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Yao F, Abdel-Rahman AA. Tetrahydrobiopterin paradoxically mediates cardiac oxidative stress and mitigates ethanol-evoked cardiac dysfunction in conscious female rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174406. [PMID: 34364878 PMCID: PMC8434968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), by reactive oxidative species (ROS), leads to NOS uncoupling and superoxide production instead of NO. Further, oxidative stress plays a major role in ethanol-evoked cardiac dysfunction in proestrus female rats, and acute ethanol administration reduces brain BH4 level. Therefore, we discerned the unknown role of BH4 in ethanol-evoked cardiac dysfunction by pharmacologically increasing BH4 levels or inhibiting its effect in proestrus female rats. Acute ethanol (1.5 g/kg, i.v, 30 min) caused myocardial dysfunction (lowered dP/dtmax and LVDP) and hypotension, along with increases in myocardial: (i) levels of NO, ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA), (ii) activities of catalase, ALDH2 and NADPH oxidase (Nox), and (iii) phosphorylation of eNOS, nNOS. Further, ethanol suppressed myocardial arginase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and enhanced eNOS uncoupling. While ethanol had no effect on cardiac BH4 levels, BH4 (19 mg/kg, i.v) supplementation paradoxically caused cardiac oxidative stress, but mitigated the cardiac dysfunction/hypotension and most of the adverse molecular responses caused by ethanol. Equally important, the BH4 inhibitor DAHP (1 g/kg, i.p) exacerbated the adverse molecular and cardiovascular effects caused by ethanol. Our pharmacological studies support a protective role for the NOS co-factor BH4 against ethanol-evoked cardiac dysfunction and hypotension in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanrong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Abdel A Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
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Kim HK, Han J. Tetrahydrobiopterin in energy metabolism and metabolic diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 157:104827. [PMID: 32348841 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an endogenous cofactor for various enzymatic conversions of essential biomolecules including nitric oxide, tyrosine, dopamine, serotonin and phenylalanine. Depending on the physiological functions of these molecules, BH4 plays multiple roles in the cardiovascular, immune, nervous and endocrine systems. A deficiency of BH4 or an imbalance of the redox state of biopterin has been implicated in various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Therefore, supplementation with BH4 is considered as a therapeutic option for these diseases. In addition to the classical nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent role of BH4, recent studies proposed novel NOS-independent roles of BH4 in health and disease conditions. This article reviews the updated role of BH4 in mitochondrial regulation, energy metabolism and cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung Kyu Kim
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han
- National Research Laboratory for Mitochondrial Signaling, Department of Physiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, BK21 Project Team, College of Medicine, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Center, Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea; Smart Marine Therapeutics Center, Inje Univeristy, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Lo SB, Blaszak RT, Parajuli N. Targeting Mitochondria during Cold Storage to Maintain Proteasome Function and Improve Renal Outcome after Transplantation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3506. [PMID: 32429129 PMCID: PMC7279041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Compared to maintenance dialysis, kidney transplantation results in improved patient survival and quality of life. Kidneys from living donors perform best; however, many patients with ESKD depend on kidneys from deceased donors. After procurement, donor kidneys are placed in a cold-storage solution until a suitable recipient is located. Sadly, prolonged cold storage times are associated with inferior transplant outcomes; therefore, in most situations when considering donor kidneys, long cold-storage times are avoided. The identification of novel mechanisms of cold-storage-related renal damage will lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for preserving donor kidneys; to date, these mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the importance of mitochondrial and proteasome function, protein homeostasis, and renal recovery during stress from cold storage plus transplantation. Additionally, we discuss novel targets for therapeutic intervention to improve renal outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorena B. Lo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Richard T. Blaszak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Nirmala Parajuli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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Oxidative Stress in Cardiac Tissue of Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: The Effects of Overweight and Obesity. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:6598326. [PMID: 30647815 PMCID: PMC6311809 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6598326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity is one of the major cardiovascular risk factors and is associated with oxidative stress and myocardial dysfunction. We hypothesized that obesity affects cardiac function and morbidity by causing alterations in enzymatic redox patterns. Methods Sixty-one patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) were included in the study. Excessive right atrial myocardial tissue emerging from the operative connection to the extracorporeal circulation was harvested. Patients were assigned to control (n = 19, body mass index (BMI): <25 kg/m2), overweight (n = 25, 25 kg/m2 < BMI < 30 kg/m2), or obese (n = 17, BMI: >30 kg/m2) groups. Oxidative enzyme systems were studied directly in the cardiac muscles of patients undergoing CABG who were grouped according to BMI. Molecular biological methods and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to detect the expression and activity of oxidative enzymes and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results We found increased levels of ROS and increased expression of ROS-producing enzymes (i.e., p47phox, xanthine oxidase) and decreased antioxidant defense mechanisms (mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, heme oxygenase-1, and eNOS) in line with elevated inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) in the right atrial myocardial tissue and by trend also in serum (sVCAM-1 and CCL5/RANTES). Conclusion Increasing BMI in patients undergoing CABG is related to altered myocardial redox patterns, which indicates increased oxidative stress with inadequate antioxidant compensation. These changes suggest that the myocardium of obese patients suffering from coronary artery disease is more susceptible to cardiomyopathy and possible damage by ischemia and reperfusion, for example, during cardiac surgery.
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Santana MNS, Souza DS, Miguel-Dos-Santos R, Rabelo TK, Vasconcelos CMLD, Navia-Pelaez JM, Jesus ICGD, Silva-Neto JAD, Lauton-Santos S, Capettini LDSA, Guatimosim S, Rogers RG, Santos MRVD, Santana-Filho VJ, Mesquita TRR. Resistance exercise mediates remote ischemic preconditioning by limiting cardiac eNOS uncoupling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 125:61-72. [PMID: 30339842 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently viewed as a complementary non-pharmacological intervention for preventing cardiac disorders, long-term aerobic training produces cardioprotection through remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) mechanisms. However, RIPC triggered by acute exercise remains poorly understood. Although resistance exercise (RE) has been highly recommended by several public health guidelines, there is no evidence showing that RE mediates RIPC. Hence, we investigated whether RE induces cardiac RIPC through nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-dependent mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Acute RE at 40% of the maximal load augmented systemic nitrite levels, associated with increased cardiac eNOS phosphorylation, without affecting nNOS activity. Using an experimental model of myocardial infarction (MI) through ischemia-reperfusion (IR), RE fully prevented the loss of cardiac contractility and the extent of MI size compared to non-exercised (NE) rats. Moreover, RE mitigated aberrant ST-segment and reduced life-threatening arrhythmias induced by IR. Importantly, inhibition of NOS abolished the RE-mediated cardioprotection. After IR, NE rats showed increased cardiac eNOS activity, associated with reduced dimer/monomer ratio. Supporting the pivotal role of eNOS coupling during MI, non-exercised rats displayed a marked generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative-induced carbonylation of proteins, whereas RE prevented these responses. We validated our data demonstrating a restoration of physiological ROS levels in NE + IR cardiac sections treated with BH4, a cofactor oxidatively depleted during eNOS uncoupling, while cardiac ROS generation from exercised rats remained unchanged, suggesting no physiological needs of supplemental eNOS cofactors. CONCLUSION Together, our findings strongly indicate that RE mediates RIPC by limiting eNOS uncoupling and mitigates myocardial IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Santos Souza
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio Alves da Silva-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Russell G Rogers
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Thássio Ricardo Ribeiro Mesquita
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil; Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Smidt Heart Institute, Los Angeles, United States.
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Rodriguez-Miguelez P, Gregg J, Seigler N, Bass L, Thomas J, Pollock JS, Sullivan JC, Dillard TA, Harris RA. Acute Tetrahydrobiopterin Improves Endothelial Function in Patients With COPD. Chest 2018; 154:597-606. [PMID: 29705218 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases represent a hallmark characteristic in COPD, and endothelial dysfunction has been observed in these patients. Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is an essential cofactor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and a regulator of endothelial function. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that a single dose of BH4 would improve endothelial function in patients with COPD via an increase in NO bioavailability. METHODS Seventeen patients with COPD completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo (PLC)-controlled, crossover trial with an acute dose of either BH4 (Kuvan; BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc) or PLC. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a bioassay of endothelial function, was completed prior to and 3 h following each treatment. Phospho- and total endothelial NO synthase (NOS3) protein was evaluated after incubating endothelial cells with plasma from the patients prior to and following treatment. Fifteen demographically matched control subjects were tested at baseline for case control comparisons. RESULTS Treatment with BH4 significantly (P ≤ .004) increased FMD, improving endothelial function in patients compared to control values (P ≥ .327). BH4 increased (P = .013) the ratio of phospho-NOS3 to total NOS3 protein. No changes in FMD (P ≥ .776) or the protein ratio (P = .536) were observed following PLC. CONCLUSIONS An acute dose of BH4 was able to improve endothelial function in patients with COPD to values similar to control subjects. The improvement in endothelial function was accompanied by an increase in NOS3 phosphorylation. BH4 may represent a potential novel therapy to improve endothelial function and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in patients with COPD. TRIAL REGISTRY ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01398943; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Gregg
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Department, Greenville Memorial Hospital, Greenville, SC
| | - Nichole Seigler
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Leon Bass
- Pulmonology Department, Holston Medical Group, Kingsport, TN
| | - Jeffrey Thomas
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Jennifer S Pollock
- Cardio-Renal Physiology & Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | | | - Thomas A Dillard
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Ryan A Harris
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA; Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, Northern Ireland.
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Moris D, Spartalis M, Spartalis E, Karachaliou GS, Karaolanis GI, Tsourouflis G, Tsilimigras DI, Tzatzaki E, Theocharis S. The role of reactive oxygen species in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases and the clinical significance of myocardial redox. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 5:326. [PMID: 28861423 DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.06.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic excessive intracellular increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases. ROS are by-products of various oxidative physiological and biochemical processes. Sources of ROS are mitochondrial respiration, NADH/NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidoreductase or the uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in vascular cells. ROS mediate various signaling pathways that underlie cardiovascular pathophysiology. The delicate equilibrium between free-radical generation and antioxidant defense is altered in favor of the former, thus leading to redox imbalance, oxidative stress, and increased cellular injury. An understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms mediated by oxidative stress is crucial to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrios Moris
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michael Spartalis
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Spartalis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia-Sofia Karachaliou
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios I Karaolanis
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Tsourouflis
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eleni Tzatzaki
- Division of Cardiology, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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Protective Effects of Sheng-Mai-San on Right Ventricular Dysfunction during Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:4682786. [PMID: 27073402 PMCID: PMC4814671 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4682786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction and failure contribute to the increasing morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases; however, current treatment strategies are grossly inadequate. Sheng-Mai-San (SMS) has been used to treat heart diseases for hundreds of years in China, and its protective effects on RV have not been observed. The present study was to investigate the protective effects of SMS aqueous extract on RV dysfunction in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) mice model. The results showed that CIH mice model presented RV dysfunction and maladaptive compensation after 28-day-CIH and SMS treatment significantly reversed these changes. Diastolic function of RV was restored and systolic dysfunction was attenuated, including elevation of RV stroke volume and fractional shortening, as well as pulmonary circulation. Structurally, SMS treatment inhibited RV dilation, cardiomyocytes vacuolization, ultrastructure abnormalities, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Of importance, SMS showed remarkable antioxidant activity by decreasing the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), increasing the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), as well as inhibiting the overexpression of 3-NT in RV. Our results indicate that SMS preserve RV structure and function in CIH-exposed mice by involving regulation in both ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) production.
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Hydroxytyrosol Protects against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury through a PI3K/Akt-Dependent Mechanism. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:1232103. [PMID: 26966340 PMCID: PMC4757717 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1232103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effects and mechanisms of hydroxytyrosol (HT) during the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rat hearts. Methods. The rats were randomized into five groups: sham group, I/R group, HT+I/R group, HT+LY294002+I/R group, and LY+I/R group. Myocardial infarct size, markers of oxidative stress, extent of myocardial apoptosis, echocardiographically assessed cardiac function, and expression of Akt and GSK 3β were measured in each group. Results. Prereperfusion administration of HT was associated with a significantly smaller area of myocardial infarction and remarkably decreased level of myocardial apoptosis and necrosis, as evidenced by a lower apoptotic index, reduced cleaved caspase-3, and the serum activities of lactate dehydrogenase and creatinine kinase MB. Moreover, HT also attenuated the impairment of cardiac systolic function. However, cotreatment with LY294002 and HT completely abolished the above cardioprotective effects of HT. A subsequent mechanistic study revealed that the cardioprotective effects of HT during the process of I/R of the myocardium were dependent on the activation of the Akt/GSK3β pathway. Conclusion. Pretreatment with HT may have antiapoptotic and cardioprotective effects against myocardial I/R injury, and these effects seem to be related to the activation of the Akt/GSK3β pathway in the myocardium.
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Granger DN, Kvietys PR. Reperfusion injury and reactive oxygen species: The evolution of a concept. Redox Biol 2015; 6:524-551. [PMID: 26484802 PMCID: PMC4625011 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 909] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion injury, the paradoxical tissue response that is manifested by blood flow-deprived and oxygen-starved organs following the restoration of blood flow and tissue oxygenation, has been a focus of basic and clinical research for over 4-decades. While a variety of molecular mechanisms have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) continues to receive much attention as a critical factor in the genesis of reperfusion injury. As a consequence, considerable effort has been devoted to identifying the dominant cellular and enzymatic sources of excess ROS production following ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Of the potential ROS sources described to date, xanthine oxidase, NADPH oxidase (Nox), mitochondria, and uncoupled nitric oxide synthase have gained a status as the most likely contributors to reperfusion-induced oxidative stress and represent priority targets for therapeutic intervention against reperfusion-induced organ dysfunction and tissue damage. Although all four enzymatic sources are present in most tissues and are likely to play some role in reperfusion injury, priority and emphasis has been given to specific ROS sources that are enriched in certain tissues, such as xanthine oxidase in the gastrointestinal tract and mitochondria in the metabolically active heart and brain. The possibility that multiple ROS sources contribute to reperfusion injury in most tissues is supported by evidence demonstrating that redox-signaling enables ROS produced by one enzymatic source (e.g., Nox) to activate and enhance ROS production by a second source (e.g., mitochondria). This review provides a synopsis of the evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury, the clinical implications of this phenomenon, and summarizes current understanding of the four most frequently invoked enzymatic sources of ROS production in post-ischemic tissue. Reperfusion injury is implicated in a variety of human diseases and disorders. Evidence implicating ROS in reperfusion injury continues to grow. Several enzymes are candidate sources of ROS in post-ischemic tissue. Inter-enzymatic ROS-dependent signaling enhances the oxidative stress caused by I/R. .
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Affiliation(s)
- D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, United States.
| | - Peter R Kvietys
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Reyes LA, Boslett J, Varadharaj S, De Pascali F, Hemann C, Druhan LJ, Ambrosio G, El-Mahdy M, Zweier JL. Depletion of NADP(H) due to CD38 activation triggers endothelial dysfunction in the postischemic heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11648-53. [PMID: 26297248 PMCID: PMC4577172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505556112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the postischemic heart, coronary vasodilation is impaired due to loss of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) function. Although the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is depleted, its repletion only partially restores eNOS-mediated coronary vasodilation, indicating that other critical factors trigger endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, studies were performed to characterize the unidentified factor(s) that trigger endothelial dysfunction in the postischemic heart. We observed that depletion of the eNOS substrate NADPH occurs in the postischemic heart with near total depletion from the endothelium, triggering impaired eNOS function and limiting BH4 rescue through NADPH-dependent salvage pathways. In isolated rat hearts subjected to 30 min of ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), depletion of the NADP(H) pool occurred and was most marked in the endothelium, with >85% depletion. Repletion of NADPH after I/R increased NOS-dependent coronary flow well above that with BH4 alone. With combined NADPH and BH4 repletion, full restoration of NOS-dependent coronary flow occurred. Profound endothelial NADPH depletion was identified to be due to marked activation of the NAD(P)ase-activity of CD38 and could be prevented by inhibition or specific knockdown of this protein. Depletion of the NADPH precursor, NADP(+), coincided with formation of 2'-phospho-ADP ribose, a CD38-derived signaling molecule. Inhibition of CD38 prevented NADP(H) depletion and preserved endothelium-dependent relaxation and NO generation with increased recovery of contractile function and decreased infarction in the postischemic heart. Thus, CD38 activation is an important cause of postischemic endothelial dysfunction and presents a novel therapeutic target for prevention of this dysfunction in unstable coronary syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levy A Reyes
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - James Boslett
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Saradhadevi Varadharaj
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Francesco De Pascali
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Craig Hemann
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Lawrence J Druhan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Giuseppe Ambrosio
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210; Division of Cardiology, University of Perugia School of Medicine, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Mohamed El-Mahdy
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Jay L Zweier
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210;
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Soares ES, Mendonça MCP, da Cruz-Höfling MA. eNOS uncoupling in the cerebellum after BBB disruption by exposure to Phoneutria nigriventer spider venom. Toxicon 2015. [PMID: 26206339 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that the venom of Phoneutria nigriventer (PNV) armed-spider causes excitotoxic signals and blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBBb) in rats. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule which has a role in endothelium homeostasis and vascular health. The present study investigated the relevance of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling to clinical neurotoxic evolution induced by PNV. eNOS immunoblotting of cerebellum lysates processed through low-temperature SDS-PAGE revealed significant increased monomerization of the enzyme at critical periods of severe envenoming (1-2 h), whereas eNOS dimerization reversal paralleled to amelioration of animals condition (5-72 h). Moreover, eNOS uncoupling was accompanied by increased expression in calcium-sensing calmodulin protein and calcium-binding calbindin-D28 protein in cerebellar neurons. It is known that greater eNOS monomers than dimers implies the inability of eNOS to produce NO leading to superoxide production and endothelial/vascular barrier dysfunction. We suggest that transient eNOS deactivation and disturbances in calcium handling reduce NO production and enhance production of free radicals thus contributing to endothelial dysfunction in the cerebellum of envenomed rats. In addition, eNOS uncoupling compromises the enzyme capacity to respond to shear stress contributing to perivascular edema and it is one of the mechanisms involved in the BBBb promoted by PNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Zip Code 13 083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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13
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Reverter E, Mesonero F, Seijo S, Martínez J, Abraldes JG, Peñas B, Berzigotti A, Deulofeu R, Bosch J, Albillos A, García-Pagán JC. Effects of Sapropterin on Portal and Systemic Hemodynamics in Patients With Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension: A Bicentric Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2015; 110:985-92. [PMID: 26077176 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2015.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a cofactor of nitric oxide synthase, might have a role in the treatment of portal hypertension (PHT) as its administration improves endothelial nitric oxide generation and hepatic endothelial dysfunction, and reduces portal pressure in experimental models of cirrhosis. Sapropterin is an oral synthetic analogue of BH4 recently approved for the treatment of phenylketonuria. This study evaluated the safety and effects of sapropterin on hepatic and systemic hemodynamics in patients with cirrhosis and PHT. METHODS Forty patients with cirrhosis and PHT (hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) ≥10 mm Hg) were randomly allocated to receive sapropterin (n=19) for 2 weeks (5 mg/kg/day increased to 10 at day 8) or placebo (n=21) in a double-blind multicenter clinical trial. Randomization was stratified according to concomitant treatment with β-adrenergic blockers. We studied at baseline and post-treatment splanchnic (HVPG and hepatic blood flow (HBF)) and systemic hemodynamics, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress markers (von Willebrand factor and malondialdehyde), liver function tests, and safety variables. RESULTS HVPG was not modified by either sapropterin (16.0±4.4 vs. 15.8±4.7 mm Hg) or placebo (16.0±4.6 vs. 15.5±4.9 mm Hg). HBF, systemic hemodynamics, endothelial dysfunction markers, and liver function tests remained unchanged. Sapropterin was well tolerated (no patient required dose adjustment or withdrawal), and adverse events were mild and similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Sapropterin, an oral synthetic analogue of BH4, at the used dose did not reduce portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis. Sapropterin was safe and no serious adverse effects or deleterious systemic hemodynamic effects were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Reverter
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Mesonero
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain [2] Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Seijo
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain [2] Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan G Abraldes
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Peñas
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain [2] Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annalisa Berzigotti
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramon Deulofeu
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Bosch
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Albillos
- 1] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain [2] Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Carles García-Pagán
- 1] Barcelona Hepatic Hemodynamic Laboratory, Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain [2] Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
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Li B, Tian J, Sun Y, Xu TR, Chi RF, Zhang XL, Hu XL, Zhang YA, Qin FZ, Zhang WF. Activation of NADPH oxidase mediates increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rabbits. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:805-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Bruder-Nascimento T, da Silva MAB, Tostes RC. The involvement of aldosterone on vascular insulin resistance: implications in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:90. [PMID: 25352918 PMCID: PMC4210491 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone produced at the adrenal glands, controls corporal hydroelectrolytic balance and, consequently, has a key role in blood pressure adjustments. Aldosterone also has direct effects in many organs, including the vasculature, leading to many cellular events that influence proliferation, migration, inflammation, redox balance and apoptosis. Aldosterone effects depend on its binding to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Aldosterone binding to MR triggers two pathways, the genomic pathway and the non-genomic pathway. In the vasculature e.g., activation of the non-genomic pathway by aldosterone induces rapid effects that involve activation of kinases, phosphatases, transcriptional factors and NAD(P)H oxidases. Aldosterone also plays a crucial role on systemic and vascular insulin resistance, i.e. the inability of a tissue to respond to insulin. Insulin has a critical role on cell function and vascular insulin resistance is considered an early contributor to vascular damage. Accordingly, aldosterone impairs insulin receptor (IR) signaling by altering the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway and by inducing oxidative stress and crosstalk between the IR and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). This mini-review focuses on the relationship between aldosterone and vascular insulin resistance. Evidence indicating MR antagonists as therapeutic tools to minimize vascular injury associated with obesity and diabetes type 2 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Marcondes AB da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
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16
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Sag CM, Santos CX, Shah AM. Redox regulation of cardiac hypertrophy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 73:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Bendall JK, Douglas G, McNeill E, Channon KM, Crabtree MJ. Tetrahydrobiopterin in cardiovascular health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:3040-77. [PMID: 24294830 PMCID: PMC4038990 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) functions as a cofactor for several important enzyme systems, and considerable evidence implicates BH4 as a key regulator of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in the setting of cardiovascular health and disease. BH4 bioavailability is determined by a balance of enzymatic de novo synthesis and recycling, versus degradation in the setting of oxidative stress. Augmenting vascular BH4 levels by pharmacological supplementation has been shown in experimental studies to enhance NO bioavailability. However, it has become more apparent that the role of BH4 in other enzymatic pathways, including other NOS isoforms and the aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, may have a bearing on important aspects of vascular homeostasis, inflammation, and cardiac function. This article reviews the role of BH4 in cardiovascular development and homeostasis, as well as in pathophysiological processes such as endothelial and vascular dysfunction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and cardiac hypertrophy. We discuss the therapeutic potential of BH4 in cardiovascular disease states and attempt to address how this modulator of intracellular NO-redox balance may ultimately provide a powerful new treatment for many cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer K Bendall
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Oxford , John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Devinsky O, Najjar A, Zagzag D. Neurovascular unit dysfunction with blood-brain barrier hyperpermeability contributes to major depressive disorder: a review of clinical and experimental evidence. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:142. [PMID: 24289502 PMCID: PMC4220803 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
About one-third of people with major depressive disorder (MDD) fail at least two antidepressant drug trials at 1 year. Together with clinical and experimental evidence indicating that the pathophysiology of MDD is multifactorial, this observation underscores the importance of elucidating mechanisms beyond monoaminergic dysregulation that can contribute to the genesis and persistence of MDD. Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are mechanistically linked to the presence of neurovascular dysfunction with blood-brain barrier (BBB) hyperpermeability in selected neurological disorders, such as stroke, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. In contrast to other major psychiatric disorders, MDD is frequently comorbid with such neurological disorders and constitutes an independent risk factor for morbidity and mortality in disorders characterized by vascular endothelial dysfunction (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus). Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are implicated in the neurobiology of MDD. More recent evidence links neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to MDD without neurological comorbidity. We review this emerging literature and present a theoretical integration between these abnormalities to those involving oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in MDD. We discuss our hypothesis that alterations in endothelial nitric oxide levels and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling are central mechanistic links in this regard. Understanding the contribution of neurovascular dysfunction with BBB hyperpermeability to the pathophysiology of MDD may help to identify novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, Neuroinflammation Research Group, Epilepsy Center Division, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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19
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Dubois M, Delannoy E, Duluc L, Closs E, Li H, Toussaint C, Gadeau AP, Gödecke A, Freund-Michel V, Courtois A, Marthan R, Savineau JP, Muller B. Biopterin metabolism and eNOS expression during hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82594. [PMID: 24312428 PMCID: PMC3842263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which fosters the formation of and stabilizes endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) as an active dimer, tightly regulates eNOS coupling / uncoupling. Moreover, studies conducted in genetically-modified models demonstrate that BH4 pulmonary deficiency is a key determinant in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The present study thus investigates biopterin metabolism and eNOS expression, as well as the effect of sepiapterin (a precursor of BH4) and eNOS gene deletion, in a mice model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In lungs, chronic hypoxia increased BH4 levels and eNOS expression, without modifying dihydrobiopterin (BH2, the oxidation product of BH4) levels, GTP cyclohydrolase-1 or dihydrofolate reductase expression (two key enzymes regulating BH4 availability). In intrapulmonary arteries, chronic hypoxia also increased expression of eNOS, but did not induce destabilisation of eNOS dimers into monomers. In hypoxic mice, sepiapterin prevented increase in right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy, whereas it modified neither remodelling nor alteration in vasomotor responses (hyper-responsiveness to phenylephrine, decrease in endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine) in intrapulmonary arteries. Finally, deletion of eNOS gene partially prevented hypoxia-induced increase in right ventricular systolic pressure, right ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling of intrapulmonary arteries. Collectively, these data demonstrate the absence of BH4/BH2 changes and eNOS dimer destabilisation, which may induce eNOS uncoupling during hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Thus, even though eNOS gene deletion and sepiapterin treatment exert protective effects on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodelling, increase on right ventricular pressure and / or right ventricular hypertrophy, these effects appear unrelated to biopterin-dependent eNOS uncoupling within pulmonary vasculature of hypoxic wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Dubois
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Estelle Delannoy
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de, Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Duluc
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ellen Closs
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Axel Gödecke
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Véronique Freund-Michel
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Arnaud Courtois
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Roger Marthan
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de, Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Savineau
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bernard Muller
- University Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, Bordeaux, France
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Farah C, Kleindienst A, Bolea G, Meyer G, Gayrard S, Geny B, Obert P, Cazorla O, Tanguy S, Reboul C. Exercise-induced cardioprotection: a role for eNOS uncoupling and NO metabolites. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:389. [PMID: 24105420 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is an efficient strategy for myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Although endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is phosphorylated and activated during exercise, its role in exercise-induced cardioprotection remains unknown. This study investigated whether modulation of eNOS activation during IR could participate in the exercise-induced cardioprotection against IR injury. Hearts isolated from sedentary or exercised rats (5 weeks training) were perfused with a Langendorff apparatus and IR performed in the presence or absence of NOS inhibitors [N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME or N5-(1-iminoethyl)-L-ornithine, L-NIO] or tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄). Exercise training protected hearts against IR injury and this effect was abolished by L-NAME or by L-NIO treatment, indicating that exercise-induced cardioprotection is eNOS dependent. However, a strong reduction of eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 (eNOS-PSer1177) and of eNOS coupling during early reperfusion was observed in hearts from exercised rats (which showed higher eNOS-PSer1177 and eNOS dimerization at baseline) in comparison to sedentary rats. Despite eNOS uncoupling, exercised hearts had more S-nitrosylated proteins after early reperfusion and also less nitro-oxidative stress, indexed by lower malondialdehyde content and protein nitrotyrosination compared to sedentary hearts. Moreover, in exercised hearts, stabilization of eNOS dimers by BH4 treatment increased nitro-oxidative stress and then abolished the exercise-induced cardioprotection, indicating that eNOS uncoupling during IR is required for exercise-induced myocardial cardioprotection. Based on these results, we hypothesize that in the hearts of exercised animals, eNOS uncoupling associated with the improved myocardial antioxidant capacity prevents excessive NO synthesis and limits the reaction between NO and O₂·- to form peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻), which is cytotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Farah
- Laboratoire de Pharm-Ecologie Cardiovasculaire (EA4278), Faculty of Sciences, Avignon University, 33 rue Louis Pasteur, 84000, Avignon, France
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Carrizzo A, Puca A, Damato A, Marino M, Franco E, Pompeo F, Traficante A, Civitillo F, Santini L, Trimarco V, Vecchione C. Resveratrol improves vascular function in patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia by modulating NO metabolism. Hypertension 2013; 62:359-66. [PMID: 23753407 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the Mediterranean diet, which is rich in resveratrol, is associated with a significantly reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the beneficial effects of resveratrol on cardiovascular function remain incompletely understood. Therefore, we set out to identify the molecular target(s) mediating the protective action of resveratrol on vascular function. To this end, we performed vascular reactivity studies to evaluate the effects of resveratrol on superior thyroid artery obtained from 59 patients with hypertension and dyslipidemia. We found that resveratrol evoked vasorelaxation and reduced endothelial dysfunction through the modulation of NO metabolism via (1) an 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase-mediated increase in endothelial NO synthase activity; (2) a rise in tetrahydrobiopterin levels, which also increases endothelial NO synthase activity; and (3) attenuation of vascular oxidative stress, brought about by overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase via an nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2-dependent mechanism. The effects of resveratrol on acetylcholine vasorelaxation were also tested in vessels from patients with nonhypertensive nondyslipidemia undergoing thyroid surgery. In this setting, resveratrol failed to exert any effect. Thus, our finding that resveratrol reduces endothelial dysfunction, an early pathophysiological feature and independent predictor of poor prognosis in most forms of cardiovascular disease, supports the concept that the risk of vascular events could be further reduced by adherence to a set of dietary and behavioral guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albino Carrizzo
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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22
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Qin W, Chen X, Liu P. Inhibition of TGF-β1 by eNOS gene transfer provides cardiac protection after myocardial infarction. J Biomed Res 2013; 24:145-52. [PMID: 23554625 PMCID: PMC3596549 DOI: 10.1016/s1674-8301(10)60023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated in protection against myocardial ischemia injury. This study was designed to explore a new method of therapy for myocardial injury by eNOS gene transfection. Methods A rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) was established by left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. eNOS gene in an adenovirus vector was delivered locally into the rat heart and hemodynamic parameters were examined after 3 weeks, Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) mRNA were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the protein levels of eNOS, caspase-3, and transforming grouth factor β1 (TGF-β1) were determined by western blot assay. Results eNOS gene transfer significantly reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and improved cardiac function. In addition, eNOS significantly reduced the mRNA levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9. In the eNOS gene transfected group, the activation of caspase-3 and TGF-β1 were decreased. However, the protection was reversed by administration of the NOS inhibitor, N(ω)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Conclusion These results demonstrate that the eNOS provides cardiac protection after myocardial infarction injury through inhibition of cardiac apoptosis and collagen deposition, and suppression of TGF-β1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Nanjing First Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210006, China
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Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Alper K, Najjar A, Devinsky O. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:43. [PMID: 23547920 PMCID: PMC3626880 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence support the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in psychiatric illness. While systemic autoimmune diseases are well-documented causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, synaptic autoimmune encephalitides with psychotic symptoms often go under-recognized. Parallel to the link between psychiatric symptoms and autoimmunity in autoimmune diseases, neuroimmunological abnormalities occur in classical psychiatric disorders (for example, major depressive, bipolar, schizophrenia, and obsessive-compulsive disorders). Investigations into the pathophysiology of these conditions traditionally stressed dysregulation of the glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems, but the mechanisms causing these neurotransmitter abnormalities remained elusive. We review the link between autoimmunity and neuropsychiatric disorders, and the human and experimental evidence supporting the pathogenic role of neuroinflammation in selected classical psychiatric disorders. Understanding how psychosocial, genetic, immunological and neurotransmitter systems interact can reveal pathogenic clues and help target new preventive and symptomatic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souhel Najjar
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Roe ND, Ren J. Nitric oxide synthase uncoupling: A therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 57:168-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Radovanovic S, Savic-Radojevic A, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Djukic T, Suvakov S, Krotin M, Simic DV, Matic M, Radojicic Z, Pekmezovic T, Simic T. Markers of Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities as Predictors of Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2012; 18:493-501. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shimazu T, Otani H, Yoshioka K, Fujita M, Okazaki T, Iwasaka T. Sepiapterin enhances angiogenesis and functional recovery in mice after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2061-72. [PMID: 21890687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00525.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction after myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that inducible NOS (iNOS) plays a crucial role in LV remodeling after MI, depending on its coupling status. MI was created in wild-type, iNOS-knockout (iNOS(-/-)), endothelial NOS-knockout (eNOS(-/-)), and neuronal NOS-knockout (nNOS(-/-)) mice. iNOS and nNOS expressions were increased after MI associated with an increase in nitrotyrosine formation. The area of myocardial fibrosis and LV end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction were more deteriorated in eNOS(-/-) mice compared with other genotypes of mice 4 wk after MI. The expression of GTP cyclohydrolase was reduced, and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) was depleted in the heart after MI. Oral administration of sepiapterin after MI increased dihydrobiopterin (BH(2)), BH(4), and BH(4)-to-BH(2) ratio in the infarcted but not sham-operated heart. The increase in BH(4)-to-BH(2) ratio was associated with inhibition of nitrotyrosine formation and an increase in nitrite plus nitrate. However, this inhibition of NOS uncoupling was blunted in iNOS(-/-) mice. Sepiapterin increased capillary density and prevented LV remodeling and dysfunction after MI in wild-type, eNOS(-/-), and nNOS(-/-) but not iNOS(-/-) mice. N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester abrogated sepiapterin-induced increase in nitrite plus nitrate and angiogenesis and blocked the beneficial effects of sepiapterin on LV remodeling and function. These results suggest that sepiapterin enhances angiogenesis and functional recovery after MI by activating the salvage pathway for BH(4) synthesis and increasing bioavailable nitric oxide predominantly derived from iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shimazu
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
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San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. J Nat Med 2011; 66:311-20. [PMID: 21979292 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-011-0592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. San-Huang-Xie-Xin-Tang (SHXT), a widely used traditional Chinese medication, has been shown to possess antioxidant effects. Here, we investigated whether SHXT and its main component baicalin can attenuate oxidative stress induced by H/R injury. H9c2 rat ventricular cells were exposed to SHXT or baicalin followed by hypoxia for 24 h and/or reoxygenation for 8 h. Pretreatment with SHXT and baicalin both significantly prevented cell death and production of reactive oxygen species induced by hypoxia or H/R in H9c2 cardiomyoctes. In addition, SHXT and baicalin also inhibited hypoxia- or H/R-induced apoptosis, with associated decreased Bax protein, increased Bcl-2 protein, and decreased caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, we found that hypoxia and H/R decreased endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression and nitrite production, and these effects were counteracted by SHXT and baicalein. Finally, SHXT inhibited H/R-induced activation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in H9c2 rat ventricular cells. The present study demonstrates for the first time that SHXT can protect cardiomyocytes from H/R injury via inhibition of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. These cardioprotective effects are possibly mediated through eNOS enhancement and p38 MAPK and JNK-dependent signaling pathways.
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Okazaki T, Otani H, Shimazu T, Yoshioka K, Fujita M, Iwasaka T. Ascorbic acid and N-acetyl cysteine prevent uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase and increase tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rat heart. Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1173-83. [PMID: 21756052 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.605361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress may cause a loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a co-factor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), decrease the bioavailability of NO and aggravate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in diabetic heart. We hypothesized that ascorbic acid (AA) and N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) protect the diabetic heart from I/R injury by increasing BH4/dihydrobiopterin (BH2) ratio and inhibiting uncoupling of NOS. Diabetes mellitus was induced in rats by streptozotocin treatment, and the hearts were isolated and perfused. BH4 and BH4/BH2 ratio decreased in the diabetic heart associated with increased production of superoxide and nitrotyrosine (NT). Treatment with AA or NAC significantly increased BH4/BH2 ratio in the diabetic heart associated with decreased production of superoxide and NT and increased generation of nitrate plus nitrite (NOx). Pre-treatment with AA or NAC before 30 min ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion improved left ventricular (LV) function and reduced infarct size in the diabetic but not non-diabetic hearts. The NOS inhibitor, L-NAME, inhibited the increase in the generation of superoxide, NT and NOx, but aggravated LV function and increased infarct size in the diabetic heart. L-NAME also abrogated the increase in NOx and improvement of LV function and the infarct size-limiting effect induced by AA or NAC in the diabetic heart. These results suggest that AA and NAC increase BH4/BH2 ratio and prevent NOS uncoupling in the diabetic heart. Resultant increase in the bioavailability of NO renders the diabetic heart toleratant to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Okazaki
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi City, Japan
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Jo H, Otani H, Jo F, Shimazu T, Okazaki T, Yoshioka K, Fujita M, Kosaki A, Iwasaka T. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase uncoupling by sepiapterin improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2011; 38:485-93. [PMID: 21554376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2011.05535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. In the present study, we investigated the role of NOS uncoupling in oxidative/nitrosative stress and LV dysfunction in the diabetic mouse heart. 2. Diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT), endothelial (e) NOS knockout (eNOS(-/-)), inducible (i) NOS knockout (iNOS(-/-)) and neuronal (n) NOS knockout (nNOS(-/-)) mice by streptozotocin (STZ) treatment. 3. In the diabetic heart, iNOS, but not eNOS or nNOS, expression was increased. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-noneal (HNE) and nitrotyrosine (NT), as markers of oxidative/nitrosative stress, were increased in the diabetic mouse heart, but the increase in oxidative/nitrosative stress was significantly repressed in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Levels of nitrite and nitrate (NO(x)), as an index of nitric oxide, bioavailability were significantly decreased in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. 4. Oral administration of sepiapterin (10 mg/kg per day), a precursor of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)), significantly increased BH(4) and the BH(4)/BH(2) ratio in diabetic mouse heart. Similarly, sepiapterin inhibited the formation of HNE, MDA and NT in diabetic hearts from all three genotypes, but the increase in NO(x) following sepiapterin treatment was significantly attenuated in the iNOS(-/-) diabetic mouse heart. Percentage fractional shortening (FS), evaluated by echocardiography, decreased significantly in all genotypes of diabetic mice. Sepiapterin significantly increased percentage FS in diabetic mice, except in iNOS(-/-) mice. 5. These results suggest that sepiapterin inhibits uncoupling of NOS and improves LV function presumably by increasing iNOS-derived nitric oxide in the diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Jo
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Moriguchi, Japan
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Jessup JA, Zhang L, Presley TD, Kim-Shapiro DB, Wang H, Chen AF, Groban L. Tetrahydrobiopterin restores diastolic function and attenuates superoxide production in ovariectomized mRen2.Lewis rats. Endocrinology 2011; 152:2428-36. [PMID: 21427216 PMCID: PMC3100612 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
After oophorectomy, mRen2.Lewis rats exhibit diastolic dysfunction associated with elevated superoxide, increased cardiac neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) expression, and diminished myocardial tetrahydrobiopterin (BH₄) content, effects that are attenuated with selective nNOS inhibition. BH₄ is an essential cofactor of nNOS catalytic activity leading to nitric oxide production. Therefore, we assessed the effect of 4 wk BH₄ supplementation on diastolic function and left ventricular (LV) remodeling in oophorectomized mRen2.Lewis rats compared with sham-operated controls. Female mRen2.Lewis rats underwent either bilateral ovariectomy (OVX) (n = 19) or sham operation (n = 13) at 4 wk of age. Beginning at 11 wk of age, OVX rats were randomized to receive either BH₄ (10 mg/kg · d) or saline, whereas the sham rats received saline via sc mini-pumps. Loss of ovarian hormones reduced cardiac BH₄ when compared with control hearts; this was associated with impaired myocardial relaxation, augmented filling pressures, increased collagen deposition, and thickened LV walls. Additionally, superoxide production increased and nitric oxide decreased in hearts from OVX compared with sham rats. Chronic BH₄ supplementation after OVX improved diastolic function and attenuated LV remodeling while restoring myocardial nitric oxide release and preventing reactive oxygen species generation. These data indicate that BH₄ supplementation protects against the adverse effects of ovarian hormonal loss on diastolic function and cardiac structure in mRen2.Lewis rats by restoring myocardial NO release and mitigating myocardial O₂⁻ generation. Whether BH₄ supplementation is a therapeutic option for the management of diastolic dysfunction in postmenopausal women will require direct testing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewell A Jessup
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157-1009, USA
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Gielis JF, Lin JY, Wingler K, Van Schil PEY, Schmidt HH, Moens AL. Pathogenetic role of eNOS uncoupling in cardiopulmonary disorders. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:765-76. [PMID: 21172428 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The homodimeric flavohemeprotein endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) oxidizes l-arginine to l-citrulline and nitric oxide (NO), which acutely vasodilates blood vessels and inhibits platelet aggregation. Chronically, eNOS has a major role in the regulation of blood pressure and prevention of atherosclerosis by decreasing leukocyte adhesion and smooth muscle proliferation. However, a disturbed vascular redox balance results in eNOS damage and uncoupling of oxygen activation from l-arginine conversion. Uncoupled eNOS monomerizes and generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than NO. Indeed, eNOS uncoupling has been suggested as one of the main pathomechanisms in a broad range of cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders such as atherosclerosis, ventricular remodeling, and pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, modulating uncoupled eNOS, in particular eNOS-dependent ROS generation, is an attractive therapeutic approach to preventing and/or treating cardiopulmonary disorders, including protective effects during cardiothoracic surgery. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenetic role of uncoupled eNOS in both cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders. In addition, the related therapeutic possibilities such as supplementation with the eNOS substrate l-arginine, volatile NO, and direct NO donors as well as eNOS modulators such as the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin and folic acid are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Gielis
- Department of Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Hara T, Ishida T, Kojima Y, Tanaka H, Yasuda T, Shinohara M, Toh R, Hirata KI. Targeted deletion of endothelial lipase increases HDL particles with anti-inflammatory properties both in vitro and in vivo. J Lipid Res 2010; 52:57-67. [PMID: 20926433 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m008417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that targeted deletion of endothelial lipase (EL) markedly increases the plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level in mice. However, little is known about the functional quality of HDL particles after EL inhibition. Therefore, the present study assessed the functional quality of HDL isolated from EL(-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. Anti-inflammatory functions of HDL from EL(-/-) and WT mice were evaluated by in vitro assays. The HDL functions such as PON-1 or PAF-AH activities, inhibition of cytokine-induced vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression, inhibition of LDL oxidation, and the ability of cholesterol efflux were similar in HDL isolated from WT and EL(-/-) mice. In contrast, the lipopolysaccharide-neutralizing capacity of HDL was significantly higher in EL(-/-) mice than that in WT mice. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory actions of HDL in vivo, lipopolysaccharide-induced systemic inflammation was generated in these mice. EL(-/-) mice showed higher survival rate and lower expression of inflammatory markers than WT mice. Intravenous administration of HDL isolated from EL(-/-) mice significantly improved the mortality after lipopolysaccharide injection in WT mice. In conclusion, targeted disruption of EL increased HDL particles with preserved anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic functions. Thus, EL inhibition would be a useful strategy to raise 'good' cholesterol in the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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McCarty MF. Practical prevention of cardiac remodeling and atrial fibrillation with full-spectrum antioxidant therapy and ancillary strategies. Med Hypotheses 2010; 75:141-7. [PMID: 20083360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A wealth of research data points to increased oxidative stress as a key driver of the cardiac remodeling triggered by chronic pressure overload, loss of functional myocardial tissue, or atrial fibrillation. Oxidative stress is a mediator of the cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis, the cardiac fibrosis, and the deficits in cardiac function which typify this syndrome, and may play a role in initiating and sustaining atrial fibrillation. Nox2- and Nox4-dependent NADPH oxidase activity appears to be a major source of this oxidative stress, and oxidants can induce conformational changes in xanthine dehydrogenase, nitric oxide synthase, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain which increase their capacity to generate superoxide as well. Consistent with these insights, various synthetic antioxidants have been shown to suppress cardiac remodeling in rodents subjected to myocardial infarction, aortic constriction, or rapid atrial pacing. It may prove feasible to achieve comparable benefits in humans through use of a "full-spectrum antioxidant therapy" (FSAT) that features a complementary array of natural antioxidants. Spirulina is a rich source of phycocyanobilin, a derivative and homolog of biliverdin that appears to mimic the potent inhibitory impact of biliverdin and free bilirubin on NADPH oxidase activity. Mega-doses of folate can markedly increase intracellular levels of tetrahydrofolates which have potent and versatile radical-scavenging activities - including efficient quenching of peroxynitrite-derived radicals Supplemental coenzyme Q10, already shown to improve heart function in clinical congestive failure, can provide important antioxidant protection to mitochondria. Phase 2 inducer nutraceuticals such as lipoic acid, administered in conjunction with N-acetylcysteine, have the potential to blunt the impact of oxidative stress by boosting myocardial levels of glutathione. While taurine can function as an antioxidant for myeloperoxidase-derived radicals, its positive inotropic effect on the failing heart seems more likely to reflect an effect on intracellular calcium dynamics. These measures could aid control of cardiac modeling less directly by lowering elevated blood pressure, or by aiding the perfusion of ischemic cardiac regions through an improvement in coronary endothelial function. Since nitric oxide functions physiologically to oppose cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, and is also a key regulator of blood pressure and endothelial function, cocoa flavanols - which provoke endothelial release of nitric oxide - might usefully complement the antioxidant measures recommended here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- NutriGuard Research, 1051 Hermes Ave., Encinitas, CA 92024, USA.
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Isobe K, Kuba K, Maejima Y, Suzuki JI, Kubota S, Isobe M. Inhibition of Endostatin/Collagen XVIII Deteriorates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Heart Failure in Rat Myocardial Infarction Model. Circ J 2010; 74:109-19. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Medical Research Institute, MTT Program, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Department of Biological Informatics and Experimental Therapeutics, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Jun-ichi Suzuki
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
- Department of Advanced Clinical Science and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo
| | - Shunichiro Kubota
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Kato Y, Iwase M, Ichihara S, Kanazawa H, Hashimoto K, Noda A, Nagata K, Koike Y, Yokota M. Beneficial effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide on myocardial oxidative stress and left ventricular dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters. Circ J 2009; 74:163-70. [PMID: 19942785 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) may act directly on the myocardium and improve left ventricular (LV) function, suggesting a potential new approach to the treatment of cardiomyopathic hearts. The present study tested the hypothesis that the beneficial cardiac effects of GHRP might include attenuation of myocardial oxidative stress. METHODS AND RESULTS Dilated cardiomyopathic TO-2 hamsters were injected with GHRP-2 (1 mg/kg) or saline from 6 to 12 weeks of age. F1B hamsters served as controls. Untreated TO-2 hamsters progressively developed LV dilation, wall thinning, and systolic dysfunction between 6 and 12 weeks of age. Marked myocardial fibrosis was apparent in untreated hamsters at 12 weeks of age in comparison with F1B controls. The ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) was decreased and the concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) was increased in the hearts of untreated TO-2 hamsters. Treatment with GHRP-2 attenuated the progression of LV remodeling and dysfunction, as well as myocardial fibrosis, in TO-2 hamsters. GHRP-2 also inhibited both the decrease in the GSH/GSSG ratio and the increase in the concentration of 4-HNE in the hearts of TO-2 hamsters. CONCLUSIONS GHRP-2 can suppress the increase in the level of myocardial oxidative stress, leading to attenuation of progressive LV remodeling and dysfunction in dilated cardiomyopathic hamsters. (Circ J 2010; 74: 163 - 170).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Kato
- Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Steinritz D, Elischer A, Balszuweit F, Gonder S, Heinrich A, Bloch W, Thiermann H, Kehe K. Sulphur mustard induces time- and concentration-dependent regulation of NO-synthesizing enzymes. Toxicol Lett 2009; 188:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rufanova VA, Pozdnev VF, Kalenikova EI, Postnikov AB, Storozhilova AN, Masenko VP, Gomazkov OA, Medvedev OS, Medvedeva NA. Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibition in the rat model of acute heart failure: heart function and neurohormonal activation. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2009; 234:1201-11. [PMID: 19596829 DOI: 10.3181/0902-rm-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) has been implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, including acute heart failure (AHF) due to myocardial ischemia. Previously we described the oral endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitor, PP36, and in this study, we investigated its cardioprotective effect in more detail, and examined the role of PP36 in the neurohormonal activation in rats that had been subjected to acute myocardial ischemia due to the microsphere embolization of coronary microcirculation. PP36 treatment (3.5 x 10(-5) M/kg/day) led to a significant fourfold decrease in hypertensive response when big-ET-1 was administered to healthy, conscious rats. ECE inhibition did not affect mortality during the first 48 hours after ischemia initiation. Systemic hemodynamic, heart function, and neurohormonal activation were analyzed in the healthy control group, the AHF group, and the AHF+PP36 group two days after AHF induction. In conscious rats in the AHF+PP36 group, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was restored and became similar to that of the MAP of the control group. In anesthetized rats, in the AHF+PP36 group, MAP was not restored and was 22% lower than the MAP of the control group. Myocardial contractility was partially restored and cardiac relaxation significantly improved after PP36 application. Further analysis of cardiac output and peripheral resistance in anesthetized rats revealed no differences between the AHF group and the AHF+PP36 group. There were no differences in plasma ET-1 concentration, serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity, and in the adrenal glands' catecholamine content between the AHF group and the AHF+PP36 group. However, rats in the AHF+PP36 group demonstrated a 60% decrease in cardiac endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression, and a 56% reduction of myocardial norepinephrine release, when compared with the AHF group's animals. These results suggest that PP36 can preserve heart function during the recovery from acute ischemic injury, and may modulate the cardiac norepinephrine release and eNOS protein level.
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Tsai EJ, Kass DA. Cyclic GMP signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:216-38. [PMID: 19306895 PMCID: PMC2709600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular system. Dysfunctional signaling at any step of the cascade - cGMP synthesis, effector activation, or catabolism - have been implicated in numerous cardiovascular diseases, ranging from hypertension to atherosclerosis to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we outline each step of the cGMP signaling cascade and discuss its regulation and physiologic effects within the cardiovascular system. In addition, we illustrate how cGMP signaling becomes dysregulated in specific cardiovascular disease states. The ubiquitous role cGMP plays in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology presents great opportunities for pharmacologic modulation of the cGMP signal in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We detail the various therapeutic interventional strategies that have been developed or are in development, summarizing relevant preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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Takeda M, Yamashita T, Shinohara M, Sasaki N, Takaya T, Nakajima K, Inoue N, Masano T, Tawa H, Satomi-Kobayashi S, Toh R, Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Yokoyama M, Hirata KI, Kawashima S. Plasma tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrobiopterin ratio: a possible marker of endothelial dysfunction. Circ J 2009; 73:955-62. [PMID: 19293532 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although endothelium-dependent vasodilatation has been used as a marker of endothelial dysfunction (ED), there have been no reliable plasma markers for ED. Oxidative stress, which is a major determinant of ED, oxidizes tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), an essential cofactor of endothelial type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and resulted in the relative deficiency of BH4. METHODS AND RESULTS In 163 patients with cardiovascular disorders, the plasma levels of BH4 and 7, 8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2) by high performance liquid chromatography were measured and compared with the flow-mediated (FMD) vasodilatory response of the brachial artery, which was measured by ultrasonography. The effects of atorvastatin on plasma pteridine levels and FMD were examined in patients with multiple coronary risk factors. There was a positive relationship between FMD and plasma BH4 levels and a negative relationship between FMD and plasma BH2 levels. Subsequently, a strong positive relationship between FMD and the BH4/BH2 ratio (r=0.585, P<0.0001) was found. Although we did not find any significant relationship between pteridine levels and individual traditional risk factors, the BH4/BH2 ratio in patients with more than 2 risk factors showed significant reductions compared with that in those without risk factors. Statin treatment improved FMD in association with an increase in the plasma BH4/BH2 ratio. CONCLUSIONS Plasma pteridine levels were associated with endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masafumi Takeda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Ueyama T, Kawabe T, Hano T, Tsuruo Y, Ueda K, Ichinose M, Kimura H, Yoshida KI. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 in an animal model of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Circ J 2009; 73:1141-6. [PMID: 19372624 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-08-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbance of the coronary microcirculation and catecholamine intoxication, which may be responsible for the pathogenesis of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, could trigger an oxidative stress response in the heart. METHODS AND RESULTS Expression and localization of inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is an oxidative stress-related factor in the heart of immobilization stressed (IMO) rats, an animal model of takotsubo cardiomyopathy, were investigated by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. In response to IMO, the levels of HO-1 mRNA in the heart and in the aorta were slightly increased at 90 min, and increased 3-fold at 3 h compared with control levels. The signals for HO-1 mRNA were expressed on scatted cells in the myocardium and aortic adventitia. Double fluorescence immunohistochemistry showed that HO-1 immunoreactive cells were also ED1 and ED2 positive, indicating that they were macrophages. The numbers of ED1 and ED2 positive cells were constant, whereas the number of HO-1 positive cells was increased 5-fold at 6 h compared with control levels. Blocking of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors attenuated IMO-induced upregulation of HO-1 mRNA levels in the heart. CONCLUSIONS Emotional stress and a surge of catecholamine upregulate HO-1 in the cardiac and aortic macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ueyama
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
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Abstract
The vascular endothelium is involved in the release of various vasodilators, including nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor, as well as vasoconstrictors. NO plays an important role in the regulation of vascular tone, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and suppression of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Endothelial dysfunction is the initial step in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular diseases are associated with endothelial dysfunction. It is well known that the grade of endothelial function is a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes. Oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis and development of cardiovascular diseases. Several mechanisms contribute to impairment of endothelial function. An imbalance of reduced production of NO or increased production of reactive oxygen species, mainly superoxide, may promote endothelial dysfunction. One mechanism by which endothelium-dependent vasodilation is impaired is an increase in oxidative stress that inactivates NO. This review focuses on recent findings and interaction between endothelial function and oxidative stress in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihito Higashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan.
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42
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Lin X, Jo H, Ishii TM, Fujita M, Fu M, Tambara K, Yamamoto M, Tabata Y, Komeda M, Matsuoka S. Controlled Release of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Plasmid DNA Prevents Left Ventricular Remodeling in Chronic Myocardial Infarction of Rats. Circ J 2009; 73:2315-21. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-09-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Lin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Hikari Jo
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Takahiro M Ishii
- Department of Physiology, Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Michael Fu
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Sahlgrenska, University of Göteborg
| | - Keiichi Tambara
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
| | - Masaya Yamamoto
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Department of Biomaterials, Field of Tissue Engineering, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Masashi Komeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagoya Heart Center
| | - Satoshi Matsuoka
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University
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