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Holgado D, Sanabria D, Vadillo MA, Román-Caballero R. Zapping the brain to enhance sport performance? An umbrella review of the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on physical performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 164:105821. [PMID: 39053786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Concepts such as "neurodoping" have contributed to an expansion in the area of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and its impact over physical performance in recent years. This umbrella review examines meta-analyses to evaluate tDCS's impact on exercise performance in healthy individuals. We identified 9 meta-analyses that met our inclusion criteria, encompassing 50 crossover studies and 683 participants. Like previous meta-analyses, we found a small but significant effect across individual studies (gz = 0.28, 95%CI [0.18, 0.39]). However, we also found clear evidence of publication bias, low power and substantial variability in methodological decisions. The average effect became non-significant after accounting for publication bias (grm = 0.10, 95%CrI [-0.04, 0.20], BF10 = 0.99), and a specification curve analysis showed that the final effect could range from g = -0.23 to g = 0.33, depending on decisions such as the formula used for estimating the effect size and multiple additional analytic steps. Overall, our findings suggest that current evidence does not conclusively support acute tDCS as an exercise performance enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Quartier, UNIL-Centre, Bâtiment, Synathlon, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain; Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain; Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Román-Caballero
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain; Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Spain; Department of Psychology Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
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Boda MR, Otieno LA, Smith AE, Goldsworthy MR, Sidhu SK. Metaplastic neuromodulation via transcranial direct current stimulation has no effect on corticospinal excitability and neuromuscular fatigue. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1999-2012. [PMID: 38940961 PMCID: PMC11252223 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06874-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation tool with potential for managing neuromuscular fatigue, possibly due to alterations in corticospinal excitability. However, inconsistencies in intra- and inter- individual variability responsiveness to tDCS limit its clinical use. Emerging evidence suggests harnessing homeostatic metaplasticity induced via tDCS may reduce variability and boost its outcomes, yet little is known regarding its influence on neuromuscular fatigue in healthy adults. We explored whether cathodal tDCS (ctDCS) prior to exercise combined with anodal tDCS (atDCS) could augment corticospinal excitability and attenuate neuromuscular fatigue. 15 young healthy adults (6 males, 22 ± 4 years) participated in four pseudo-randomised neuromodulation sessions: sham stimulation prior and during exercise, sham stimulation prior and atDCS during exercise, ctDCS prior and atDCS during exercise, ctDCS prior and sham stimulation during exercise. The exercise constituted an intermittent maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) for 10 min. Neuromuscular fatigue was quantified as an attenuation in MVC force, while motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude provided an assessment of corticospinal excitability. MEP amplitude increased during the fatiguing exercise, whilst across time, force decreased. There were no differences in MEP amplitudes or force between neuromodulation sessions. These outcomes highlight the ambiguity of harnessing metaplasticity to ameliorate neuromuscular fatigue in young healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison R Boda
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Lavender A Otieno
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Ashleigh E Smith
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mitchell R Goldsworthy
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Simranjit K Sidhu
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia.
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Sato T, Katagiri N, Suganuma S, Laakso I, Tanabe S, Osu R, Tanaka S, Yamaguchi T. Simulating tDCS electrode placement to stimulate both M1 and SMA enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on current flow direction. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1362607. [PMID: 39010941 PMCID: PMC11246916 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1362607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The conventional method of placing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrodes is just above the target brain area. However, this strategy for electrode placement often fails to improve motor function and modulate cortical excitability. We investigated the effects of optimized electrode placement to induce maximum electrical fields in the leg regions of both M1 and SMA, estimated by electric field simulations in the T1and T2-weighted MRI-based anatomical models, on motor performance and cortical excitability in healthy individuals. Methods A total of 36 healthy volunteers participated in this randomized, triple-blind, sham-controlled experiment. They were stratified by sex and were randomly assigned to one of three groups according to the stimulation paradigm, including tDCS with (1) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over FCz and POz, respectively, (A-P tDCS), (2) anodal and cathodal electrodes positioned over POz and FCz, respectively, (P-A tDCS), and (3) sham tDCS. The sit-to-stand training following tDCS (2 mA, 10 min) was conducted every 3 or 4 days over 3 weeks (5 sessions total). Results Compared to sham tDCS, A-P tDCS led to significant increases in the number of sit-to-stands after 3 weeks training, whereas P-A tDCS significantly increased knee flexor peak torques after 3 weeks training, and decreased short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) immediately after the first session of training and maintained it post-training. Discussion These results suggest that optimized electrode placement of the maximal EF estimated by electric field simulation enhances motor performance and modulates cortical excitability depending on the direction of current flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatsugu Sato
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Narashino, Japan
| | - Natsuki Katagiri
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation Hospital, Narashino, Japan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Saki Suganuma
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Ilkka Laakso
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Shigeo Tanabe
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Rieko Osu
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Yamagata, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Jung J, Salazar Fajardo JC, Kim S, Kim B, Oh S, Yoon B. Effect of tDCS Combined With Physical Training on Physical Performance in a Healthy Population. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:149-156. [PMID: 37036388 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2166894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The effectiveness of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with physical training has shown inconsistent results through research. Hence, a study utilizing a long-term tDCS application over the primary motor cortex and a large sample size is required to determine whether tDCS combined with physical training can increase physical performance (muscular strength, endurance, and explosive strength) in healthy adults. Material and methods: Fifty-six healthy adults were randomly distributed into two groups: active (active tDCS+ physical training) and sham (sham tDCS + physical training) and received the intervention three times per week for six weeks. Muscle strength was assessed using maximal isometric muscle strength (MIMS) by a digital dynamometer. Muscular endurance and lower limb explosive strength were assessed by using muscle fitness testing (MFT), and the Sargent jump test. Results: The active and sham groups exhibited significant improvement in all measured parameters in intragroup analyses. However, intergroup analyses revealed no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that only physical training improved MIMS in the upper and lower extremities, MFT endurance scores, and lower limb explosive power. Thus, tDCS failed to demonstrate its effectiveness in a healthy population according to the protocol used in this study.
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Yuan X, Zhong X, Wang C, Yang Y, Jiang C. Evaluation of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Motor Function and Neural Rehabilitation. J ECT 2023; 39:235-241. [PMID: 36988514 DOI: 10.1097/yct.0000000000000918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is used in neuromodulation to regulate the excitability of the cerebral cortex and induce neural plasticity. It was initially used to rehabilitate patients with neurological diseases. However, with the increasing number of studies involving healthy individuals, this technology is currently used in the field of sports as well. The administration of tDCS to the cerebral cortex, especially over the primary motor cortex (M1), has been found to improve muscle strength, enhance endurance, and promote motor skills in humans. This study mainly summarizes the effects of tDCS on motor function, mainly involving motor promotion of tDCS in healthy athletes and nonathletes, and in patients diagnosed with neurological diseases. The tDCS is a promising and effective tool used to promote motor function by regulating cortical excitability. However, no consensus is available regarding individually appropriate models of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yuan Yang
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Corrêa FI, Carneiro Costa G, Leite Souza P, Marduy A, Parente J, Ferreira da Cruz S, de Souza Cunha M, Beber Freitas M, Correa Alves D, Silva SM, Ferrari Corrêa JC, Fregni F. Additive effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with multicomponent training on elderly physical function capacity: a randomized, triple blind, controlled trial. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:2352-2365. [PMID: 35619246 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2022.2081638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the additive effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) associated with multi-component training (MT) on the functional capacity (FC) of older adults and to assess whether these effects remain after the end of training. The secondary objectives were to evaluate the locomotion capacity, balance, functional independence, and quality of life and correlate them with functional capacity. METHODOLOGY Twenty-eight older adults were randomized into two groups: experimental (MT associated with active tDCS - a-tDCS) and control (MT associated with sham tDCS - s-tDCS). The FC was measured by the Glittre-ADL test, locomotion capacity by the 6-minute walk test, balance by the BESTest, functional independence by the FIM, and quality of life by the WHQOL. The assessments were performed pre-, post-intervention, and 30-day follow-up. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the time to the Glittre-ADL test when comparing the a-tDCS and s-tDCS groups after the interventions (139.77 ± 21.62, 205.10 ± 43.02, p < .001) and at the 30-day follow-up (142.74 ± 17.12, 219.55 ± 54.05, p < .001), respectively. There was a moderate correlation between FC and locomotion capacity and balance. CONCLUSIONS The addition of tDCS potentiated the results of MT to impact FC, maintaining the positive results longer. Locomotion and balance influenced the improvement of functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Ishida Corrêa
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucio Carneiro Costa
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Leite Souza
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Marduy
- Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joao Parente
- Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefany Ferreira da Cruz
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Micaelly de Souza Cunha
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maik Beber Freitas
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Correa Alves
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Soraia Micaela Silva
- Doctoral and Master Program in Science of Reabilitation, Nove de Julho University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Fregni
- Neuromodulation Center, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Marcos-Frutos D, López-Alonso V, Mera-González I, Sánchez-Molina JA, Colomer-Poveda D, Márquez G. Chronic Functional Adaptations Induced by the Application of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Exercise Programs: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6724. [PMID: 37959190 PMCID: PMC10649950 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12216724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The present systematic review aimed to determine the chronic effects of the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and exercise on motor function and performance outcomes. We performed a systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE and Web of Science. Only randomized control trials that measured the chronic effect of combining exercise (comprising gross motor tasks) with tDCS during at least five sessions and measured any type of motor function or performance outcome were included. A total of 22 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Only outcomes related to motor function or performance were collected. Studies were divided into three groups: (a) healthy population (n = 4), (b) neurological disorder population (n = 14), and (c) musculoskeletal disorder population (n = 4). The studies exhibited considerable variability in terms of tDCS protocols, exercise programs, and outcome measures. Chronic use of tDCS in combination with strength training does not enhance motor function in healthy adults. In neurological disorders, the results suggest no additive effect if the exercise program includes the movements pretending to be improved (i.e., tested). However, although evidence is scarce, tDCS may enhance exercise-induced adaptations in musculoskeletal conditions characterized by pain as a limiting factor of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - David Colomer-Poveda
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, 15179 A Coruña, Spain; (D.M.-F.); (V.L.-A.); (I.M.-G.); (J.A.S.-M.)
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, 15179 A Coruña, Spain; (D.M.-F.); (V.L.-A.); (I.M.-G.); (J.A.S.-M.)
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Zhan J, Yu C, Xiao S, Shen B, Zhang C, Zhou J, Fu W. Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the cortical-muscular functional coupling and muscular activities of ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under running-induced fatigue. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1263309. [PMID: 37841316 PMCID: PMC10570418 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1263309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can improve motor control performance under fatigue. However, the influences of tDCS on factors contributing to motor control (e.g., cortical-muscular functional coupling, CMFC) are unclear. This double-blinded and randomized study examined the effects of high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) on muscular activities of dorsiflexors and plantarflexors and CMFC when performing ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under fatigue. Twenty-four male adults were randomly assigned to receive five sessions of 20-min HD-tDCS targeting primary motor cortex (M1) or sham stimulation. Three days before and 1 day after the intervention, participants completed ankle dorsi-plantarflexion under fatigue induced by prolonged running exercise. During the task, electroencephalography (EEG) of M1 (e.g., C1, Cz) and surface electromyography (sEMG) of several muscles (e.g., tibialis anterior [TA]) were recorded synchronously. The corticomuscular coherence (CMC), root mean square (RMS) of sEMG, blood lactate, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVC) of ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors were obtained. Before stimulation, greater beta- and gamma-band CMC between M1 and TA were significantly associated with greater RMS of TA (r = 0.460-0.619, p = 0.001-0.024). The beta- and gamma-band CMC of C1-TA and Cz-TA, and RMS of TA and MVC torque of dorsiflexors were significantly higher after HD-tDCS than those at pre-intervention in the HD-tDCS group and post-intervention in the control group (p = 0.002-0.046). However, the HD-tDCS-induced changes in CMC and muscle activities were not significantly associated (r = 0.050-0.128, p = 0.693-0.878). HD-tDCS applied over M1 can enhance the muscular activities of ankle dorsiflexion under fatigue and related CMFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianglong Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Gómez-Feria J, Martín-Rodríguez JF, Mir P. Corticospinal adaptations following resistance training and its relationship with strength: A systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105289. [PMID: 37353049 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Neural adaptations to resistance training (RT) and their correlation with muscle strength remain partially understood. We conducted a systematic review and multivariate meta-analysis to examine the effects of metronome-paced (MP), self-paced (SP), and isometric (IM) training on M1 and corticospinal pathway activity. Following MP RT, a significant increase in corticospinal excitability was observed, correlating with increased strength. Conversely, no significant relationship was found after SP or IM training. RT also reduced the duration of the cortical silent period, but this change did not predict strength changes and was not specific to any training modality. No significant effects were found for short-interval intracortical inhibition. Our findings suggest that changes in corticospinal excitability may contribute to strength gains after RT. Furthermore, the relationship between these adaptations and strength appears dependent on the type of training performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Gómez-Feria
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Francisco Martín-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Psicología Experimental, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | - Pablo Mir
- Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
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Spiering BA, Clark BC, Schoenfeld BJ, Foulis SA, Pasiakos SM. Maximizing Strength: The Stimuli and Mediators of Strength Gains and Their Application to Training and Rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:919-929. [PMID: 36580280 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spiering, BA, Clark, BC, Schoenfeld, BJ, Foulis, SA, and Pasiakos, SM. Maximizing strength: the stimuli and mediators of strength gains and their application to training and rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 919-929, 2023-Traditional heavy resistance exercise (RE) training increases maximal strength, a valuable adaptation in many situations. That stated, some populations seek new opportunities for pushing the upper limits of strength gains (e.g., athletes and military personnel). Alternatively, other populations strive to increase or maintain strength but cannot perform heavy RE (e.g., during at-home exercise, during deployment, or after injury or illness). Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to (a) identify the known stimuli that trigger gains in strength; (b) identify the known factors that mediate the long-term effectiveness of these stimuli; (c) discuss (and in some cases, speculate on) potential opportunities for maximizing strength gains beyond current limits; and (d) discuss practical applications for increasing or maintaining strength when traditional heavy RE cannot be performed. First, by conceptually deconstructing traditional heavy RE, we identify that strength gains are stimulated through a sequence of events, namely: giving maximal mental effort, leading to maximal neural activation of muscle to produce forceful contractions, involving lifting and lowering movements, training through a full range of motion, and (potentially) inducing muscular metabolic stress. Second, we identify factors that mediate the long-term effectiveness of these RE stimuli, namely: optimizing the dose of RE within a session, beginning each set of RE in a minimally fatigued state, optimizing recovery between training sessions, and (potentially) periodizing the training stimulus over time. Equipped with these insights, we identify potential opportunities for further maximizing strength gains. Finally, we identify opportunities for increasing or maintaining strength when traditional heavy RE cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry A Spiering
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio; and
| | | | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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11
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Ryan JL, Eng E, Fehlings DL, Wright FV, Levac DE, Beal DS. Motor Evoked Potential Amplitude in Motor Behavior-based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Studies: A Systematic Review. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:313-329. [PMID: 36919517 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2184320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Motor evoked potential amplitude (MEPamp) is frequently measured in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies that target the primary motor cortex (M1), and a subset of these studies involve motor behavior. This systematic review explored the role of MEPamp as an indicator of neural change in M1-targeted tDCS studies involving motor behavior (i.e., motor practice and/or evaluation of motor performance) in healthy individuals, and examined the association between changes in motor performance and MEPamp. We executed our search strategy across four bibliographic databases. Twenty-two manuscripts met eligibility criteria. While anodal tDCS combined with motor practice frequently increased MEPamp, MEPamp outcomes did not necessarily align with changes in motor performance. Thus, MEPamp may not be the most appropriate indicator of neural change in tDCS studies that aim to improve motor performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Ryan
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emily Eng
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darcy L Fehlings
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - F Virginia Wright
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Danielle E Levac
- School of Rehabilitation, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Deryk S Beal
- Bloorview Research Institute, Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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12
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Priming Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Effects of Conventional Physiotherapy on Balance and Muscle Performance in Athletes With Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury. J Sport Rehabil 2023; 32:315-324. [PMID: 36623509 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT In athletes, postural control impairment and knee muscle dysfunction are the most common disorders following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Because of functional changes in the motor cortex following ACL injury, physiotherapy (PT) is not enough for treatment and using neuromodulators, such as trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be necessary. The present study focused on the effects of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) concurrent with PT on postural control and muscular performance in the athletes with ACL injury. DESIGN In this study, 34 athletes with ACL injury were randomly assigned in 2 groups of intervention group (active M1 a-tDCS concurrent with PT, n = 16) and control group (sham M1 a-tDCS concurrent with PT, n = 16). METHODS The participants of all groups received 20-minute 2 mA M1 a-tDCS with PT during 10 sessions, while tDCS was turned off after 30 seconds in the sham group. Before, immediately following, and 1 month after the interventions, the center of pressure and the average of power of flexor and extensor muscles at 2 velocities of 30°/s and 60°/s were measured by force plate and isokinetic devices, respectively. RESULTS One month after treatment, the displacement of center of pressure was decreased in the intervention group (P < .05), while there were no changes in the control group. Y-axis of center of pressure decreased in the intervention group relative to the control group, although average of power of flexor and extensor muscles increased immediately in both groups, but the rise in the intervention group was larger than that in the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION The findings indicated that M1 a-tDCS can induce the efficacy of PT, which has a lasting effect on the improvement of the postural control in athletes with ACL injury.
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Yamada S, Wang Y, Monai H. Transcranial cortex-wide Ca 2+ imaging for the functional mapping of cortical dynamics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1119793. [PMID: 36875638 PMCID: PMC9975744 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1119793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Visualization and tracking of the information flow in the broader brain area are essential because nerve cells make a vast network in the brain. Fluorescence Ca2+ imaging is a simultaneous visualization of brain cell activities in a wide area. Instead of classical chemical indicators, developing various types of transgenic animals that express Ca2+-sensitive fluorescent proteins enables us to observe brain activities in living animals at a larger scale for a long time. Multiple kinds of literature have reported that transcranial imaging of such transgenic animals is practical for monitoring the wide-field information flow across the broad brain regions, although it has a lower spatial resolution. Notably, this technique is helpful for the initial evaluation of cortical function in disease models. This review will introduce fully intact transcranial macroscopic imaging and cortex-wide Ca2+ imaging as practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serika Yamada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yan Wang
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromu Monai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.,Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Xiao S, Wang B, Yu C, Shen B, Zhang X, Ye D, Deng L, Xu Y, Zhou J, Fu W. Effects of intervention combining transcranial direct current stimulation and foot core exercise on sensorimotor function in foot and static balance. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2022; 19:98. [PMID: 36104787 PMCID: PMC9476283 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-022-01077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This study aimed to examine the effects of combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and foot core exercise (FCE) on the sensorimotor function of the foot (i.e., toe flexor strength and passive ankle kinesthesia) and static balance.
Methods
In this double-blinded and randomized study, 30 participants were randomly assigned into two groups: tDCS combined with FCE and sham combined with FCE (i.e., control group). The participants received 2 mA stimulation for 20 min concurrently with FCE over 4 weeks (i.e., three sessions per week). After the first two groups completed the intervention, a reference group (FCE-only group) was included to further explore the placebo effects of sham by comparing it with the control group. Foot muscle strength, passive ankle kinesthesia, and static balance were assessed at baseline and after the intervention.
Results
Compared with the control group and baseline, tDCS combined with FCE could increase toe flexor strength (p < 0.001) and decrease the passive kinesthesia threshold of ankle eversion (p = 0.002). No significant differences in static balance were observed between tDCS + FCE and control groups. The linear regression models showed an association towards significance between the percent changes in metatarsophalangeal joint flexor strength and the anteroposterior average sway velocity of the center of gravity in one-leg standing with eyes closed following tDCS + FCE (r2 = 0.286; p = 0.057). The exploratory analysis also showed that compared with FCE alone, the sham stimulation did not induce any placebo effects during FCE.
Conclusion
Participating in 4 weeks of intervention using tDCS in combination with FCE effectively enhances toe flexor strength and foot–ankle sensory function.
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Kristiansen M, Thomsen MJ, Nørgaard J, Aaes J, Knudsen D, Voigt M. The Effect of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Quadriceps Maximal Voluntary Contraction, Corticospinal Excitability, and Voluntary Activation Levels. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1540-1547. [PMID: 33677460 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kristiansen, M, Thomsen, MJ, Nørgaard, J, Aaes, J, Knudsen, D, and Voigt, M. The effect of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation on quadriceps maximal voluntary contraction, corticospinal excitability, and voluntary activation levels. J Strength Cond Res 36(6): 1540-1547, 2022-Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) has previously been shown to improve maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MVIC), possibly through an upregulation of corticospinal excitability. Because muscle strength is an essential part of the performance of many sports, any ergogenic effect of a-tDCS on this parameter could potentially increase performance outcomes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a-tDCS on MVIC, voluntary activation levels (VALs), and corticospinal excitability, assessed by eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs), in untrained subjects. Thirteen subjects completed 2 test sessions in which they received either a-tDCS or sham stimulation for 3 consecutive intervals of 10 minutes, separated by 5-minute breaks. Before and after each stimulation session, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to elicit MEPs, and femoral nerve stimulation was used to assess VAL by measuring twitch torque during an MVIC test and in a relaxed state. Two-way analyses of variance with statistical significance set at p ≤ 0.05 were used to test for differences. A significant main effect was identified, as the MVIC pre-test (271.2 ± 56.6 Nm) was on average 4.1% higher compared to the post-test (260.6 ± 61.4 Nm) (p = 0.05). No significant differences were found in MEP, MVIC, or VAL as a result of stimulation type or time. In healthy subjects, the potential for improvement in corticospinal excitability may be negligible, which may in turn explain the lack of improvements in MEP, MVIC, and VAL after a-tDCS. The small decrease in MVIC for both conditions and nonsignificant changes in MEP and VAL do not justify the use of a-tDCS in combination with sporting performance in which the intent is to increase maximal isometric strength performance in the quadriceps muscle of healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kristiansen
- Sport Sciences, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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16
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Chow ZS, Moreland AT, Macpherson H, Teo WP. The Central Mechanisms of Resistance Training and Its Effects on Cognitive Function. Sports Med 2021; 51:2483-2506. [PMID: 34417978 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01535-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Resistance exercise is used extensively in athletic and general populations to induce neuromuscular adaptations to increase muscle size and performance. Exercise parameters such as exercise frequency, intensity, duration and modality are carefully manipulated to induce specific adaptations to the neuromuscular system. While the benefits of resistance exercise on the neuromuscular system are well documented, there is growing evidence to suggest that resistance exercise, even when performed acutely, can lead to neuroplastic changes within the central nervous system (CNS) and improve cognitive functioning. As such, resistance exercise has been proposed as a novel adjuvant rehabilitation strategy in populations that suffer from neurological or neurocognitive impairments (i.e. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's dementia) or even to attenuate age-related declines in cognitive health. In this review, we present evidence for the neuroplastic effects and cognitive benefits of resistance exercise and propose some of the underlying mechanisms that drive neuroplasticity following resistance training. We will further discuss the effects of exercise parameters, in particular exercise frequency, intensity, duration and modality to improve cognitive health. Lastly, we will highlight some of the existing limitations in the literature surrounding the use of resistance exercise to improve cognitive function and propose considerations to improve future studies in this field. In summary, the current evidence supports the role of resistance exercise, as a stand alone or in combination with aerobic exercise, for benefiting cognitive health and that it should be considered as an adjuvant therapy to treat age- or disease-related cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Siong Chow
- College of Medicine, Biology and Environment Research, School of Population Health, Australian National University (ANU), Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ashleigh T Moreland
- STEM College, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Helen Macpherson
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia. .,Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore, 637616, Singapore.
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17
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Hordacre B, McCambridge AB, Ridding MC, Bradnam LV. Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhance Poststroke Motor Recovery? Development of a Theoretical Patient-Tailored Model. Neurology 2021; 97:170-180. [PMID: 33986136 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000012187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New treatments that can facilitate neural repair and reduce persistent impairments have significant value in promoting recovery following stroke. One technique that has gained interest is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as early research suggested it could enhance plasticity and enable greater behavioral recovery. However, several studies have now identified substantial intersubject variability in response to tDCS and clinical trials revealed insufficient evidence of treatment effectiveness. A possible explanation for the varied and negative findings is that the physiologic model of stroke recovery that researchers have used to guide the application of tDCS-based treatments in stroke is overly simplistic and does not account for stroke heterogeneity or known determinants that affect the tDCS response. Here, we propose that tDCS could have a more clearly beneficial role in enhancing stroke recovery if greater consideration is given to individualizing treatment. By critically reviewing the proposed mechanisms of tDCS, stroke physiology across the recovery continuum, and known determinants of tDCS response, we propose a new, theoretical, patient-tailored approach to delivering tDCS after stroke. The proposed model includes a step-by-step principled selection strategy for identifying optimal neuromodulation targets and outlines key areas for further investigation. Tailoring tDCS treatment to individual neuroanatomy and physiology is likely our best chance at producing robust and meaningful clinical benefit for people with stroke and would therefore accelerate opportunities for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton Hordacre
- From Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation in Health (IIMPACT in Health) (B.H., M.C.R.), Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy (A.B.M.), University of Technology Sydney, Australia; and Department of Exercise Sciences (L.V.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- From Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation in Health (IIMPACT in Health) (B.H., M.C.R.), Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy (A.B.M.), University of Technology Sydney, Australia; and Department of Exercise Sciences (L.V.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael C Ridding
- From Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation in Health (IIMPACT in Health) (B.H., M.C.R.), Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy (A.B.M.), University of Technology Sydney, Australia; and Department of Exercise Sciences (L.V.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- From Innovation, Implementation and Clinical Translation in Health (IIMPACT in Health) (B.H., M.C.R.), Allied Health and Human Performance Academic Unit, University of South Australia, Adelaide; Graduate School of Health, Discipline of Physiotherapy (A.B.M.), University of Technology Sydney, Australia; and Department of Exercise Sciences (L.V.B.), University of Auckland, New Zealand
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18
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Wang B, Xiao S, Yu C, Zhou J, Fu W. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Physical Training on the Excitability of the Motor Cortex, Physical Performance, and Motor Learning: A Systematic Review. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:648354. [PMID: 33897361 PMCID: PMC8062775 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.648354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This systematic review aims to examine the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with physical training on the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases for relevant research published from inception to August 2020. Eligible studies included those that used a randomized controlled design and reported the effects of tDCS combined with physical training to improve motor-evoked potential (MEP), dynamic posture stability index (DPSI), reaction time, and error rate on participants without nervous system diseases. The risk of bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Results: Twenty-four of an initial yield of 768 studies met the eligibility criteria. The risk of bias was considered low. Results showed that anodal tDCS combined with physical training can significantly increase MEP amplitude, decrease DPSI, increase muscle strength, and decrease reaction time and error rate in motor learning tasks. Moreover, the gain effect is significantly greater than sham tDCS combined with physical training. Conclusion: tDCS combined with physical training can effectively improve the excitability of the motor cortex, physical performance, and motor learning. The reported results encourage further research to understand further the synergistic effects of tDCS combined with physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Songlin Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Changxiao Yu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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19
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Lerma-Lara S, De Cherade Montbron M, Guérin M, Cuenca-Martínez F, La Touche R. Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) in the primary motor cortex and its effects on sensorimotor function: a quasi-experimental single-blind sham-controlled trial. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6566. [PMID: 33753853 PMCID: PMC7985198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim was to assess the short-term effects of active-tDCS (a-tDCS) in the primary motor cortex (anodal stimulation-M1) on sensorimotor variables. These variables included discriminative sensation through the two-point discrimination (2-PD) test, tactile acuity threshold and pressure pain threshold (PPT), and electromyographic (EMG) activity compared with a sham-tDCS (s-tDCS) in healthy individuals. A total of 100 participants were included. Fifty of the participants received the a-tDCS application of 2 mA for 20 min, whereas the remaining fifty received the s-tDCS. The 2-PD and tactile acuity threshold in thenar eminence of the hand and in the dorsal part of the foot and also, PPT and EMG activity during maximal voluntary contraction in the biceps brachii and rectus femoris were assessed before and after the tDCS application. The a-tDCS intervention was not significantly superior to the s-tDCS in any variable. However, significant within-group pre- and post-intervention differences were found in the a-tDCS, such as the tactile acuity threshold in thenar eminence of the hand, with a small effect size (p = .012, d = 0.20) and in the PPT of the rectus femoris, also with a small effect size (p = .001, d = - 0.17). Regarding EMG activity, a trend towards greater activity was observed in participants with a-tDCS compared with s-tDCS, which showed a trend towards decreased EMG activity. In fact, although no differences were found between the groups, within-group differences were statistically significant in the biceps brachii pre- and postintervention (p = .023, d = - 0.16, and p = .002, d = 0.18, respectively), and also in the rectus femoris, only in the a-tDCS, with a small effect size (p = .011, d = - 0.14). This study showed no significant between-group differences in sensorimotor outcomes. A single session of tDCS in isolation appears to produce immediate effects in healthy participants on sensorimotor function; however, these effects were very small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Lerma-Lara
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ La Salle, No. 10, 28023, Madrid, Spain.
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina De Cherade Montbron
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ La Salle, No. 10, 28023, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Guérin
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ La Salle, No. 10, 28023, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ferran Cuenca-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ La Salle, No. 10, 28023, Madrid, Spain.
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roy La Touche
- Departamento de Fisioterapia, Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ La Salle, No. 10, 28023, Madrid, Spain
- Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Sciences of the Movement (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Neurociencia y Dolor Craneofacial (INDCRAN), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Tallent J, Woodhead A, Frazer AK, Hill J, Kidgell DJ, Howatson G. Corticospinal and spinal adaptations to motor skill and resistance training: Potential mechanisms and implications for motor rehabilitation and athletic development. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:707-719. [PMID: 33389142 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Optimal strategies for enhancing strength and improving motor skills are vital in athletic performance and clinical rehabilitation. Initial increases in strength and the acquisition of new motor skills have long been attributed to neurological adaptations. However, early increases in strength may be predominantly due to improvements in inter-muscular coordination rather than the force-generating capacity of the muscle. Despite the plethora of research investigating neurological adaptations from motor skill or resistance training in isolation, little effort has been made in consolidating this research to compare motor skill and resistance training adaptations. The findings of this review demonstrated that motor skill and resistance training adaptations show similar short-term mechanisms of adaptations, particularly at a cortical level. Increases in corticospinal excitability and a release in short-interval cortical inhibition occur as a result of the commencement of both resistance and motor skill training. Spinal changes show evidence of task-specific adaptations from the acquired motor skill, with an increase or decrease in spinal reflex excitability, dependant on the motor task. An increase in synaptic efficacy of the reticulospinal projections is likely to be a prominent mechanism for driving strength adaptations at the subcortical level, though more research is needed. Transcranial electric stimulation has been shown to increase corticospinal excitability and augment motor skill adaptations, but limited evidence exists for further enhancing strength adaptations from resistance training. Despite the logistical challenges, future work should compare the longitudinal adaptations between motor skill and resistance training to further optimise exercise programming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Tallent
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK.
| | - Alex Woodhead
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jessica Hill
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Applied Sciences, St Mary's University, Waldgrave Road, Twickenham, TW1 4SX, UK
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.,Water Research Group, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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21
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Hortobágyi T, Granacher U, Fernandez-Del-Olmo M, Howatson G, Manca A, Deriu F, Taube W, Gruber M, Márquez G, Lundbye-Jensen J, Colomer-Poveda D. Functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in health and disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 122:79-91. [PMID: 33383071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Repetitive, monotonic, and effortful voluntary muscle contractions performed for just a few weeks, i.e., resistance training, can substantially increase maximal voluntary force in the practiced task and can also increase gross motor performance. The increase in motor performance is often accompanied by neuroplastic adaptations in the central nervous system. While historical data assigned functional relevance to such adaptations induced by resistance training, this claim has not yet been systematically and critically examined in the context of motor performance across the lifespan in health and disease. A review of muscle activation, brain and peripheral nerve stimulation, and imaging data revealed that increases in motor performance and neuroplasticity tend to be uncoupled, making a mechanistic link between neuroplasticity and motor performance inconclusive. We recommend new approaches, including causal mediation analytical and hypothesis-driven models to substantiate the functional relevance of resistance training-induced neuroplasticity in the improvements of gross motor function across the lifespan in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical CenterGroningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Miguel Fernandez-Del-Olmo
- Area of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Center for Sport Studies, King Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK; Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Andrea Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Franca Deriu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Márquez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Movement & Neuroscience, Department of Nutrition, Exercise & Sports Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagenk, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
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22
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Brown SR, Washabaugh EP, Dutt-Mazumder A, Wojtys EM, Palmieri-Smith RM, Krishnan C. Functional Resistance Training to Improve Knee Strength and Function After Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Case Study. Sports Health 2020; 13:136-144. [PMID: 33337984 DOI: 10.1177/1941738120955184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thigh muscle weakness after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) can persist after returning to activity. While resistance training can improve muscle function, "nonfunctional" training methods are not optimal for inducing transfer of benefits to activities such as walking. Here, we tested the feasibility of a novel functional resistance training (FRT) approach to restore strength and function in an individual with ACLR. HYPOTHESIS FRT would improve knee strength and function after ACLR. STUDY DESIGN Case report. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. METHODS A 15-year-old male patient volunteered for an 8-week intervention where he performed 30 minutes of treadmill walking, 3 times per week, while wearing a custom-designed knee brace that provided resistance to the thigh muscles of his ACLR leg. Thigh strength, gait mechanics, and corticospinal and spinal excitability were assessed before and immediately after the 8-week intervention. Voluntary muscle activation was evaluated immediately after the intervention. RESULTS Knee extensor and flexor strength increased in the ACLR leg from pre- to posttraining (130 to 225 N·m [+74%] and 44 to 88 N·m [+99%], respectively) and increases in between-limb extensor and flexor strength symmetry (45% to 92% [+74%] and 47% to 72% [+65%], respectively) were also noted. After the intervention, voluntary muscle activation in the ACLR leg was 72%, compared with the non-ACLR leg at 75%. Knee angle and moment during late stance phase decreased (ie, improved) in the ACLR leg and appeared more similar to the non-ACLR leg after FRT training (18° to 14° [-23.4] and 0.07 to -0.02 N·m·kg-1·m-1 [-122.8%], respectively). Corticospinal and spinal excitability in the ACLR leg decreased (3511 to 2511 [-28.5%] and 0.42 to 0.24 [-43.7%], respectively) from pre- to posttraining. CONCLUSION A full 8 weeks of FRT that targeted both quadriceps and hamstring muscles lead to improvements in strength and gait, suggesting that FRT may constitute a promising and practical alternative to traditional methods of resistance training. CLINICAL RELEVANCE FRT may serve as a viable approach to improve knee strength and function after ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R Brown
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward P Washabaugh
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aviroop Dutt-Mazumder
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Edward M Wojtys
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Riann M Palmieri-Smith
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chandramouli Krishnan
- Neuromuscular and Rehabilitation Robotics Laboratory (NeuRRo Lab), Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Michigan Robotics Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Bornheim S, Croisier J, Leclercq V, Baude C, Kaux J. Les effets de la stimulation transcrânienne à courant continu (STCC) sur les performances physiques : une revue systématique de la littérature. Sci Sports 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Different Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Leg Muscle Glucose Uptake Asymmetry in Two Women with Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10080549. [PMID: 32823504 PMCID: PMC7465960 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10080549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetrical lower limb strength is a significant contributor to impaired walking abilities in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be an effective technique to enhance cortical excitability and increase neural drive to more-affected lower limbs. A sham-controlled, randomized, cross-over design was employed. Two women with MS underwent two 20 min sessions of either 3 mA tDCS or Sham before 20 min of treadmill walking at a self-selected speed. During walking, the participants were injected with the glucose analogue, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Participants were then imaged to examine glucose metabolism and uptake asymmetries in the legs. Standardized uptake values (SUVs) were compared between the legs and asymmetry indices were calculated. Subject 2 was considered physically active (self-reported participating in at least 30 min of moderate-intensity physical activity on at least three days of the week for the last three months), while Subject 1 was physically inactive. In Subject 1, there was a decrease in SUVs at the left knee flexors, left upper leg, left and right plantar flexors, and left and right lower legs and SUVs in the knee extensors and dorsiflexors were considered symmetric after tDCS compared to Sham. Subject 2 showed an increase in SUVs at the left and right upper legs, right plantar flexors, and right lower leg with no muscle group changing asymmetry status. This study demonstrates that tDCS may increase neural drive to leg muscles and decrease glucose uptake during walking in PwMS with low physical activity levels.
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Neige C, Grosprêtre S, Martin A, Lebon F. Influence of Voluntary Contraction Level, Test Stimulus Intensity and Normalization Procedures on the Evaluation of Short-Interval Intracortical Inhibition. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10070433. [PMID: 32650395 PMCID: PMC7407177 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10070433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) represents an inhibitory phenomenon acting at the cortical level. However, SICI estimation is based on the amplitude of a motor-evoked potential (MEP), which depends on the discharge of spinal motoneurones and the generation of compound muscle action potential (M-wave). In this study, we underpin the importance of taking into account the proportion of spinal motoneurones that are activated or not when investigating the SICI of the right flexor carpi radialis (normalization with maximal M-wave (Mmax) and MEPtest, respectively), in 15 healthy subjects. We probed SICI changes according to various MEPtest amplitudes that were modulated actively (four levels of muscle contraction: rest, 10%, 20% and 30% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)) and passively (two intensities of test transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): 120 and 130% of motor thresholds). When normalized to MEPtest, SICI remained unchanged by stimulation intensity and only decreased at 30% of MVC when compared with rest. However, when normalized to Mmax, we provided the first evidence of a strong individual relationship between SICI and MEPtest, which was ultimately independent from experimental conditions (muscle states and TMS intensities). Under similar experimental conditions, it is thus possible to predict SICI individually from a specific level of corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-3-8039-6761
| | - Sidney Grosprêtre
- EA4660-C3S Laboratory—Culture, Sport, Health and Society, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Alain Martin
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21078 Dijon, France; (A.M.); (F.L.)
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26
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Pugh J, Pugh C. Neurostimulation, doping, and the spirit of sport. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2020; 14:141-158. [PMID: 34824648 PMCID: PMC8590673 DOI: 10.1007/s12152-020-09435-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in using neuro-stimulation devices to achieve an ergogenic effect in elite athletes. Although the World Anti-Doping Authority (WADA) does not currently prohibit neuro-stimulation techniques, a number of researchers have called on WADA to consider its position on this issue. Focusing on trans-cranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a case study of an imminent so-called ‘neuro-doping’ intervention, we argue that the emerging evidence suggests that tDCS may meet WADA’s own criteria (pertaining to safety, performance-enhancing effect, and incompatibility with the ‘spirit of sport’) for a method’s inclusion on its list of prohibited substances and methods. We begin by surveying WADA’s general approach to doping, and highlight important limitations to the current evidence base regarding the performance-enhancing effect of pharmacological doping substances. We then review the current evidence base for the safety and efficacy of tDCS, and argue that despite significant shortcomings, there may be sufficient evidence for WADA to consider prohibiting tDCS, in light of the comparable flaws in the evidence base for pharmacological doping substances. In the second half of the paper, we argue that the question of whether WADA ought to ban tDCS turns significantly on the question of whether it is compatible with the ‘spirit of sport’ criterion. We critique some of the previously published positions on this, and advocate our own sport-specific and application-specific approach. Despite these arguments, we finally conclude by suggesting that tDCS ought to be monitored rather than prohibited due to compelling non-ideal considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Pugh
- The Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Suite 8, Littlegate House, St Ebbes Street, Oxford, OX1 1PT UK
| | - Christopher Pugh
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
- Cardiff Centre for Exercise and Health, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Lattari E, Campos C, Lamego MK, Legey S, Neto GM, Rocha NB, Oliveira AJ, Carpenter CS, Machado S. Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve Muscle Power in Individuals With Advanced Weight-Training Experience? J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:97-103. [PMID: 28426515 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lattari, E, Campos, C, Lamego, MK, Legey, S, Neto, GM, Rocha, NB, Oliveira, AJ, Carpenter, CS, and Machado, S. Can transcranial direct current stimulation improve muscle power in individuals with advanced weight-training experience? J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 97-103, 2020-The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance in men with advanced strength-training experience. Ten healthy male subjects with advanced strength training and squatting exercise experience were included. Participants took part in an initial visit to the laboratory to complete anthropometric measurements and CMJ kinematic test-retest reliability. Participants then completed 3 experimental conditions, 48-72 hours apart, in a randomized, double-blinded crossover design: anodal, cathodal, and sham-tDCS (2 mA for 20 minutes targeting the motor cortex bilaterally). Participants completed 3 CMJ tests before and after each experimental condition, with 1-minute recovery interval between each test. The best CMJ in each moment was selected for analysis. Two-way (condition by moment) repeated measures analysis of variance was performed for CMJ height, flight time (FT), and muscular peak power (PP). Effect sizes and interindividual variability of tDCS responses were also analyzed. There was a significant condition by moment interaction for all outcome measures, with a large prepost increase in CMJ height, FT, and PP in the anodal condition. All the participants displayed CMJ performance improvements after the anodal condition. There were no significant differences in both cathodal and sham conditions. Anodal tDCS may be a valuable tool to enhance muscle power-related tasks performance, which is extremely relevant for sports that require vertical jumping ability. Anodal tDCS may also be used to support strength training, enhancing its effects on performance-oriented outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Panic & Respiration (LABPR), Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Campos
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration (LABPR), Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Health School, Porto, Portugal
| | - Murilo Khede Lamego
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration (LABPR), Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sandro Legey
- Laboratory of Panic & Respiration (LABPR), Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Geraldo Maranhão Neto
- Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Aldair José Oliveira
- Laboratory of Social Dimensions Applied to Physical Activity and Sport (LABSAFE), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Rio de Janeiro Rural Federal University, Seropédica, Brazil; and
| | - Carlos Sandro Carpenter
- Department of Physical Education, Brazilian Institute of Medicine and Rehabilitation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Machado
- Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Laboratory of Panic & Respiration (LABPR), Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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28
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Tracking the corticospinal responses to strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:783-798. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04316-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Siddique U, Rahman S, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Determining the Sites of Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:1107-1128. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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30
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Silva LVDCD, Porto F, Fregni F, Gurgel JL. TRANSCRANIAL DIRECT-CURRENT STIMULATION IN COMBINATION WITH EXERCISE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220192506215836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that allows the modulation of cortical excitability and can produce changes in neuronal plasticity. The application of tDCS has recently been associated with physical activity. Objectives To verify the effect of Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation (tDCS) in combination with physical exercise, characterizing methodological aspects of the technique. Methods In the database search, studies with animals, other neuromodulation techniques and opinion and review articles were excluded. Publications up to 2016 were selected and the methodological quality of the articles was verified through the PEDro scale. Results The majority of studies (86%) used tDCS on the motor cortex area, with anodal current and the allocation of monocephalic electrodes (46.5%). The prevalent current intensity was 2mA (72%), with duration of 20min (55.8%). The profile of the research participants was predominantly of subjects aged up to 60 years (72.1%). The outcomes were favorable for the use of anodal tDCS in combination with physical exercise. Conclusion Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation is a promising technique when used in combination with aerobic and anaerobic exercises; however, it is necessary to investigate concurrent exercise. Level of Evidence II; Therapeutic Studies Investigating the Results of Treatment (systematic review of Level II studies or Level I studies with inconsistent results).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flávia Porto
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fregni
- Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, United States of America
| | - Jonas Lírio Gurgel
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
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31
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Patel R, Ashcroft J, Patel A, Ashrafian H, Woods AJ, Singh H, Darzi A, Leff DR. The Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Upper-Limb Motor Performance in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1213. [PMID: 31803003 PMCID: PMC6873898 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has previously been reported to improve facets of upper limb motor performance such as accuracy and strength. However, the magnitude of motor performance improvement has not been reviewed by contemporaneous systematic review or meta-analysis of sham vs. active tDCS. Objective: To systematically review and meta-analyse the existing evidence regarding the benefits of tDCS on upper limb motor performance in healthy adults. Methods: A systematic search was conducted to obtain relevant articles from three databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) yielding 3,200 abstracts. Following independent assessment by two reviewers, a total of 86 articles were included for review, of which 37 were deemed suitable for meta-analysis. Results: Meta-analyses were performed for four outcome measures, namely: reaction time (RT), execution time (ET), time to task failure (TTF), and force. Further qualitative review was performed for accuracy and error. Statistically significant improvements in RT (effect size −0.01; 95% CI −0.02 to 0.001, p = 0.03) and ET (effect size −0.03; 95% CI −0.05 to −0.01, p = 0.017) were demonstrated compared to sham. In exercise tasks, increased force (effect size 0.10; 95% CI 0.08 to 0.13, p < 0.001) and a trend towards improved TTF was also observed. Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides evidence attesting to the impact of tDCS on upper limb motor performance in healthy adults. Improved performance is demonstrable in reaction time, task completion time, elbow flexion tasks and accuracy. Considerable heterogeneity exists amongst the literature, further confirming the need for a standardised approach to reporting tDCS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronak Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Ashcroft
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashish Patel
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hutan Ashrafian
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J Woods
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Harsimrat Singh
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ara Darzi
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Richard Leff
- Department of Surgery & Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Siddique U, Rahman S, Frazer AK, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Determining the Sites of Neural Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2019; 49:1809. [PMID: 31359349 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ummatul Siddique
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Simin Rahman
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurosciences, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
- Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, PO Box 527, Frankston, VIC, 3199, Australia.
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33
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Mason J, Howatson G, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Jaberzadeh S, Avela J, Kidgell DJ. Modulation of intracortical inhibition and excitation in agonist and antagonist muscles following acute strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2185-2199. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Frazer AK, Howatson G, Ahtiainen JP, Avela J, Rantalainen T, Kidgell DJ. Priming the Motor Cortex With Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Affects the Acute Inhibitory Corticospinal Responses to Strength Training. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:307-317. [PMID: 30688872 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Frazer, AK, Howatson, G, Ahtiainen, JP, Avela, J, Rantalainen, T, and Kidgell, DJ. Priming the motor cortex with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation affects the acute inhibitory corticospinal responses to strength training. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 307-317, 2019-Synaptic plasticity in the motor cortex (M1) is associated with strength training (ST) and can be modified by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The M1 responses to ST increase when anodal tDCS is applied during training due to gating. An additional approach to improve the M1 responses to ST, which has not been explored, is to use anodal tDCS to prime the M1 before a bout of ST. We examined the priming effects of anodal tDCS of M1 on the acute corticospinal responses to ST. In a randomized double-blinded cross-over design, changes in isometric strength, corticospinal excitability, and inhibition (assessed as area under the recruitment curve [AURC] using transcranial magnetic stimulation) were analyzed in 13 adults exposed to 20 minutes of anodal tDCS and sham tDCS followed by a ST session of the right elbow flexors. We observed a significant decrease in isometric elbow-flexor strength immediately after training (11-12%; p < 0.05), which was not different between anodal tDCS and sham tDCS. Transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed a 24% increase in AURC for corticospinal excitability after anodal tDCS and ST; this increase was not different between conditions. However, there was a 14% reduction in AURC for corticospinal inhibition when anodal tDCS was applied before ST when compared with sham tDCS and ST (all p < 0.05). Priming anodal tDCS had a limited effect in facilitating corticospinal excitability after an acute bout of ST. Interestingly, the interaction of anodal tDCS and ST seems to affect the excitability of intracortical inhibitory circuits of the M1 through nonhomeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn K Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Department of Biology and Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Janne Avela
- Department of Biology and Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Timo Rantalainen
- Department of Biology and Physical Activity, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Biology and Physical Activity, Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Mesquita PHC, Lage GM, Franchini E, Romano-Silva MA, Albuquerque MR. Bi-hemispheric anodal transcranial direct current stimulation worsens taekwondo-related performance. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 66:578-586. [PMID: 31254810 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulatory technique that has been used as an ergogenic aid in exercise/sports performance. However, little is known about its effects on highly-trained subjects, as athletes. The present study aimed to verify the effects of bi-hemispheric anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) on the performance of taekwondo athletes. Additionally, we investigated the persistence of the effects of the a-tDCS one hour after it. Nineteen Taekwondo athletes received active or sham bi-hemispheric a-tDCS over the primary motor cortex (M1). a-tDCS was delivered at 1.5 mA for 15 min. Athletes performed Countermovement Jumps (CMJ) and the Frequency Speed of Kick Test (FSKT) immediately (Mo1) and one hour after stimulation (Mo2). The athletes also reported their session-rating of perceived exertion (session-RPE). The total number of kicks (TK) was higher in sham than in the active a-tDCS condition (p < 0.01). In addition, TK was higher at Mo2 than at Mo1 (p < 0.05). Similarly, the session-RPE was higher in the a-tDCS condition (p < 0.05) and was greater one-hour post-stimulation (p < 0.01). No differences were found for CMJ performance (p > 0.05). Thus, bi-hemispheric a-tDCS worsens performance of taekwondo athletes, and the effect remains present even 1 h after the stimulation.
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Mason J, Frazer AK, Pearce AJ, Goodwill AM, Howatson G, Jaberzadeh S, Kidgell DJ. Determining the early corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2019; 30:463-476. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2018-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several studies have used transcranial magnetic stimulation to probe the corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to a single session of strength training; however, the findings are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined whether a single bout of strength training affects the excitability and inhibition of intracortical circuits of the primary motor cortex (M1) and the corticospinal-motoneuronal pathway. A systematic review was completed, tracking studies between January 1990 and May 2018. The methodological quality of studies was determined using the Downs and Black quality index. Data were synthesised and interpreted from meta-analysis. Nine studies (n=107) investigating the acute corticospinal-motoneuronal responses to strength training met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses detected that after strength training compared to control, corticospinal excitability [standardised mean difference (SMD), 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.88, 1.63; p<0.0001] and intracortical facilitation (ICF) (SMD, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.18, 3.02; p=0.003) were increased. The duration of the corticospinal silent period was reduced (SMD, −17.57; 95% CI, −21.12, −14.01; p=0.00001), but strength training had no effect on the excitability of the intracortical inhibitory circuits [short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) SMD, 1.01; 95% CI, −1.67, 3.69; p=0.46; long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) SMD, 0.50; 95% CI, −1.13, 2.13; p=0.55]. Strength training increased the excitability of corticospinal axons (SMD, 4.47; 95% CI, 3.45, 5.49; p<0.0001). This systematic review and meta-analyses revealed that the acute neural changes to strength training involve subtle changes along the entire neuroaxis from the M1 to the spinal cord. These findings suggest that strength training is a clinically useful tool to modulate intracortical circuits involved in motor control.
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37
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Beaulieu LD, Blanchette AK, Mercier C, Bernard-Larocque V, Milot MH. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation combined to a resistance training program in chronic stroke survivors: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 37:333-346. [DOI: 10.3233/rnn-190908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Louis-David Beaulieu
- Laboratoire de recherche BioNR, Unité d’enseignement en physiothérapie, Département des sciences de la santé, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada
| | - Andréanne K. Blanchette
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale, Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche en réadaptation et intégration sociale, Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada
| | - Vincent Bernard-Larocque
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Hélène Milot
- Centre de recherche sur le vieillissement, École de réadaptation, Faculté de médecine et des sciences de la santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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Nuzzo JL, Finn HT, Herbert RD. Causal Mediation Analysis Could Resolve Whether Training-Induced Increases in Muscle Strength are Mediated by Muscle Hypertrophy. Sports Med 2019; 49:1309-1315. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01131-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Holgado D, Vadillo MA, Sanabria D. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on objective and subjective indexes of exercise performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul 2018; 12:242-250. [PMID: 30559000 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on objective and subjective indexes of exercise performance. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES A systematic literature search of electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar) and reference lists of included articles up to June 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Published articles in journals or in repositories with raw data available, randomized sham-controlled trial comparing anodal stimulation with a sham condition providing data on objective (e.g. time to exhaustion or time-trial performance) or subjective (e.g. rate of perceived exertion) indexes of exercise performance. RESULTS The initial search provided 420 articles of which 31 were assessed for eligibility. Finally, the analysis of effect sizes comprised 24 studies with 386 participants. The analysis indicated that anodal tDCS had a small but positive effect on performance g = 0.34, 95% CI [0.12, 0.52], z = 3.24, p = .0012. Effects were not significantly moderated by type of outcome, electrode placement, muscles involved, number of sessions, or intensity and duration of the stimulation. Importantly, the funnel plot showed that, overall, effect sizes tended to be larger in studies with lower sample size and high standard error. SUMMARY The results suggest that tDCS may have a positive impact on exercise performance. However, the effect is probably small and most likely biased by low quality studies and the selective publication of significant results. Therefore, the current evidence does not provide strong support to the conclusion that tDCS is an effective means to improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darías Holgado
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Spain; Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Vadillo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Centre, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Granada, Spain
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Vargas VZ, Baptista AF, Pereira GO, Pochini AC, Ejnisman B, Santos MB, João SM, Hazime FA. Modulation of Isometric Quadriceps Strength in Soccer Players With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: A Crossover Study. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1336-1341. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nelson JM, McKinley RA, McIntire LK, Goodyear C, Walters C. Augmenting Visual Search Performance With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). MILITARY PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1037/mil0000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. Andy McKinley
- 711th HPW, Applied Neuroscience Branch, U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
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42
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Kidgell DJ, Bonanno DR, Frazer AK, Howatson G, Pearce AJ. Corticospinal responses following strength training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 46:2648-2661. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawson J. Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy; School of Primary and Allied Health Care; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. 3199 Australia
| | - Daniel R. Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry; School of Allied Health; La Trobe University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre; School of Allied Health; La Trobe University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Ashlyn K. Frazer
- Department of Physiotherapy; School of Primary and Allied Health Care; Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science; Monash University; Melbourne Vic. 3199 Australia
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences; Northumbria University; Newcastle-upon-Tyne UK
- Water Research Group; School of Environmental Sciences and Development; Northwest University; Potchefstroom South Africa
| | - Alan J. Pearce
- Discipline of Exercise Science; School of Allied Health; La Trobe University; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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43
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Lattari E, de Oliveira BS, Oliveira BRR, de Mello Pedreiro RC, Machado S, Neto GAM. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on time limit and ratings of perceived exertion in physically active women. Neurosci Lett 2017; 662:12-16. [PMID: 28993207 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The limiting factors of maximum performance in humans have been extensively investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the acute effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on time limit (i.e., the time by which an individual is able to sustain a certain intensity of effort) at 100% of peak power (tlim@100%PP) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Eleven moderately active women underwent an anthropometric evaluation and a maximal incremental test in the cycle ergometer, in order to obtain peak power (PP). At the two subsequent visits, which were separated by 48-72h, participants were randomly assigned to two experimental conditions: anodal stimulation (a-tDCS) and sham. In the a-tDCS condition, the stimulus was applied in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with intensity of 2mA for 20min. In the sham condition, the equipment was switched off after 30s of stimulation. Immediately after the conditions, participants performed the tlim@100%PP. Immediately after the tlim@100%PP test, the RPE scale was applied. The results demonstrated that the tlim@100%PP was higher in a-tDCS condition compared to sham condition (p=0.005). No difference was found between the conditions (a-tDCS vs sham) for the RPE (p=0.52). The anodal stimulus increased the tolerance to the exercise performed in the cycloergometer with maximum load, having some ergogenic effect in exercises of cyclic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Bruno Soares de Oliveira
- Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sérgio Machado
- Physical Activity Neuroscience Laboratory (LABNAF), Physical Activity Sciences Postgraduate Program - Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil; Laboratory of Panic and Respiration, Institute of Psychiatry (IPUB), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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44
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Latella C, Teo WP, Harris D, Major B, VanderWesthuizen D, Hendy AM. Effects of acute resistance training modality on corticospinal excitability, intra-cortical and neuromuscular responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2211-2224. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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45
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Mason J, Frazer AK, Horvath DM, Pearce AJ, Avela J, Howatson G, Kidgell DJ. Ipsilateral corticomotor responses are confined to the homologous muscle following cross-education of muscular strength. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 43:11-22. [PMID: 28829918 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cross-education of strength occurs when strength-training 1 limb increases the strength of the untrained limb and is restricted to the untrained homologous muscle. Cortical circuits located ipsilateral to the trained limb might be involved. We used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to determine the corticomotor responses from the untrained homologous (biceps brachii) and nonhomologous (flexor carpi radialis) muscle following strength-training of the right elbow flexors. Motor evoked potentials were recorded from the untrained left biceps brachii and flexor carpi radialis during a submaximal contraction from 20 individuals (10 women, 10 men; aged 18-35 years; training group, n = 10; control group, n = 10) before and after 3 weeks of strength-training the right biceps brachii at 80% of 1-repetition maximum. Recruitment-curves for corticomotor excitability and inhibition of the untrained homologous and nonhomologous muscle were constructed and assessed by examining the area under the recruitment curve. Strength-training increased strength of the trained elbow flexors (29%), resulting in an 18% increase in contralateral strength of the untrained elbow flexors (P < 0.0001). The trained wrist flexors increased by 19%, resulting in a 12% increase in strength of the untrained wrist flexors (P = 0.005). TMS showed increased corticomotor excitability and decreased corticomotor inhibition for the untrained homologous muscle (P < 0.05); however, there were no changes in the untrained nonhomologous muscle (P > 0.05). These findings show that the cross-education of muscular strength is spatially distributed; however, the neural adaptations are confined to the motor pathway ipsilateral to the untrained homologous agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
| | - Ashlyn K Frazer
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
| | - Deanna M Horvath
- b Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- c Discipline of Sport & Exercise Science, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Australia
| | - Janne Avela
- d Department of Biology and Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä 40014, Finland
| | - Glyn Howatson
- e Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE1 8ST, UK.,f Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Dawson J Kidgell
- a Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne 3155, Australia
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46
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Addition of transcranial direct current stimulation to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis: A pilot randomised controlled trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180328. [PMID: 28665989 PMCID: PMC5493377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A randomised, assessor- and participant-blind, sham-controlled trial was conducted to assess the safety and feasibility of adding transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee osteoarthritis (OA), and provide data to inform a fully powered trial. Participants were randomised to receive active tDCS+exercise (AT+EX) or sham tDCS+exercise (ST+EX) twice weekly for 8 weeks whilst completing home exercises twice per week. Feasibility, safety, patient-perceived response, pain, function, pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) were assessed before and after treatment. Fifty-seven people were screened for eligibility. Thirty (52%) entered randomisation and 25 (84%) completed the trial. One episode of headache in the AT+EX group was reported. Pain reduced in both groups following treatment (AT+EX: p<0.001, partial η2 = 0.55; ST+EX: p = 0.026, partial η2 = 0.18) but no between-group differences were observed (p = 0.18, partial η2 = 0.08). Function improved in the AT+EX (p = 0.01, partial η2 = 0.22), but not the ST+EX (p = 0.16, partial η2 = 0.08) group, between-group differences did not reach significance (p = 0.28, partial η2 = 0.052). AT+EX produced greater improvements in PPTs than ST+EX (p<0.05) (superolateral knee: partial η2 = 0.17; superior knee: partial η2 = 0.3; superomedial knee: partial η2 = 0.26). CPM only improved in the AT+EX group but no between-group difference was observed (p = 0.054, partial η2 = 0.158). This study provides the first feasibility and safety data for the addition of tDCS to quadriceps strengthening exercise in knee OA. Our data suggest AT+EX may improve pain, function and pain mechanisms beyond that of ST+EX, and provides support for progression to a fully powered randomised controlled trial.
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47
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Mason J, Frazer A, Horvath DM, Pearce AJ, Avela J, Howatson G, Kidgell D. Adaptations in corticospinal excitability and inhibition are not spatially confined to the agonist muscle following strength training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1359-1371. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Maeda K, Yamaguchi T, Tatemoto T, Kondo K, Otaka Y, Tanaka S. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Affect Lower Extremity Muscle Strength Training in Healthy Individuals: A Triple-Blind, Sham-Controlled Study. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:179. [PMID: 28420959 PMCID: PMC5378798 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on lower extremity muscle strength training in 24 healthy participants. In this triple-blind, sham-controlled study, participants were randomly allocated to the anodal tDCS plus muscle strength training (anodal tDCS) group or sham tDCS plus muscle strength training (sham tDCS) group. Anodal tDCS (2 mA) was applied to the primary motor cortex of the lower extremity during muscle strength training of the knee extensors and flexors. Training was conducted once every 3 days for 3 weeks (7 sessions). Knee extensor and flexor peak torques were evaluated before and after the 3 weeks of training. After the 3-week intervention, peak torques of knee extension and flexion changed from 155.9 to 191.1 Nm and from 81.5 to 93.1 Nm in the anodal tDCS group. Peak torques changed from 164.1 to 194.8 Nm on extension and from 78.0 to 85.6 Nm on flexion in the sham tDCS group. In both groups, peak torques of knee extension and flexion significantly increased after the intervention, with no significant difference between the anodal tDCS and sham tDCS groups. In conclusion, although the administration of eccentric training increased knee extensor and flexor peak torques, anodal tDCS did not enhance the effects of lower extremity muscle strength training in healthy individuals. The present null results have crucial implications for selecting optimal stimulation parameters for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomofumi Yamaguchi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan.,Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of CopenhagenCopenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Physical Therapy, Yamagata Prefectural University of Health SciencesYamagata, Japan
| | | | | | - Yohei Otaka
- Tokyo Bay Rehabilitation HospitalChiba, Japan.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Keio University School of MedicineTokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of MedicineShizuoka, Japan
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49
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Lattari E, Andrade ML, Filho AS, Moura AM, Neto GM, Silva JG, Rocha NB, Yuan TF, Arias-Carrión O, Machado S. Can Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improve the Resistance Strength and Decrease the Rating Perceived Scale in Recreational Weight-Training Experience? J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:3381-3387. [PMID: 27100314 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lattari, E, Andrade, ML, Filho, AS, Moura, AM, Neto, GM, Silva, JG, Rocha, NB, Yuan, T-F, Arias-Carrión, O, and Machado, S. Can transcranial direct current stimulation improve the resistance strength and decrease the rating perceived scale in recreational weight-training experience? J Strength Cond Res 30(12): 3381-3387, 2016-The goal of this study was to evaluate the acute efficacy of anodic transcranial direct current stimulation on the total volume of repetitions and perceived exertion in recreationally trained individuals in strength. The sample consisted of 10 participants trained in exercise against resistance for at least 3 months. Participants underwent elbow flexion exercise at barbell with a specific load of 10 repetition maximum (10RM), responded immediately after the OMNI-RES scale, and were stimulated for 20 minutes with a tDSC protocol (2 mA), depending on randomization. After applying the tDSC, subjects were again subjected to perform elbow flexion with 10RM load and, soon after, again responded to OMNI-RES scale. All subjects underwent the 3 experimental conditions of the study, c-tDSC, a-tDSC, and sham-tDSC, which were randomized. A range of 48-72 hours was allowed between each assessment visit. An interaction to condition and time (F = 52.395; p ≤ 0.001) has shown that repetitions completed after anodic condition were higher compared with the other conditions in the postsession. In relation to perceived exertion, verified by OMNI-RES scale, 2-way analysis of variance for repeated measures showed an interaction between condition and time (F = 28.445; p ≤ 0.001), where the perceived exertion was decreased after the a-tDSC condition and increased after the c-tDSC condition. In strict terms of performance, it seems to be beneficial to attend a session of 20 minutes a-tDSC, when strength training practitioners can no longer support high-volume training and have increased responses in the perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Lattari
- 1Physical Activity Sciences Post-Graduate Program (PGCAF), Salgado de Oliveira University (UNIVERSO), Niterói, Brazil; 2Rehabilitation Science Masters Program, Augusto Motta University Center (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 3School of Allied Health Sciences, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Porto, Portugal; 4School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; and 5University of Trastornos del Movimiento y Sueño (TMS), Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea Gonzalez, Secretaria de Salud, México, Mexico
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50
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Latella C, Hendy AM, Pearce AJ, VanderWesthuizen D, Teo WP. The Time-Course of Acute Changes in Corticospinal Excitability, Intra-Cortical Inhibition and Facilitation Following a Single-Session Heavy Strength Training of the Biceps Brachii. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:607. [PMID: 27990108 PMCID: PMC5133051 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The current understanding of acute neurophysiological responses to resistance training remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to compare the time-course of acute corticospinal responses following a single-session heavy strength training (HST) of the biceps brachii (BB) muscle and provide quantifiable evidence based on the super-compensation model in an applied setting. Methods: Fourteen participants completed a counter-balanced, cross-over study that consisted of a single HST session (5 sets × 3 repetition maximum [RM]) of the BB and a control session (CON). Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was used to measure changes in motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude, intra-cortical facilitation (ICF), short-interval intra-cortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intra-cortical inhibition (LICI). Additionally, maximal muscle compound wave (MMAX) and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the BB were taken. All measures were taken at baseline, immediately post and at 10, 20, 30 min and 1, 2, 6, 24, 48 and 72 h post-training. Results: A significant reduction in MEP amplitude was observed immediately post training (P = 0.001), while MVIC (P < 0.001) and MMAX (P = 0.047) were reduced for up to 30 min post-training. An increase in MVIC (p < 0.001) and MMAX (p = 0.047) was observed at 6 h, while an increase in MEP amplitude (p = 0.014) was only observed at 48 and 72 h. No changes in SICI, ICF and LICI were observed. Conclusion: Our results suggest that: (1) acute changes in corticospinal measures returned to baseline in a shorter timeframe than the current super-compensation model (24–48 h) and (2) changes in corticospinal excitability post-HST may be modulated “downstream” of the primary motor cortex (M1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Latella
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashlee M Hendy
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University Burwood, VIC, Australia
| | - Alan J Pearce
- Melbourne School of Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dan VanderWesthuizen
- Clinical Exercise Science and Rehabilitation, Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University Footscray, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei-Peng Teo
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia; Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin UniversityBurwood, VIC, Australia
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