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Kuzmina T, Kuzmin V, Bogomolova E, Malakhov V. Organization of the blood system of rhynchonellid brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea (Brachiopoda: Rhynchonelliformea). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 341:766-782. [PMID: 38651594 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The brachiopods are sessile invertebrates with an unusual blood system, which consists of a long-branched dorsal vessel. It is still unknown how blood circulates in this system. In the present study, for the first time we propose the circulation of blood in brachiopod Hemithiris psittacea based on morphological and experimental data. The main heart is located on the dorsal side of the stomach and divides the dorsal vessel into anterior and posterior parts. The anterior part enters the lophophore, where it gives off blind branches to each tentacle. The posterior part passes by the funnels of the nephridia and forms a blindly closed network in the gonads. We suggest that the circulation of blood includes three successive stages. During the first phase of systole of the main heart, blood flows through the anterior dorsal vessel. During the second phase of systole, blood flows through the posterior dorsal vessel. During diastole, blood flows from the anterior and posterior vessels and fills the main heart. The origin of a peculiar blood system in brachiopods can be explained by reduction of the ventral vessel, which is probably correlates with the reduction of the ventral side of the brachiopod ancestor's body. Another peculiarity of brachiopod blood system is the presence of an ampullar heart, which functions as a blood depot and allows blood to move in the vessels in two directions in an oscillatory mode. The brachiopod blood system contains vessels lacking true endothelium and can be classified as an "incompletely closed" type.
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Holland ND, Holland LZ. Cephalochordate Hemocytes: First Demonstration for Asymmetron lucayanum (Bahamas Lancelet) Plus Augmented Description for Branchiostoma floridae (Florida Amphioxus). THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2023; 244:71-81. [PMID: 37725696 DOI: 10.1086/726774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
AbstractWithin phylum Chordata, the subphylum Cephalochordata (amphioxus and lancelets) has figured large in considerations of the evolutionary origin of the vertebrates. To date, these discussions have been predominantly based on knowledge of a single cephalochordate genus (Branchiostoma), almost to the exclusion of the other two genera (Asymmetron and Epigonichthys). This uneven pattern is illustrated by cephalochordate hematology, until now known entirely from work done on Branchiostoma. The main part of the present study is to describe hemocytes in the dorsal aorta of a species of Asymmetron by serial block-face scanning electron microscopy. This technique, which demonstrates three-dimensional fine structure, showed that the hemocytes have a relatively uniform morphology characterized by an oval shape and scanty cytoplasm. Ancillary information is also included for Branchiostoma hemocytes, known from previous studies to have relatively abundant cytoplasm; our serial block-face scanning electron microscopy provides more comprehensive views of the highly variable shapes of these cells, which typically extend one or several pseudopodium-like protrusions. The marked difference in hemocyte morphology found between Asymmetron and Branchiostoma was unexpected and directs attention to investigating comparable cells in the genus Epigonichthys. A broader knowledge of the hemocytes in all three cephalochordate genera would provide more balanced insights into the evolution of vertebrate hematopoiesis.
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Sufianov A, Begliarzade S, Kudriashov V, Nafikova R, Ilyasova T, Liang Y. Role of miRNAs in vascular development. Noncoding RNA Res 2022; 8:1-7. [PMID: 36262425 PMCID: PMC9552023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Kotlyarov S. Immune Function of Endothelial Cells: Evolutionary Aspects, Molecular Biology and Role in Atherogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179770. [PMID: 36077168 PMCID: PMC9456046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the key problems of modern medicine, which is due to the high prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and their significant share in the structure of morbidity and mortality in many countries. Atherogenesis is a complex chain of events that proceeds over many years in the vascular wall with the participation of various cells. Endothelial cells are key participants in vascular function. They demonstrate involvement in the regulation of vascular hemodynamics, metabolism, and innate immunity, which act as leading links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These endothelial functions have close connections and deep evolutionary roots, a better understanding of which will improve the prospects of early diagnosis and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Kotlyarov S. Diversity of Lipid Function in Atherogenesis: A Focus on Endothelial Mechanobiology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11545. [PMID: 34768974 PMCID: PMC8584259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the most important problems in modern medicine. Its high prevalence and social significance determine the need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of the disease's development and progression. Lipid metabolism and its disorders are one of the key links in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Lipids are involved in many processes, including those related to the mechanoreception of endothelial cells. The multifaceted role of lipids in endothelial mechanobiology and mechanisms of atherogenesis are discussed in this review. Endothelium is involved in ensuring adequate vascular hemodynamics, and changes in blood flow characteristics are detected by endothelial cells and affect their structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Kotlyarov
- Department of Nursing, Ryazan State Medical University, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
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Michel JB. Phylogenic Determinants of Cardiovascular Frailty, Focus on Hemodynamics and Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1779-1837. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the circulatory system from invertebrates to mammals has involved the passage from an open system to a closed in-parallel system via a closed in-series system, accompanying the increasing complexity and efficiency of life’s biological functions. The archaic heart enables pulsatile motion waves of hemolymph in invertebrates, and the in-series circulation in fish occurs with only an endothelium, whereas mural smooth muscle cells appear later. The present review focuses on evolution of the circulatory system. In particular, we address how and why this evolution took place from a closed, flowing, longitudinal conductance at low pressure to a flowing, highly pressurized and bifurcating arterial compartment. However, although arterial pressure was the latest acquired hemodynamic variable, the general teleonomy of the evolution of species is the differentiation of individual organ function, supported by specific fueling allowing and favoring partial metabolic autonomy. This was achieved via the establishment of an active contractile tone in resistance arteries, which permitted the regulation of blood supply to specific organ activities via its localized function-dependent inhibition (active vasodilation). The global resistance to viscous blood flow is the peripheral increase in frictional forces caused by the tonic change in arterial and arteriolar radius, which backscatter as systemic arterial blood pressure. Consequently, the arterial pressure gradient from circulating blood to the adventitial interstitium generates the unidirectional outward radial advective conductance of plasma solutes across the wall of conductance arteries. This hemodynamic evolution was accompanied by important changes in arterial wall structure, supported by smooth muscle cell functional plasticity, including contractility, matrix synthesis and proliferation, endocytosis and phagocytosis, etc. These adaptive phenotypic shifts are due to epigenetic regulation, mainly related to mechanotransduction. These paradigms actively participate in cardio-arterial pathologies such as atheroma, valve disease, heart failure, aneurysms, hypertension, and physiological aging.
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Tang VW. Collagen, stiffness, and adhesion: the evolutionary basis of vertebrate mechanobiology. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1823-1834. [PMID: 32730166 PMCID: PMC7525820 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of collagen I in vertebrates resulted in a dramatic increase in the stiffness of the extracellular environment, supporting long-range force propagation and the development of low-compliant tissues necessary for the development of vertebrate traits including pressurized circulation and renal filtration. Vertebrates have also evolved integrins that can bind to collagens, resulting in the generation of higher tension and more efficient force transmission in the extracellular matrix. The stiffer environment provides an opportunity for the vertebrates to create new structures such as the stress fibers, new cell types such as endothelial cells, new developmental processes such as neural crest delamination, and new tissue organizations such as the blood-brain barrier. Molecular players found only in vertebrates allow the modification of conserved mechanisms as well as the design of novel strategies that can better serve the physiological needs of the vertebrates. These innovations collectively contribute to novel morphogenetic behaviors and unprecedented increases in the complexities of tissue mechanics and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian W. Tang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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8
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Key Steps in the Evolution of Mammalian Movement: A Prolegomenal Essay. Neuroscience 2020; 450:135-141. [PMID: 32446854 PMCID: PMC8376654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rich repertoires of movements underlie the complex social interactions of mammals. The building blocks, or syllables, of these movements are produced by spinal cord circuits that are comprised of diverse neuronal types that control musculoskeletal systems comprised of multi-segmented limbs. Together, these systems provide mammals with the evolutionary advantages of power, speed, and endurance. Here, I propose that the key steps in chordate evolution that led to these traits began with the development of the notochord and a proliferative ventricular zone (with associated Notch signalling). This step led to the production of diverse neuronal types that included the development of a sympathetic nervous system that could regulate the evolving cardiovascular system. And the sympathetic nervous system in turn led to the development of homeothermic endothermy, a requirement for motor systems to produce a combination of power, speed, and endurance. Furthermore, the evolution of the continuous structure of the spinal cord led not only to a structure fit for cartesian signalling molecules, but also to one with high processing power in which circuits for effecting movement syllables formed. These syllables are harnessed by higher regions of nervous systems to produce the complex movements required for interactions with others and with the surrounding environment.
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Lange MK, Penagos-Tabares F, Hirzmann J, Failing K, Schaper R, Van Bourgonie YR, Backeljau T, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum, Aelurostrongylus abstrusus and Crenosoma vulpis larvae in native slug populations in Germany. Vet Parasitol 2018; 254:120-130. [PMID: 29656996 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Metastrongyloid parasites represent sparsely studied parasites of dogs and cats in Germany. Recent European surveys indicate that these parasites are spreading in Europe. Actual data on prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum in dogs and foxes reveal several endemic foci in Germany. However, actual data on the prevalence of A. vasorum and other metastrongyloid lungworm larvae in a wide range of slug and snail intermediate hosts, such as Arion lusitanicus, are missing for Germany. To fill this gap, we conducted an epidemiological survey on native German slugs in selected regions of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate. The focus was on slugs, because in study areas slugs appear to be more abundant than snails. Slugs were collected throughout different seasons of the year in areas that were previously proven to be hyperendemic for A. vasorum fox infections. Overall, a total of 2701 slugs were collected and examined for lungworm larvae via artificial digestion. The number of A. vasorum larvae per slug varied considerably (1-546 larvae per specimen). Some hotspot areas with high A. vasorum prevalence in slugs (up to 19.4%) were identified. The overall A. vasorum prevalence varied with season with largest number of slugs infected in summer (9.1%) and lowest number in winter (0.8%). The current study revealed a total A. vasorum prevalence of 4.7% in slugs based on microscopic analyses. Confirmation of lungworm species was made by specific duplex-real-time PCRs. Hence, these data demonstrate that final hosts are at a permanent risk for A. vasorum infections during all seasons when living in investigated areas. Besides A. vasorum, other lungworm larvae were also detected, such as Crenosoma vulpis (the fox lungworm, 2.3%) and Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (feline lungworm, 0.2%).
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Lange
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - F Penagos-Tabares
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany; CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - J Hirzmann
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - K Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Veterinary Faculty, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - R Schaper
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, 51368 Leverkusen, Germany.
| | - Y R Van Bourgonie
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo), 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - T Backeljau
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (BopCo), 1000 Brussels, Belgium; Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - C Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - A Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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10
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Faria M. Aggregating, polarizing, networking – The evolution of cell adhesion codes. Biosystems 2018; 164:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Snuderl M, Zhang G, Wu P, Jennings TS, Shroff S, Ortenzi V, Jain R, Cohen B, Reidy JJ, Dushay MS, Wisoff JH, Harter DH, Karajannis MA, Fenyo D, Neubert TA, Zagzag D. Endothelium-Independent Primitive Myxoid Vascularization Creates Invertebrate-Like Channels to Maintain Blood Supply in Optic Gliomas. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1867-1878. [PMID: 28606795 PMCID: PMC5530906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Optic gliomas are brain tumors characterized by slow growth, progressive loss of vision, and limited therapeutic options. Optic gliomas contain various amounts of myxoid matrix, which can represent most of the tumor mass. We sought to investigate biological function and protein structure of the myxoid matrix in optic gliomas to identify novel therapeutic targets. We reviewed histological features and clinical imaging properties, analyzed vasculature by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, and performed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry on optic gliomas, which varied in the amount of myxoid matrix. We found that although subtypes of optic gliomas are indistinguishable on imaging, the microvascular network of pilomyxoid astrocytoma, a subtype of optic glioma with abundant myxoid matrix, is characterized by the presence of endothelium-free channels in the myxoid matrix. These tumors show normal perfusion by clinical imaging and lack histological evidence of hemorrhage organization or thrombosis. The myxoid matrix is composed predominantly of the proteoglycan versican and its linking protein, a vertebrate hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1. We propose that pediatric optic gliomas can maintain blood supply without endothelial cells by using invertebrate-like channels, which we termed primitive myxoid vascularization. Enzymatic targeting of the proteoglycan versican/hyaluronan and proteoglycan link protein 1 rich myxoid matrix, which is in direct contact with circulating blood, can provide novel therapeutic avenues for optic gliomas of childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Snuderl
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Pamela Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Tara S Jennings
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Seema Shroff
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Valerio Ortenzi
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Rajan Jain
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Benjamin Cohen
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Jason J Reidy
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jeffrey H Wisoff
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - David H Harter
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Otolaryngology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - David Fenyo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Institute of Systems Genetics, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - David Zagzag
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Department of Neurosurgery, New York University Langone Medical Center and Medical School, New York, New York; Microvascular and Molecular Neurooncology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Crossley DA, Burggren WW, Reiber CL, Altimiras J, Rodnick KJ. Mass Transport: Circulatory System with Emphasis on Nonendothermic Species. Compr Physiol 2016; 7:17-66. [PMID: 28134997 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c150010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mass transport can be generally defined as movement of material matter. The circulatory system then is a biological example given its role in the movement in transporting gases, nutrients, wastes, and chemical signals. Comparative physiology has a long history of providing new insights and advancing our understanding of circulatory mass transport across a wide array of circulatory systems. Here we focus on circulatory function of nonmodel species. Invertebrates possess diverse convection systems; that at the most complex generate pressures and perform at a level comparable to vertebrates. Many invertebrates actively modulate cardiovascular function using neuronal, neurohormonal, and skeletal muscle activity. In vertebrates, our understanding of cardiac morphology, cardiomyocyte function, and contractile protein regulation by Ca2+ highlights a high degree of conservation, but differences between species exist and are coupled to variable environments and body temperatures. Key regulators of vertebrate cardiac function and systemic blood pressure include the autonomic nervous system, hormones, and ventricular filling. Further chemical factors regulating cardiovascular function include adenosine, natriuretic peptides, arginine vasotocin, endothelin 1, bradykinin, histamine, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide, to name but a few. Diverse vascular morphologies and the regulation of blood flow in the coronary and cerebral circulations are also apparent in nonmammalian species. Dynamic adjustments of cardiovascular function are associated with exercise on land, flying at high altitude, prolonged dives by marine mammals, and unique morphology, such as the giraffe. Future studies should address limits of gas exchange and convective transport, the evolution of high arterial pressure across diverse taxa, and the importance of the cardiovascular system adaptations to extreme environments. © 2017 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 7:17-66, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane A Crossley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Warren W Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, USA
| | - Carl L Reiber
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Jordi Altimiras
- AVIAN Behavioral Genomics and Physiology, IFM Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenneth J Rodnick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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Systems biology of ion channels and transporters in tumor angiogenesis: An omics view. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2647-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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van Niekerk G, Davis T, Engelbrecht AM. Was the evolutionary road towards adaptive immunity paved with endothelium? Biol Direct 2015; 10:47. [PMID: 26341882 PMCID: PMC4560925 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-015-0079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of a completely novel adaptive immune system (AIS) in jawless vertebrates (hagfish and lampreys) presents an excellent opportunity for exploring similarities and differences in design principles. It also highlights a somewhat neglected question: Why did vertebrates, representing only 5 % of all animals, evolve a system as complex as an AIS twice, whereas invertebrates failed to do so? A number of theories have been presented in answer to this question. However, these theories either fail to explain why invertebrates would not similarly develop an AIS and are confounded by issues of causality, or have been challenged by more recent findings. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Instead of identifying a selective pressure that would drive the development of an AIS, we hypothesise that invertebrates failed to develop an AIS because of the evolutionary constraints imposed by these animals' physiological context. In particular, we argue that a number of vascular innovations in vertebrates allowed the effective implementation of an AIS. A lower blood volume allowed for a higher antibody titer (i.e., less 'diluted' antibody concentration), rendering these immune effectors more cost-effective. In addition, both a high circulatory velocity and the ability of endothelium to coordinate immune cell trafficking promote 'epitope sampling'. Collectively, these innovations allowed the effective implementation of AIS in vertebrates. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis posits that a number of innovations to the vascular system provided the release from constraints which allowed the implementation of an AIS. However, this hypothesis would be refuted by phylogenetic analysis demonstrating that the AIS preceded these vascular innovations. The hypothesis also suggests that vascular performance would have an impact on the efficacy of an AIS, thus predicting a correlation between the vascular parameters of a species and its relative investment in AIS. The contribution of certain vascular innovations in augmenting immune functionality of an AIS can be tested by modelling the effect of different vascular parameters on AIS efficacy. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS The hypothesis not only explains the immunological dimorphism between vertebrates and invertebrates but also brings to attention the fact that immunity is dependent on more than just an immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7600, South Africa.
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Monahan-Earley R, Dvorak AM, Aird WC. Evolutionary origins of the blood vascular system and endothelium. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 Suppl 1:46-66. [PMID: 23809110 PMCID: PMC5378490 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Every biological trait requires both a proximate and evolutionary explanation. The field of vascular biology is focused primarily on proximate mechanisms in health and disease. Comparatively little attention has been given to the evolutionary basis of the cardiovascular system. Here, we employ a comparative approach to review the phylogenetic history of the blood vascular system and endothelium. In addition to drawing on the published literature, we provide primary ultrastructural data related to the lobster, earthworm, amphioxus, and hagfish. Existing evidence suggests that the blood vascular system first appeared in an ancestor of the triploblasts over 600 million years ago, as a means to overcome the time-distance constraints of diffusion. The endothelium evolved in an ancestral vertebrate some 540-510 million years ago to optimize flow dynamics and barrier function, and/or to localize immune and coagulation functions. Finally, we emphasize that endothelial heterogeneity evolved as a core feature of the endothelium from the outset, reflecting its role in meeting the diverse needs of body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Monahan-Earley
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ann M. Dvorak
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
| | - William C. Aird
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215
- Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory, Salisbury Cover, ME 04672
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Shigei T, Tsuru H, Ishikawa N, Yoshioka K. Some embryological aspects of cholinergic innervation in the cardiovascular system--a close association with the subintestinal circulatory channel. J Pharmacol Sci 2010; 112:383-96. [PMID: 20351483 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.09r04cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of our studies on the dog venous system revealed that cholinergic excitatory innervation was localized in a group of veins: the portal, mesenteric, and hepatic veins and the middle segment of the inferior vena cava. Our studies on pharmacological responsiveness of dog veins also revealed that they could be divided into two groups: the visceral and somatic parts, and the cholinergic excitatory innervation localized to the visceral part. Considering these results and some relevant literature, a hypothesis is proposed on the classification of muscles of the cardiovascular system and some embryological aspects of the parasympathetic cholinergic innervation in the circulatory system are discussed. The embryonic circulatory system of vertebrates can be divided into two parts: somatic and visceral. The body of an embryo is regarded as a double tube and vessels of the visceral part and the heart belong to the inner tube. The muscle of these vessels and the heart are derived from visceral mesoderm, either the coelomic epithelium or mesenchymal cells, in common with muscle of the digestive tube; and thus the parasympathetic cholinergic nerves innervating the muscle of the digestive tube also distribute to these vessels and the heart. The heart and vascular muscles in the visceral part are structures developed early in the course of evolution in invertebrates. Their primary function is to propel the body fluid, and the chief structure containing them is the subintestinal circulatory channel (ventral aorta - heart - subintestinal vein). They exhibit spontaneous, rhythmic activity, showing characteristics of a single unit muscle, and receive parasympathetic cholinergic innervation. On the other hand, the vascular muscles in the somatic part are endothelium-associated muscles developed anew in the vertebrate; do not contract spontaneously, being classified as a multiunit muscle; and lack parasympathetic cholinergic innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Shigei
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Le Foll F, Rioult D, Boussa S, Pasquier J, Dagher Z, Leboulenger F. Characterisation of Mytilus edulis hemocyte subpopulations by single cell time-lapse motility imaging. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 28:372-386. [PMID: 19944763 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In bivalve molluscs, defence against pathogens mainly relies on fast tissue infiltration by immunocompetent hemocytes that migrate from circulating hemolymph to sites of infection, in order to deliver, in situ, an effective immune response. In the present work, we have investigated dynamics of hemocyte subpopulations motility by combining flow cytometry coupled to Coulter-type cell volume determination, Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy, time-lapse imaging and off-line analysis of cell shape changes. Our results revealed fast modifications of hemocyte aspect in vitro, with bidirectional transitions from spread outlines to condensed cell body morphologies, in the minute range. Amoeboid or non-amoeboid types of locomotion were observed, depending on the cell shapes and on the cell subtypes, with velocities reaching up to 30 mum min(-1). Correlations between motion profiles, Hemacolor staining and flow cytometry analysis on living cells help to propose a functional mussel hemocyte classification including the motile properties of these cells. In particular, basophils were shown to be involved in dynamic hemocyte-hemocyte interactions and in the constitution of aggregation cores. Physiological implications, in terms of immune response in organisms devoid of endothelium-closed vascular system, and potential applications of hemocyte motility studies for the development and the interpretation of experiments involving hemocytes in the field of marine ecotoxicology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Le Foll
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, University of Le Havre, EA 3222, IFRMP 23, BP 540, 76058 Le Havre cedex, France.
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Grimes AC, Kirby ML. The outflow tract of the heart in fishes: anatomy, genes and evolution. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2009; 74:983-1036. [PMID: 20735616 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2008.02125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large number of congenital heart defects associated with mortality in humans are those that affect the cardiac outflow tract, and this provides a strong imperative to understand its development during embryogenesis. While there is wide phylogenetic variation in adult vertebrate heart morphology, recent work has demonstrated evolutionary conservation in the early processes of cardiogenesis, including that of the outflow tract. This, along with the utility and high reproductive potential of fish species such as Danio rerio, Oryzias latipes etc., suggests that fishes may provide ideal comparative biological models to facilitate a better understanding of this poorly understood region of the heart. In this review, the authors present the current understanding of both phylogeny and ontogeny of the cardiac outflow tract in fishes and examine how new molecular studies are informing the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary trajectories that have been proposed. The authors also attempt to address some of the issues of nomenclature that confuse this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Grimes
- Departamento de Biología del Desarrollo Cardiovascular, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
"Somatic" angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) appears to be one of the evolutionary advances that made a closed circulation possible, and may have contributed to the Cambrian "explosion" of species approximately 540 million years ago. It also appears to be at the origin of a large number of common human diseases. A model is proposed in which the duplicated form of ACE ("somatic" ACE) functions as a mechanotransducer, defending downstream vessels and tissues from an increase in pressure. In the model, ACE senses shear stress (blood velocity) in regions of turbulent blood flow. An increase in shear stress strips an autoinhibitor tripeptide, FQP, from the N-terminal active site, thereby activating it. The C-terminal domain is constitutively activated by chloride. This model explains the clinical superiority of hydrophobic ACE inhibitors relative to hydrophilic ones.
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Tsuru H, Tanimitsu N, Hirai T. Role of perivascular sympathetic nerves and regional differences in the features of sympathetic innervation of the vascular system. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 88:9-13. [PMID: 11855682 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.88.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of blood pressure is mostly dependent on sympathetic "tone", and the sympathetic nerve innervates the entire vascular bed, excepting the capillaries. Although norepinephrine (NE) is the principal neurotransmitter released upon sympathetic nerve stimulation, neuropeptide Y and ATP are cotransmitters in various vascular tissues. In addition, dopamine and epinephrine, as well as acetylcholine, have been shown to be sympathetic neurotransmitters in specific vasculatures. Transmitter NE release is modified by a number of endogenous substances including the transmitter itself. Chronic denervation of the preganglionic fiber induces an increase in NE release per pulse, indicating postganglionic neuronal supersensitivity. So far, three main adrenoceptor types have been shown, alpha1, alpha2 and beta, each of which is further divided into at least three subtypes, as well as the alpha1L-adrenoceptor, a phenotype of the cloned alpha1a-adrenoceptor, in the blood vessel. Thus, the response of vessels with different receptor types to a transmitter varies quantitatively and even qualitatively from one vessel to another. The remarkable diversity in the sympathetic innervation mechanism in the vascular system may play an important role in regional variations in the regulation of blood flow. The sympathetic nerve also exerts long-term trophic action on the blood vessel. In conclusion, the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role not only in the regulation of cardiovascular dynamics but in the maintenance of the vessel structure, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromichi Tsuru
- Department of Pharmacology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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