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Bréhat J, Leick S, Musman J, Su JB, Eychenne N, Giton F, Rivard M, Barel LA, Tropeano C, Vitarelli F, Caccia C, Leoni V, Ghaleh B, Pons S, Morin D. Identification of a mechanism promoting mitochondrial sterol accumulation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion: role of TSPO and STAR. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:481-503. [PMID: 38517482 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for coronary artery diseases and cardiac ischemic events. Cholesterol per se could also have negative effects on the myocardium, independently from hypercholesterolemia. Previously, we reported that myocardial ischemia-reperfusion induces a deleterious build-up of mitochondrial cholesterol and oxysterols, which is potentiated by hypercholesterolemia and prevented by translocator protein (TSPO) ligands. Here, we studied the mechanism by which sterols accumulate in cardiac mitochondria and promote mitochondrial dysfunction. We performed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats to evaluate mitochondrial function, TSPO, and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (STAR) levels and the related mitochondrial concentrations of sterols. Rats were treated with the cholesterol synthesis inhibitor pravastatin or the TSPO ligand 4'-chlorodiazepam. We used Tspo deleted rats, which were phenotypically characterized. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis reduced mitochondrial sterol accumulation and protected mitochondria during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. We found that cardiac mitochondrial sterol accumulation is the consequence of enhanced influx of cholesterol and not of the inhibition of its mitochondrial metabolism during ischemia-reperfusion. Mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation at reperfusion was related to an increase in mitochondrial STAR but not to changes in TSPO levels. 4'-Chlorodiazepam inhibited this mechanism and prevented mitochondrial sterol accumulation and mitochondrial ischemia-reperfusion injury, underlying the close cooperation between STAR and TSPO. Conversely, Tspo deletion, which did not alter cardiac phenotype, abolished the effects of 4'-chlorodiazepam. This study reveals a novel mitochondrial interaction between TSPO and STAR to promote cholesterol and deleterious sterol mitochondrial accumulation during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion. This interaction regulates mitochondrial homeostasis and plays a key role during mitochondrial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Bréhat
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Shirin Leick
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Julien Musman
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Jin Bo Su
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | | | - Frank Giton
- Pôle Biologie-Pathologie, IMRB U955, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | | | | | - Chiara Tropeano
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, ASST-Brianza Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Pio XI Desio, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Frederica Vitarelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, ASST-Brianza Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Pio XI Desio, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Fondazione IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, ASST-Brianza Department of Medicine and Surgery, Hospital Pio XI Desio, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Bijan Ghaleh
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Sandrine Pons
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - Didier Morin
- INSERM U955-IMRB, Team Ghaleh, UPEC, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Faculté de Santé, 8 rue du général Sarrail, 94000, Créteil, France.
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Sehra D, Sehra S, Sehra ST. Cardiovascular pleiotropic effects of statins and new onset diabetes: is there a common link: do we need to evaluate the role of KATP channels? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2017; 16:823-831. [PMID: 28571494 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2017.1338269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are considered the main stay of treatment in the prevention of cardio-vascular morbidity and mortality. They have multiple pleiotropic effects, like stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and vascular smooth muscle proliferation; in addition to their lipid lowering action. Statins manifest these pleiotropic effects because they activate KATP channels in the cardiac and vascular tissue. Simultaneous activation of the KATP channels by statins in β cells of pancreas may inhibit insulin release which may lead to diabetes. Areas covered: Literature published between 1980 and 2016 on cholesterol biosynthesis, new onset diabetes and on the pleiotropic effects of statins, was reviewed. A comprehensive search on PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases was carried out. Expert opinion: Statins exert their beneficial pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system by activating KATP channels in the cardiac and vascular tissue. However, simultaneous activation of KATP channels in the beta cells of pancreas leads to inhibition of insulin release. This disturbs the carbohydrate metabolism and probably leads to diabetes. In our opinion, use of stains should be more judicious and restricted to secondary prevention only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devindra Sehra
- a Internal Medicine , Sehra Medical Centre , New Delhi , India
| | - Sudhish Sehra
- a Internal Medicine , Sehra Medical Centre , New Delhi , India.,b Medicine , Sri Balaji Action Medical Institute , New Delhi , India
| | - Shiv Tej Sehra
- c Department of Medicine , Mount Auburn Hospital , Cambridge , MA , USA
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Role of Endogenous Opioid System in Ischemic-Induced Late Preconditioning. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134283. [PMID: 26226627 PMCID: PMC4520665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid receptors (OR) are involved in myocardial late preconditioning (LPC) induced by morphine and δ1-opioid receptor (δ1-OR) agonists. The role of OR in ischemic-induced LPC is unknown. We investigated whether 1) OR are involved in the trigger and/or mediation phase of LPC and 2) a time course effect on the expression of different opioid receptors and their endogenous ligands exists. METHODS Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to four groups (each group n = 8). Awake animals were ischemic preconditioned by a 5 minutes coronary occlusion. 24 hours later, anesthetized animals underwent 25 minutes coronary occlusion followed by 2 hours of reperfusion. The role of OR was investigated by treatment with intraperitoneal naloxone (Nal) 10 minutes prior to LPC (Nal-LPC; trigger phase) or 10 min prior to sustained ischemia (LPC-Nal; mediation phase). RESULTS LPC reduced infarct size from 61±10% in controls to 25±9% (P<0.001). Naloxone during trigger or mediation phase completely abolished LPC-induced cardioprotection (59±9% and 62±9%; P<0.001 vs. LPC). 8, 12 and 24 hours after the ischemic stimulus, expression of δ-OR in the heart was increased, whereas μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR) and κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR) were not. Plasma concentrations of β-endorphin and leu-enkephalin but not dynorphin were increased by LPC. CONCLUSION Ischemic LPC is triggererd and mediated by OR. Expression of δ-OR and plasma levels of endogenous opioid peptides are increased after ischemic LPC.
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Zhao Z, Cui W, Zhang H, Gao H, Li X, Wang Y, Hu H, Li B. Pre-treatment of a single high-dose of atorvastatin provided cardioprotection in different ischaemia/reperfusion models via activating mitochondrial KATP channel. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 751:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Seto SW, Au ALS, Poon CCW, Zhang Q, Li RWS, Yeung JHK, Kong SK, Ngai SM, Wan S, Ho HP, Lee SMY, Hoi MPM, Chan SW, Leung GPH, Kwan YW. Acute simvastatin inhibits K ATP channels of porcine coronary artery myocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66404. [PMID: 23799098 PMCID: PMC3684588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Statins (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors) consumption provides beneficial effects on cardiovascular systems. However, effects of statins on vascular KATP channel gatings are unknown. Methods Pig left anterior descending coronary artery and human left internal mammary artery were isolated and endothelium-denuded for tension measurements and Western immunoblots. Enzymatically-dissociated/cultured arterial myocytes were used for patch-clamp electrophysiological studies and for [Ca2+]i, [ATP]i and [glucose]o uptake measurements. Results The cromakalim (10 nM to 10 µM)- and pinacidil (10 nM to 10 µM)-induced concentration-dependent relaxation of porcine coronary artery was inhibited by simvastatin (3 and 10 µM). Simvastatin (1, 3 and 10 µM) suppressed (in okadaic acid (10 nM)-sensitive manner) cromakalim (10 µM)- and pinacidil (10 µM)-mediated opening of whole-cell KATP channels of arterial myocytes. Simvastatin (10 µM) and AICAR (1 mM) elicited a time-dependent, compound C (1 µM)-sensitive [3H]-2-deoxy-glucose uptake and an increase in [ATP]i levels. A time (2–30 min)- and concentration (0.1–10 µM)-dependent increase by simvastatin of p-AMPKα-Thr172 and p-PP2A-Tyr307 expression was observed. The enhanced p-AMPKα-Thr172 expression was inhibited by compound C, ryanodine (100 µM) and KN93 (10 µM). Simvastatin-induced p-PP2A-Tyr307 expression was suppressed by okadaic acid, compound C, ryanodine, KN93, phloridzin (1 mM), ouabain (10 µM), and in [glucose]o-free or [Na+]o-free conditions. Conclusions Simvastatin causes ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release which is important for AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation via Ca2+/CaMK II. AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation causes [glucose]o uptake (and an [ATP]i increase), closure of KATP channels, and phosphorylation of AMPKα-Thr172 and PP2A-Tyr307 resulted. Phosphorylation of PP2A-Tyr307 occurs at a site downstream of AMPKα-Thr172 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang Seto
- The Vascular Biology Unit, Queensland Research Centre for Peripheral Vascular Disease, School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Alice Lai Shan Au
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Christina Chui Wa Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Rachel Wai Sum Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - John Hok Keung Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Siu Kai Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Sai Ming Ngai
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Song Wan
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Ho Pui Ho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
| | - Simon Ming Yuen Lee
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, the University of Macau, Macau, PR of China
| | - Maggie Pui Man Hoi
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, the University of Macau, Macau, PR of China
| | - Shun Wan Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
| | - George Pak Heng Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
| | - Yiu Wa Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, PR of China
- * E-mail: (YWK); (GPHL); (SWC)
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Yavuz C, Yazici S, Karahan O, Demirtas S, Caliskan A, Guclu O, Ertas F, Mavitas B. Serum nitric oxide level could be a predictive biomarker for detection of critical ischaemia duration. Biomarkers 2013; 18:116-20. [DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2012.745165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Bouitbir J, Daussin F, Charles AL, Rasseneur L, Dufour S, Richard R, Piquard F, Geny B, Zoll J. Mitochondria of trained skeletal muscle are protected from deleterious effects of statins. Muscle Nerve 2012; 46:367-73. [PMID: 22907227 DOI: 10.1002/mus.23309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Statins are associated with adverse skeletal muscle effects. Our objective was to determine if muscular adaptations following exercise training prevented deleterious effects of atorvastatin in glycolytic skeletal muscle. METHODS Twenty rats were divided into 2 groups: a control group (n = 10; Cont) and a 10 days of training group (n = 10; Training). Using the permeabilized fibers technique, we explored mitochondrial function. RESULTS Exercise training increased V(max) and H(2)O(2) production without altering the free radical leak, and mRNA expression of SOD2 and Cox1 were higher in trained muscle. In the Cont group, atorvastatin exposure increased H(2)O(2) production and decreased skeletal muscle V(max). The decreased V(max) effect of atorvastatin was dose dependent. Interestingly, the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) was higher in the Training group. H(2)O(2) production increased in trained muscle after atorvastatin exposure. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that improvements in mitochondrial respiratory and antioxidant capacities following endurance training protected mitochondria against statin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Bouitbir
- CHRU of Strasbourg, Physiology and Functional Explorations Department, New Civil Hospital, B.P. 426, 67091 Strasbourg, France
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Simvastatin attenuates contrast-induced nephropathy through modulation of oxidative stress, proinflammatory myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:831748. [PMID: 23097681 PMCID: PMC3474278 DOI: 10.1155/2012/831748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Contrast media- (CM-) induced nephropathy is a serious complication of radiodiagnostic procedures. Available data suggests that the development of prophylaxis strategies is limited by poor understanding of pathophysiology of CM-induced nephropathy. Present study was designed to determine the role of oxidative stress, myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of iohexol model of nephropathy and its modification with simvastatin (SSTN). Adult Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups. After 24 h of water deprivation, all the rats except in control and SSTN-only groups were injected (10 ml/kg) with 25% glycerol. After 30 min, SSTN (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) was administered orally, daily for 4 days. Twenty-four hours after the glycerol injection, iohexol was infused (8 ml/kg) through femoral vein over a period of 2 min. All the animals were sacrificed on day 5 and blood and kidneys were collected for biochemical and histological studies. The results showed that SSTN dose dependently attenuated CM-induced rise of creatinine, urea, and structural abnormalities suggesting its nephroprotective effect. A significant increase in oxidative stress (increased lipid hydroperoxides and reduced glutathione levels) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and decreased nitric oxide in CM group were reversed by SSTN. These findings support the use of SSTN to combat CM-induced nephrotoxicity.
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The cardioprotection of simvastatin in reperfused swine hearts relates to the inhibition of myocardial edema by modulating aquaporins via the PKA pathway. Int J Cardiol 2012; 167:2657-66. [PMID: 22819122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Myocardial edema plays a role in myocardial no-reflow and infarction during ischemia and reperfusion. The effects of statins against no-reflow and infarction may relate to the inhibition of myocardial edema. The current study investigated the role of protein kinase A (PKA) in statin-reduced myocardial edema in reperfused swine hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS Minipigs were treated with simvastatin (SIM, 2mg/kg), SIM+H-89 (a PKA inhibitor, 1.0 μg/kg/min), or H-89 alone 1h before 90-min ischemia and 3-h reperfusion or sham operation. Ischemia or ischemia-reperfusion induced severe myocardial edema, PKA activation, and up-regulation of aquaporin-1, -4, -8, and -9 in the reflow and no-reflow myocardium. SIM pretreatment reduced the sizes of no-reflow and infarct areas by 18.5% and 11.1% (P<0.01), decreased water content in the left ventricle, reflow and no-reflow myocardium by 1.4%, 5.3%, and 4.3% (P<0.05), inhibited cardiomyocytes swelling in the reflow and no-reflow areas by 19.8% and 13.1% (P<0.01), suppressed mitochondrial water accumulation in the reflow and no-reflow areas by 49.0% and 35.9% (P<0.01), increased PKA activity (P<0.01), and blocked the up-regulation of aquaporin-1, -4, -8, and -9 in the reflow and no-reflow myocardium. However, these beneficial effects of SIM were partially abolished by inhibiting PKA with H-89. CONCLUSIONS The cardioprotective effects of acute SIM therapy against myocardial no-reflow and infarction relate to the reduction of myocardial edema by suppressing the expression of aquaporin-1, -4, -8, and -9 in a partially PKA-dependent manner.
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Andreadou I, Farmakis D, Prokovas E, Sigala F, Zoga A, Spyridaki K, Papalois A, Papapetropoulos A, Anastasiou-Nana M, Kremastinos DT, Iliodromitis EK. Short-term statin administration in hypercholesterolaemic rabbits resistant to postconditioning: effects on infarct size, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and nitro-oxidative stress. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 94:501-9. [PMID: 22411971 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effectiveness of postconditioning (POC) in hypercholesterolaemia is in dispute. We investigated the effects of 3-day lipophilc (simvastatin) or hydrophilic (pravastatin) statin treatment, without or with POC in normocholesterolaemic (Norm) and hypercholesterolaemic (Chol) rabbits. METHODS AND RESULTS Norm or Chol rabbits were subjected to 30 min ischaemia and randomized in two series of 12 groups each: control, simvastatin (Sim), pravastatin (Prav), POC, Sim-POC, Prav-POC, Chol, Sim-Chol, Prav-Chol, POC-Chol, Sim-POC-Chol, Prav-POC-Chol. After ischaemia, rabbits of the first series underwent 3 h reperfusion, followed by infarct size, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein plasma level evaluation; animals of the second series underwent 10 min reperfusion followed by tissue sampling for nitrotyrosine (NT), malondialdehyde, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and Akt analyses. N-nitro-l-arginine methylester (L-NAME) was given in two additional groups (POC-L-NAME and Prav-Chol-L-NAME) for infarct size assessment. All interventions reduced infarction in Norm (24.3 ± 1.3, 25.9 ± 2.8, 27.9 ± 3.1, 23.3 ± 2.3, and 33.4 ± 2.5%, in POC, Sim, Prav, Sim-POC, and Prav-POC groups, respectively, vs. 49.3 ± 1.9% in control, P < 0.05), but only Prav did so in Chol animals (25.7 ± 3.3 and 25.3 ± 3.9% in Prav-Chol and Prav-POC-Chol vs. 50.9 ± 1.7, 44.8 ± 4.3, 41.5 ± 3.5, and 49.3 ± 5.5% in Chol, Sim-Chol, POC-Chol, and Sim-POC-Chol, respectively, P < 0.05). L-NAME abolished the infarct size-limiting effect of POC and Prav-Chol. Prav induced the greatest reduction in NT, while it was the only intervention that increased myocardial eNOS and Akt in Chol rabbits (P < 0.05 vs. all others). CONCLUSION Prav, in contrast to same-dose Sim or POC, reduces infarction in Chol rabbits independently of lipid lowering, potentially through eNOS activation and nitro-oxidative stress attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Athens School of Pharmacy, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Bouitbir J, Charles AL, Rasseneur L, Dufour S, Piquard F, Geny B, Zoll J. Atorvastatin treatment reduces exercise capacities in rats: involvement of mitochondrial impairments and oxidative stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1477-83. [PMID: 21852406 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00107.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise exacerbates the cytotoxic effects of statins in skeletal muscle. Mitochondrial impairments may play an important role in the development of muscular symptoms following statin treatment. Our objective was to characterize mitochondrial function and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in skeletal muscle after exhaustive exercise in atorvastatin-treated rats. The animals were divided into four groups: resting control (CONT; n = 8) and exercise rats (CONT+EXE; n = 8) as well as resting (ATO; n = 10) and exercise (ATO+EXE; n = 8) rats that were treated with atorvastatin (10 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1) for 2 wk). Exhaustive exercise showed that the distance that was covered by treated animals was reduced (P < 0.05). Using dihydroethidium staining, we showed that the ROS level was increased by 60% in the plantaris muscle of ATO compared with CONT rats and was highly increased in ATO+EXE (226%) compared with that in CONT+EXE rats. The maximal mitochondrial respiration (V(max)) was decreased in ATO rats compared with that in CONT rats (P < 0.01). In CONT+EXE rats, V(max) significantly increased compared with those in CONT rats (P < 0.05). V(max) was significantly lower in ATO+EXE rats (-39%) compared with that in CONT+EXE rats (P < 0.001). The distance that was covered by rats significantly correlated with V(max) (r = 0.62, P < 0.01). The glycogen content was decreased in ATO, CONT+EXE, and ATO+EXE rats compared with that in CONT rats (P < 0.05). GLUT-4 mRNA expression was higher after exhaustive exercise in CONT+EXE rats compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Our results show that exhaustive exercise exacerbated metabolic perturbations and ROS production in skeletal muscle, which may reduce the exercise capacity and promote the muscular symptoms in sedentary atorvastatin-treated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Bouitbir
- Université de Strasbourg, EA3072, Faculté de Médecine & Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Strasbourg, France
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Park H, Otani H, Oishi C, Fujikawa M, Yamashita K, Okazaki T, Sato D, Ueyama T, Iwasaka J, Yamamoto Y, Iwasaka T. Efficacy of intracoronary administration of a short-acting β-blocker landiolol during reperfusion in pigs. Int J Cardiol 2011; 146:347-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2009] [Accepted: 07/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Hydroethidine- and MitoSOX-derived red fluorescence is not a reliable indicator of intracellular superoxide formation: another inconvenient truth. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:983-1001. [PMID: 20116425 PMCID: PMC3587154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE generates a highly specific red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). In biological systems, another red fluorescent product, ethidium, is also formed, usually at a much higher concentration than 2-OH-E(+). In this article, we review the methods to selectively detect the superoxide-specific product (2-OH-E(+)) and the factors affecting its levels in cellular and biological systems. The most important conclusion of this review is that it is nearly impossible to assess the intracellular levels of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+), using confocal microscopy or other fluorescence-based microscopic assays and that it is essential to measure by HPLC the intracellular HE and other oxidation products of HE, in addition to 2-OH-E(+), to fully understand the origin of red fluorescence. The chemical reactivity of mitochondria-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX red) with superoxide is similar to the reactivity of HE with superoxide, and therefore, all of the limitations attributed to the HE assay are applicable to Mito-HE (or MitoSOX) as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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Hong YJ, Jeong MH, Park KH, Sim DS, Kim KH, Kim JH, Ahn Y, Cho JG, Park JC, Kang JC. Early Initiation of Statin Treatment Immediately after Acute Myocardial Infarction Improves Clinical Outcomes. Chonnam Med J 2010. [DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2010.46.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Young Joon Hong
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Myung Ho Jeong
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Keun Ho Park
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Doo Sun Sim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Kye Hun Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ju Han Kim
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jeong Gwan Cho
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong Chun Park
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jung Chaee Kang
- The Heart Research Center of Chonnam National University Hospital, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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15
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Yang JI, Yoon JH, Bang YJ, Lee SH, Lee SM, Byun HJ, Myung SJ, Kim W, Lee HS. Synergistic antifibrotic efficacy of statin and protein kinase C inhibitor in hepatic fibrosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2010; 298:G126-32. [PMID: 19910526 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00299.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Statin has antifibrotic efficacy in human fibrosing diseases, such as pulmonary and renal fibrosis, and is therefore implicated in hepatic fibrosis. However, statin can also activate protein kinase C (PKC), which augments hepatic fibrogenesis and is thereby likely to reduce the antifibrotic efficacy of statin. This study was designed to explore the hypothesis that simultaneous treatment with statin and PKC inhibitor may synergistically enhance antifibrotic efficacy in hepatic fibrosis. Hepatic fibrosis models were established in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride or thioacetamide for 6 wk. Pravastatin and enzastaurin (PKC inhibitor) were administered by gavage for 5 wk. Cellular apoptosis was explored using 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and immunoblot analysis. Hepatic fibrosis and hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation were assessed by morphometric analysis of histological findings and immunohistochemistry for alpha-smooth muscle actin. In vitro, the addition of PKC inhibitor significantly increased statin-induced LX-2 cell apoptosis by enhancing the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic signals. TUNEL-positive HSCs were significantly increased in mice treated with statin + PKC inhibitor compared with those in control or single compound-treated mice. The percentage of area occupied by activated HSCs and the extent of collagen deposition were significantly decreased in mice treated with statin + PKC inhibitor compared with those in control or statin-treated mice. In conclusion, simultaneous treatment with statin and PKC inhibitor synergistically enhanced the antifibrotic efficacy in both in vitro and in vivo models of hepatic fibrosis and may therefore have therapeutic implication for reducing hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong In Yang
- Prof. of Internal Medicine, Seoul National Univ. Coll. of Medicine, 28 Yungun-dong, Jongno-gu, Seoul 110-744, Korea
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16
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Vilahur G, Casaní L, Peña E, Duran X, Juan-Babot O, Badimon L. Induction of RISK by HMG-CoA reductase inhibition affords cardioprotection after myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis 2009; 206:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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18
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Nunn AV, Bell JD, Guy GW. Lifestyle-induced metabolic inflexibility and accelerated ageing syndrome: insulin resistance, friend or foe? Nutr Metab (Lond) 2009; 6:16. [PMID: 19371409 PMCID: PMC2678135 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-6-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome may have its origins in thriftiness, insulin resistance and one of the most ancient of all signalling systems, redox. Thriftiness results from an evolutionarily-driven propensity to minimise energy expenditure. This has to be balanced with the need to resist the oxidative stress from cellular signalling and pathogen resistance, giving rise to something we call 'redox-thriftiness'. This is based on the notion that mitochondria may be able to both amplify membrane-derived redox growth signals as well as negatively regulate them, resulting in an increased ATP/ROS ratio. We suggest that 'redox-thriftiness' leads to insulin resistance, which has the effect of both protecting the individual cell from excessive growth/inflammatory stress, while ensuring energy is channelled to the brain, the immune system, and for storage. We also suggest that fine tuning of redox-thriftiness is achieved by hormetic (mild stress) signals that stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and resistance to oxidative stress, which improves metabolic flexibility. However, in a non-hormetic environment with excessive calories, the protective nature of this system may lead to escalating insulin resistance and rising oxidative stress due to metabolic inflexibility and mitochondrial overload. Thus, the mitochondrially-associated resistance to oxidative stress (and metabolic flexibility) may determine insulin resistance. Genetically and environmentally determined mitochondrial function may define a 'tipping point' where protective insulin resistance tips over to inflammatory insulin resistance. Many hormetic factors may induce mild mitochondrial stress and biogenesis, including exercise, fasting, temperature extremes, unsaturated fats, polyphenols, alcohol, and even metformin and statins. Without hormesis, a proposed redox-thriftiness tipping point might lead to a feed forward insulin resistance cycle in the presence of excess calories. We therefore suggest that as oxidative stress determines functional longevity, a rather more descriptive term for the metabolic syndrome is the 'lifestyle-induced metabolic inflexibility and accelerated ageing syndrome'. Ultimately, thriftiness is good for us as long as we have hormetic stimuli; unfortunately, mankind is attempting to remove all hormetic (stressful) stimuli from his environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Vw Nunn
- Metabolic and Molecular Imaging Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 OHS, UK.
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19
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Yasuda S, Kobayashi H, Iwasa M, Kawamura I, Sumi S, Narentuoya B, Yamaki T, Ushikoshi H, Nishigaki K, Nagashima K, Takemura G, Fujiwara T, Fujiwara H, Minatoguchi S. Antidiabetic drug pioglitazone protects the heart via activation of PPAR-gamma receptors, PI3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS pathway in a rabbit model of myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1558-65. [PMID: 19286954 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00712.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone has been reported to be protective against myocardial infarction. However, its precise mechanism is unclear. Rabbits underwent 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 48 h of reperfusion. Rabbits were assigned randomly to nine groups (n = 10 in each): the control group (fed a normal diet), pioglitazone group (fed diets containing 1 mg.kg(-1).day(-1) pioglitazone), pioglitazone + 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (HD) group [fed the pioglitazone diet + 5 mg/kg iv 5-HD, a mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) (K(ATP)) channel blocker], pioglitazone + GW9662 group [fed the pioglitazone diet + 2 mg/kg iv GW9662, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma antagonist], GW9662 group (fed a normal diet + iv GW9662), pioglitazone + wortmannin group [fed the pioglitazone diet + 0.6 mg/kg iv wortmannin, a phosphatidylinositol (PI)3-kinase inhibitor], wortmannin group (fed a normal diet + iv wortmannin), pioglitazone + nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) group [fed the pioglitazone diet + 10 mg/kg iv l-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor], and l-NAME group (fed a normal diet + iv l-NAME). All groups were fed the diets for 7 days. The risk area and nonrisk area of the left ventricle (LV) were separated by Evans blue dye, and the infarct area was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. The infarct size was calculated as a percentage of the LV risk area. Western blotting was performed to assess levels of Akt and phospho-Akt and phospho-endothelial NOS (eNOS) in the myocardium following reperfusion. The infarct size was significantly smaller in the pioglitazone group (21 +/- 2%) than in the control group (43 +/- 3%). This effect was abolished by GW9662 (42 +/- 3%), wortmannin (40 +/- 3%), or l-NAME (42 +/- 7%) but not by 5-HD (24 +/- 5%). Western blotting showed higher levels of phospho-Akt and phospho-eNOS in the pioglitazone group. Pioglitazone reduces the myocardial infarct size via activation of PPAR-gamma, PI3-kinase, Akt, and eNOS pathways, but not via opening the mitochondrial K(ATP) channel. Pioglitazone may be a novel strategy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus with coronary artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yasuda
- Dept. of Cardiology, Gifu Univ. Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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20
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Rosuvastatin Given During Reperfusion Decreases Infarct Size and Inhibits Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Activity in Normocholesterolemic and Hypercholesterolemic Rabbits. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 53:137-44. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318197c5e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Kiyokuni M, Kosuge M, Ebina T, Hibi K, Tsukahara K, Okuda J, Iwahashi N, Maejima N, Kusama I, Komura N, Nakayama N, Umemura S, Kimura K. Effects of Pretreatment With Statins on Infarct Size in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Who Receive Fibrinolytic Therapy. Circ J 2009; 73:330-5. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Masami Kosuge
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Toshiaki Ebina
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Kiyoshi Hibi
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Kengo Tsukahara
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Jun Okuda
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | | | | | - Ikuyoshi Kusama
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Naohiro Komura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Naoki Nakayama
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Satoshi Umemura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
| | - Kazuo Kimura
- Division of Cardiology, Yokohama City University Medical Center
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Downey
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine
| | - Michael V. Cohen
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine
- Department of Medicine, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine
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23
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Bao N, Ushikoshi H, Kobayashi H, Yasuda S, Kawamura I, Iwasa M, Yamaki T, Sumi S, Nagashima K, Aoyama T, Kawasaki M, Nishigaki K, Takemura G, Minatoguchi S. Simvastatin reduces myocardial infarct size via increased nitric oxide production in normocholesterolemic rabbits. J Cardiol 2008; 53:102-7. [PMID: 19167645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Statins have been reported to be protective against myocardial infarction (MI). Moreover, statin drugs upregulate nitric oxide (NO) in coronary artery independent of lipid-lowering effects. However their precise mechanism for MI-protection is unclear. We investigated the effect of lipophilic statin administration in a normocholesterolemic rabbit MI model. METHODS Nω-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg) or vehicle alone was intravenously administered 20 min before inducing ischemia, followed by intravenous administration of simvastatin (5 mg/kg) or saline 10 min before ischemia. Rabbits then underwent 30 min of coronary occlusion followed by 48 h of reperfusion. The at-risk and infarct areas were calculated as a percentage of the total left ventricular slice area. RESULTS Determination of infarct size revealed that pre-ischemic treatment with simvastatin reduced infarct size (30.5 ± 4%) in comparison to controls (45.0 ± 3%) (P < 0.05). This infarct size-reducing effect of simvastatin could be completely abrogated by pretreatment with L-NAME (42.0 ± 4%). CONCLUSIONS Pre-ischemic treatment with simvastatin reduces MI size via NO production. Simvastatin could be a useful drug for coronary artery disease patients without dyslipidemia as it has direct protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narentuoya Bao
- Department of Cardiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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24
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Bifulco M, Malfitano AM, Marasco G. Potential therapeutic role of statins in neurological disorders. Expert Rev Neurother 2008; 8:827-37. [PMID: 18457539 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.8.5.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Statins, the inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase, are currently among the most commonly prescribed agents for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is well established that statins reduce cholesterol levels and prevent coronary heart disease. Moreover, evidence suggests that statins have additional properties such as endothelial protection via actions on the nitric oxide synthetase system as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet effects. There is evidence that all these actions might have potential therapeutic implications not only in stroke, but also in various neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and primary brain tumors. In this review, we summarize the protective effects of statins on various neurological diseases. Currently available data suggest that statins are safe and effective in the treatment of these neurological disorders, although further experiments and new data are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University di Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy.
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25
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Oikawa M, Yaoita H, Watanabe K, Maruyama Y. Attenuation of Cardioprotective Effect by Postconditioning in Coronary Stenosed Rat Heart and Its Restoration by Carvedilol. Circ J 2008; 72:2081-6. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Oikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Hiroyuki Yaoita
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| | - Yukio Maruyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
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