intensity during the second training block was set to the individual load corresponding to a barbell mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1. Pre-post assessments, performed under normoxic conditions, comprised quadriceps muscle architecture (thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length), isometric maximal (MVF) and explosive strength, and voluntary muscle activation. Dynamic strength performance was assessed through the force-velocity relationship (F0, V0, P0) and a repeated CMJ test (CMJ15MP). Region-specific muscle thickness changes were observed in both training groups (p < 0.001, ηG2 = 0.02). A small opposite trend in pennation angle changes was observed (ES [90% CI]: −0.33 [−0.65, −0.01] vs. 0.11 [−0.44, 0.6], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.094, ηG2 = 0.02). Both training groups showed similar improvements in MVF (ES: 0.38 [0.20, 0.56] vs. 0.55 [0.29, 0.80], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.645, ηG2 < 0.01), F0 (ES: 0.41 [−0.03, 0.85] vs. 0.52 [0.04, 0.99], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.569, ηG2 < 0.01) and P0 (ES: 0.53 [0.07, 0.98] vs. 0.19 [−0.06, 0.44], in the IHRT and NT group, respectively; p = 0.320, ηG2 < 0.01). No meaningful changes in explosive strength performance were observed. In conclusion, contrary to earlier adverse associations between altitude and resistance-training muscle adaptations, similar anatomical and functional muscle strength responses can be achieved in both environmental conditions. The observed region-specific muscle thickness changes may encourage further research on the potential influence of IHRT on muscle morphological changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Morales-Artacho
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Paulino Padial
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pérez-Castilla
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Blanca De la Fuente
- High Performance Center of Sierra Nevada, Spanish Sport Council, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Feriche
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Korsak A, Sheikhbahaei S, Machhada A, Gourine AV, Huckstepp RTR. The Role Of Parafacial Neurons In The Control Of Breathing During Exercise. Sci Rep 2018; 8:400. [PMID: 29321559 PMCID: PMC5762684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17412-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell groups residing within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata contribute to the maintenance of resting respiratory activity and arterial blood pressure, and play an important role in the development of cardiorespiratory responses to metabolic challenges (such as hypercapnia and hypoxia). In rats, acute silencing of neurons within the parafacial region which includes the RTN and the rostral aspect of the C1 circuit (pFRTN/C1), transduced to express HM4D (Gi-coupled) receptors, was found to dramatically reduce exercise capacity (by 60%), determined by an intensity controlled treadmill running test. In a model of simulated exercise (electrical stimulation of the sciatic or femoral nerve in urethane anaesthetised spontaneously breathing rats) silencing of the pFRTN/C1 neurons had no effect on cardiovascular changes, but significantly reduced the respiratory response during steady state exercise. These results identify a neuronal cell group in the lower brainstem which is critically important for the development of the respiratory response to exercise and, determines exercise capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alla Korsak
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Sheikhbahaei
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Asif Machhada
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander V Gourine
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Robert T R Huckstepp
- Centre for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Neuroscience, Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom. .,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Dascombe BJ. Hypoxia During Resistance Exercise Does Not Affect Physical Performance, Perceptual Responses, or Neuromuscular Recovery. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 32:2174-2182. [PMID: 29239993 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Scott, BR, Slattery, KM, Sculley, DV, and Dascombe, BJ. Hypoxia during resistance exercise does not affect physical performance, perceptual responses, or neuromuscular recovery. J Strength Cond Res 32(8): 2174-2182, 2018-This study aimed to determine whether performing resistance exercise in hypoxia affects markers of physical performance, perceptual responses, and neuromuscular function. Fourteen male subjects (age: 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height: 179.7 ± 5.9 cm; body mass: 84.6 ± 11.6 kg) with >2 years resistance training experience performed moderate-load resistance exercise in 2 conditions: normoxia (FIO2 = 0.21) and hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.16). Resistance exercise comprised 3 sets of 10 repetitions of back squats and deadlifts at 60% of 1 repetition maximum (1RM), with 60 seconds inter-set rest. Physical performance was assessed by quantifying velocity and power variables during all repetitions. Perceptual ratings of perceived exertion, physical fatigue, muscle soreness, and overall well-being were obtained during and after exercise. Neuromuscular performance was assessed by vertical jump and isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP) tasks for up to 48 hours after exercise. Although physical performance declined across sets, there were no differences between conditions. Similarly, perceived exertion and fatigue scores were not different between conditions. Muscle soreness increased from baseline at 24 and 48 hours after exercise in both conditions (p ≤ 0.001). Jump height and IMTP peak force were decreased from baseline immediately after exercise (p ≤ 0.026), but returned to preexercise values after 24 hours. These findings suggest that hypoxic resistance exercise does not affect exercise performance or perceived exercise intensity. In addition, neuromuscular recovery and perceptual markers of training stress were not affected by hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxic resistance training may not add substantially to the training dose experienced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Katie M Slattery
- New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dean V Sculley
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, New South Wales, Australia.,Priority Research Center in Physical Activity and Nutrition, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Ramos-Campo DJ, Scott BR, Alcaraz PE, Rubio-Arias JA. The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 18:92-103. [PMID: 29045191 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1388850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that resistance training in hypoxia (RTH) may augment muscle size and strength development. However, consensus on the effects of RTH via systematic review and meta-analysis is not yet available. This work aimed to systematically review studies which have investigated using RTH versus normoxic resistance training (NRT) to improve muscular size and strength, and to perform a meta-analysis to determine the effect of RTH on these adaptive parameters. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library from database inception until 17 June 2017 for original articles assessing the effects of RTH on muscle size and strength versus NRT. The effects on outcomes were expressed as standardized mean differences (SMD). Nine studies (158 participants) reported on the effects of RTH versus NRT for muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) (n = 4) or strength (n = 6). RTH significantly increased CSA (SMD = 0.70, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.05, 1.35; p = .04) and strength (SMD = 1.88; 95% CI = 1.20, 2.56; p < .00001). However, RTH did not produce significant change in CSA (SMD = 0.24, 95% CI -0.19, 0.68, p = .27) or strength (SMD = 0.20; 95% CI = -0.27, 0.78; p = .23) when compared to NRT. Although RTH improved muscle size and strength, this protocol did not provide significant benefit over resistance training in normoxia. Nevertheless, this paper identified marked differences in methodologies for implementing RTH, and future research using standardized protocols is therefore warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Brendan R Scott
- c School of Psychology and Exercise Science , Murdoch University , Perth , Australia
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| | - Jacobo A Rubio-Arias
- a Department of Physical Activity and Sport Science, Sport Science Faculty , Catholic University of Murcia , Murcia , Spain.,b UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport , Murcia , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hwang GS, Chen CC, Chou JC, Chang LL, Kan SF, Lai WH, Lieu FK, Hu S, Wang PS, Wang SW. Stimulatory Effect of Intermittent Hypoxia on the Production of Corticosterone by Zona Fasciculata-Reticularis Cells in Rats. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9035. [PMID: 28831034 PMCID: PMC5567345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07054-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia or intermittent hypoxia (IH) have known to alter both synthesis and secretion of hormones. However, the effect of IH on the production of adrenal cortical steroid hormones is still unclear. The aim of present study was to explore the mechanism involved in the effect of IH on the production of corticosterone by rat ZFR cells. Male rats were exposed at 12% O2 and 88% N2 (8 hours per day) for 1, 2, or 4 days. The ZFR cells were incubated at 37 °C for 1 hour with or without ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, calcium ion channel blockers, or steroidogenic precursors. The concentration of plasma corticosterone was increased time-dependently by administration of IH hypoxia. The basal levels of corticosterone production in cells were higher in the IH groups than in normoxic group. IH resulted in a time-dependent increase of corticosterone production in response to ACTH, 8-Br-cAMP, progesterone and deoxycorticosterone. The production of pregnenolone in response to 25-OH-C and that of progesterone in response to pregnenolone in ZFR cells were enhanced by 4-day IH. These results suggest that IH in rats increases the secretion of corticosterone via a mechanism at least in part associated with the activation of cAMP pathway and steroidogenic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guey-Shyang Hwang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.,Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33378, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jou-Chun Chou
- Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40254, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ling Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Fen Kan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ho Lai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11212, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Kong Lieu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11212, Taiwan
| | - Sindy Hu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.,Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan.,Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33378, Taiwan
| | - Paulus S Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan.,Medical Center of Aging Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, 41354, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shyi-Wu Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan. .,Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, 33378, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Smith SM, Peiffer JJ, Dascombe BJ. Acute physiological and perceptual responses to high-load resistance exercise in hypoxia. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:595-602. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R. Scott
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Katie M. Slattery
- New South Wales Institute of Sport; Sydney Olympic Park NSW Australia
| | - Dean V. Sculley
- Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy; Faculty of Health and Medicine; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Scott M. Smith
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory; Faculty of Science and Information Technology; University of Newcastle; Ourimbah NSW Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science; Murdoch University; Perth WA Australia
| | - Ben J. Dascombe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport; La Trobe University; Bundoora VIC Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Scott BR, Slattery KM, Sculley DV, Lockhart C, Dascombe BJ. Acute Physiological Responses to Moderate-Load Resistance Exercise in Hypoxia. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1973-1981. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
49
|
Patel S. Stressor-driven extracellular acidosis as tumor inducer via aberrant enzyme activation: A review on the mechanisms and possible prophylaxis. Gene 2017; 626:209-214. [PMID: 28546124 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
When the extracellular pH of human body vacillates in either direction, tissue homeostasis is compromised. Fluctuations in acidity have been linked to a wide variety of pathological conditions, including bone loss, cancer, allergies, and auto-immune diseases. Stress conditions affect oxygen tension, and the resultant hypoxia modulates the expression and/or activity of membrane-tethered transporters/pumps, transcription factors, enzymes and intercellular junctions. These modifications provoke erratic gene expression, aberrant tissue remodeling and oncogenesis. While the physiological optimization of pH in tissues is practically challenging, it is at least theoretically achievable and can be considered as a possible therapy to resolve a broad array of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Patel
- Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 92182 San Diego, CA, USA; Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr San Diego, CA 92182, USA..
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Filopoulos D, Cormack SJ, Whyte DG. Normobaric hypoxia increases the growth hormone response to maximal resistance exercise in trained men. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:821-829. [PMID: 28445110 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1317834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of hypoxia on growth hormone (GH) release during an acute bout of high-intensity, low-volume resistance exercise. Using a single-blinded, randomised crossover design, 16 resistance-trained males completed two resistance exercise sessions in normobaric hypoxia (HYP; inspiratory oxygen fraction, (FiO2) 0.12, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) 82 ± 2%) and normoxia (NOR; FiO2 0.21, SpO2 98 ± 0%). Each session consisted of five sets of three repetitions of 45° leg press and bench press at 85% of one repetition maximum. Heart rate, SpO2, and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the vastus lateralis muscle were measured throughout the protocol. Serum lactate and GH levels were determined pre-exposure, and at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min post-exercise. Differences in mean and integrated EMG between HYP and NOR treatments were unclear. However, there was an important increase in the peak levels and area under the curve of both lactate (HYP 5.8 ± 1.8 v NOR 3.9 ± 1.1 mmol.L-1 and HYP 138.7 ± 33.1 v NOR 105.8 ± 20.8 min.mmol.L-1) and GH (HYP 4.4 ± 3.1 v NOR 2.1 ± 2.5 ng.mL-1 and HYP 117.7 ± 86.9 v NOR 72.9 ± 85.3 min.ng.mL-1) in response to HYP. These results suggest that performing high-intensity resistance exercise in a hypoxic environment may provide a beneficial endocrine response without compromising the neuromuscular activation required for maximal strength development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dean Filopoulos
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Stuart J Cormack
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Douglas G Whyte
- a School of Exercise Science , Australian Catholic University , Melbourne , Australia
| |
Collapse
|