1
|
Fedorov NS, Malomouzh AI, Petrov AM. Effects of membrane cholesterol-targeting chemicals on skeletal muscle contractions evoked by direct and indirect stimulation. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2024:10.1007/s10974-024-09675-7. [PMID: 38904733 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-024-09675-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the major components of plasma membrane, where its distribution is nonhomogeneous and it participates in lipid raft formation. In skeletal muscle cholesterol and lipid rafts seem to be important for excitation-contraction coupling and for neuromuscular transmission, involving cholesterol-rich synaptic vesicles. In the present study, nerve and muscle stimulation-evoked contractions were recorded to assess the role of cholesterol in contractile function of mouse diaphragm. Exposure to cholesterol oxidase (0.2 U/ml) and cholesterol-depleting agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (1 mM) did not affect markedly contractile responses to both direct and indirect stimulation at low and high frequency. However, methyl-β-cyclodextrin at high concentration (10 mM) strongly decreased the force of both single and tetanus contractions induced by phrenic nerve stimulation. This decline in contractile function was more profoundly expressed when methyl-β-cyclodextrin application was combined with phrenic nerve activation. At the same time, 10 mM methyl-β-cyclodextrin had no effect on contractions upon direct muscle stimulation at low and high frequency. Thus, strong cholesterol depletion suppresses contractile function mainly due to disturbance of the neuromuscular communication, whereas muscle fiber contractility remains resistant to decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, 420008, Russia
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan National Research Technical University named after A.N. Tupolev-KAI, 10, K. Marx St, Kazan, 420111, Russia.
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St, Kazan, 420008, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Safitri N, Alaina MF, Pitaloka DAE, Abdulah R. A Narrative Review of Statin-Induced Rhabdomyolysis: Molecular Mechanism, Risk Factors, and Management. Drug Healthc Patient Saf 2021; 13:211-219. [PMID: 34795533 PMCID: PMC8593596 DOI: 10.2147/dhps.s333738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although statins are effective for treating hypercholesterolemia, they can have various side effects, including rhabdomyolysis, a potentially fatal condition. This review evaluated the incidence and underlying molecular mechanism of statin-induced rhabdomyolysis and analyzed its risk factors, prevention, and management. We focused on the clinical and randomized clinical trials of statin monotherapies and combinations with other drugs. The primary mechanism of statin therapy-induced rhabdomyolysis is believed to be a decrease in ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) produced by the HMG-CoA pathway. Additionally, different types of lipophilic and hydrophilic statins play a role in causing rhabdomyolysis. Although statin-induced rhabdomyolysis has a low incidence, there is no guarantee that patients will be free of this side effect. Rhabdomyolysis can be prevented by reducing the risk factors, such as using CYP3A4 inhibitors, using high-dose statins, and strenuous physical activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nisa Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Maya Fadila Alaina
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Rizky Abdulah
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia.,Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang, 45363, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vinci P, Panizon E, Tosoni LM, Cerrato C, Pellicori F, Mearelli F, Biasinutto C, Fiotti N, Di Girolamo FG, Biolo G. Statin-Associated Myopathy: Emphasis on Mechanisms and Targeted Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11687. [PMID: 34769118 PMCID: PMC8583847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statins are the first-choice therapy for dyslipidemias and are considered the cornerstone of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in both primary and secondary prevention. Despite the statin-therapy-mediated positive effects on cardiovascular events, patient compliance is often poor. Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the most common side effect associated with treatment discontinuation. SAMS, which range from mild-to-moderate muscle pain, weakness, or fatigue to potentially life-threatening rhabdomyolysis, are reported by 10% to 25% of patients receiving statin therapy. There are many risk factors associated with patient features and hypolipidemic agents that seem to increase the risk of developing SAMS. Due to the lack of a "gold standard", the diagnostic test for SAMS is based on a clinical criteria score, which is independent of creatine kinase (CK) elevation. Mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of SAMS remain almost unclear, though a high number of risk factors may increase the probability of myotoxicity induced by statin therapy. Some of these, related to pharmacokinetic properties of statins and to concomitant therapies or patient characteristics, may affect statin bioavailability and increase vulnerability to high-dose statins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierandrea Vinci
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Emiliano Panizon
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Letizia Maria Tosoni
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Carla Cerrato
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Federica Pellicori
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Mearelli
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Chiara Biasinutto
- SC Assistenza Farmaceutica, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Nicola Fiotti
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| | - Filippo Giorgio Di Girolamo
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
- SC Assistenza Farmaceutica, Cattinara Hospital, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Gianni Biolo
- Clinica Medica, Cattinara Hospital, Department of Medical Surgical ad Health Science, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (E.P.); (L.M.T.); (C.C.); (F.P.); (F.M.); (N.F.); (F.G.D.G.); (G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Irwin JC, Fenning AS, Vella RK. Geranylgeraniol prevents statin-induced skeletal muscle fatigue without causing adverse effects in cardiac or vascular smooth muscle performance. Transl Res 2020; 215:17-30. [PMID: 31491372 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The administration of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) (or its precursor, geranylgeraniol [GGOH]) has been shown by several in vitro studies to be capable of abrogating statin-induced myotoxicity. Nonetheless, the potential of GGPP repletion to prevent statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) in vivo is yet to be investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the ability of GGOH to prevent SAMS in rodents. Female Wistar rats (12 weeks of age) were randomised to 1 of 4 treatment groups: control, control with GGOH, simvastatin or simvastatin with GGOH. Ex vivo assessment of force production was conducted in skeletal muscles of varying fiber composition. Ex vivo left ventricular performance and blood vessel function was also assessed to determine if the administration of GGOH caused adverse changes in these parameters. Statin administration was associated with reduced force production in fast-twitch glycolytic muscle, but coadministration with GGOH completely abrogated this effect. Additionally, GGOH improved the performance of muscles not adversely affected by simvastatin (ie, those with a greater proportion of slow-twitch oxidative fibers), and increased force production in the control animals. Neither control nor statin-treated rodents given GGOH exhibited adverse changes in cardiac function. Vascular relaxation was also maintained following treatment with GGOH. The findings of this study demonstrate that GGOH can prevent statin-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in rodents without causing adverse changes in cardiovascular function. Further studies to elucidate the exact mechanisms underlying the effects observed in this investigation are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordon C Irwin
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Andrew S Fenning
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca K Vella
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boyle AK, Rinaldi SF, Rossi AG, Saunders PTK, Norman JE. Repurposing simvastatin as a therapy for preterm labor: evidence from preclinical models. FASEB J 2018; 33:2743-2758. [PMID: 30312114 PMCID: PMC6338657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801104r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth (PTB), the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, urgently requires novel therapeutic agents. Spontaneous PTB, resulting from preterm labor, is commonly caused by intrauterine infection/inflammation. Statins are well-established, cholesterol-lowering drugs that can reduce inflammation and inhibit vascular smooth muscle contraction. We show that simvastatin reduced the incidence of PTB in a validated intrauterine LPS-induced PTB mouse model, decreased uterine proinflammatory mRNA concentrations (IL-6, Cxcl1, and Ccl2), and reduced serum IL-6 concentration. In human myometrial cells, simvastatin reduced proinflammatory mediator mRNA and protein expression (IL-6 and IL-8) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression (IL-10 and IL-13). Critically, simvastatin inhibited myometrial cell contraction, basally and during inflammation, and reduced phosphorylated myosin light chain concentration. Supplementation with mevalonate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate, but not farnesyl pyrophosphate, abolished these anticontractile effects, indicating that the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway is critically involved. Thus, simvastatin reduces PTB incidence in mice, inhibits myometrial contractions, and exhibits key anti-inflammatory effects, providing a rationale for investigation into the repurposing of statins to treat preterm labor in women.—Boyle, A. K., Rinaldi, S. F., Rossi, A. G., Saunders, P. T. K., Norman, J. E. Repurposing simvastatin as a therapy for preterm labor: evidence from preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley K Boyle
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sara F Rinaldi
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa T K Saunders
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jane E Norman
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sakamoto K. [A Cellular Pharmacological Approach to the Development of Drugs to Treat Muscle Wasting]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2018; 138:1271-1275. [PMID: 30270271 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.18-00091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy reduces quality of life and increases mortality. However, there are few available drugs for the treatment of muscle atrophy. Recently, cell signaling pathways involved in skeletal muscle atrophy or hypertrophy have been determined. To develop drugs for skeletal muscle atrophy, we have studied compounds which modulate pathways of myogenic differentiation, a pivotal step for the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass. First, we examined a K+ channel opener on myogenic differentiation, since hyperpolarization is a trigger for skeletal muscle differentiation. 5,6-Dichloro-1-ethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one (DCEBIO), an opener of the small/intermediate conductance Ca2+ activated K+ (SKCa/IKCa) channels, increases myogenic differentiation in C2C12 mouse skeletal myoblasts. This effect was inhibited by TRAM-34, an IKCa channel blocker. This suggests that K+ channels in skeletal muscle stem cells are potential targets for an anti-muscle atrophy drug. Next, we searched for drugs which prevent sepsis-induced muscle atrophy. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an inducer of sepsis, attenuates myogenic differentiation in C2C12 myoblasts. LPS also increases the protein expression of myostatin and activates NFκB during differentiation. The TLR4 signal inhibitor TAK-242, and an anti-TNFα neutralizing antibody, reduce these inflammatory responses. Our data suggest that LPS inhibits myogenic differentiation via the NFκB/TNFα pathway. This pathway may be involved in the development of muscle wasting caused by sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Irwin JC, Khalesi S, Fenning AS, Vella RK. The effect of lipophilicity and dose on the frequency of statin-associated muscle symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2018; 128:264-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
8
|
Antonopoulos AS, Margaritis M, Shirodaria C, Antoniades C. Translating the effects of statins: from redox regulation to suppression of vascular wall inflammation. Thromb Haemost 2017; 108:840-8. [PMID: 22872079 DOI: 10.1160/th12-05-0337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vascular oxidative stress is a key feature of atherogenesis, and targeting vascular redox signalling is a rational therapeutic goal in vascular disease pathogenesis. 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins are potent lipid-lowering drugs that improve cardiovascular outcomes. It is now widely accepted that cardiovascular disease prevention by statins is dependent not only on their lipid lowering effects, but also on their beneficial effects on vascular redox signalling. Cell culture and animal models have provided important findings on the effects of statins on vascular redox and nitric oxide bioavailability. Recent evidence from studies on human vessels has further enhanced our understanding of the "pleiotropic" effects of statins on vascular wall. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction in human vessels by statins is dependent on the mevalonate pathway and Rac1 inhibition. These critical steps are responsible for reducing NADPH-oxidase activity and improving tetrahydrobiopterin bioavailability and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) coupling in human vessels. However, mevalonate pathway inhibition has been also held responsible for some of the side effects observed after statin treatment. In this review we summarise the existing knowledge on the effects of statins on vascular biology by discussing key findings from basic science as well as recent evidence from translational studies in humans. Finally, we discuss emerging aspects of statin pleiotropy, such as their effects on adipose tissue biology and adipokine synthesis that may light additional mechanistic links between statin treatment and improvement of clinical outcome in primary and secondary prevention.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hissa B, Oakes PW, Pontes B, Ramírez-San Juan G, Gardel ML. Cholesterol depletion impairs contractile machinery in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43764. [PMID: 28256617 PMCID: PMC5335656 DOI: 10.1038/srep43764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates numerous cellular processes. Depleting its synthesis in skeletal myofibers induces vacuolization and contraction impairment. However, little is known about how cholesterol reduction affects cardiomyocyte behavior. Here, we deplete cholesterol by incubating neonatal cardiomyocytes with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Traction force microscopy shows that lowering cholesterol increases the rate of cell contraction and generates defects in cell relaxation. Cholesterol depletion also increases membrane tension, Ca2+ spikes frequency and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. These changes can be correlated with modifications in caveolin-3 and L-Type Ca2+ channel distributions across the sarcolemma. Channel regulation is also compromised since cAMP-dependent PKA activity is enhanced, increasing the probability of L-Type Ca2+ channel opening events. Immunofluorescence reveals that cholesterol depletion abrogates sarcomeric organization, changing spacing and alignment of α-actinin bands due to increase in proteolytic activity of calpain. We propose a mechanism in which cholesterol depletion triggers a signaling cascade, culminating with contraction impairment and myofibril disruption in cardiomyocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hissa
- James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Physics Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Physics Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bruno Pontes
- LPO-COPEA, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Guillermina Ramírez-San Juan
- James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Physics Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Margaret L. Gardel
- James Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Physics Department, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Piette AB, Dufresne SS, Frenette J. A short-term statin treatment changes the contractile properties of fast-twitch skeletal muscles. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:449. [PMID: 27793139 PMCID: PMC5084426 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-1306-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cumulative evidence indicates that statins induce myotoxicity. However, the lack of understanding of how statins affect skeletal muscles at the structural, functional, and physiological levels hampers proper healthcare management. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the early after-effects of lovastatin on the slow-twitch soleus (Sol) and fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles. Methods Adult C57BL/6 mice were orally administrated with placebo or lovastatin [50 mg/kg/d] for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the isometric ex vivo contractile properties of the Sol and EDL muscles were measured. Subtetanic and tetanic contractions were assessed and contraction kinetics were recorded. The muscles were then frozen for immunohistochemical analyses. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by an a posteriori Tukey’s test. Results The short-term lovastatin treatment did not induce muscle mass loss, muscle fiber atrophy, or creatine kinase (CK) release. It had no functional impact on slow-twitch Sol muscles. However, subtetanic stimulations at 10 Hz provoked greater force production in fast-twitch EDL muscles. The treatment also decreased the maximal rate of force development (dP/dT) of twitch contractions and prolonged the half relaxation time (1/2RT) of tetanic contractions of EDL muscles. Conclusions An early short-term statin treatment induced subtle but significant changes in some parameters of the contractile profile of EDL muscles, providing new insights into the selective initiation of statin-induced myopathy in fast-twitch muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Boulanger Piette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Sébastien S Dufresne
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jérôme Frenette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CHUQ-CHUL), Axe Neurosciences, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada. .,Département de Réadaptation, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Atil B, Berger-Sieczkowski E, Bardy J, Werner M, Hohenegger M. In vitro and in vivo downregulation of the ATP binding cassette transporter B1 by the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor simvastatin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 389:17-32. [PMID: 26319048 PMCID: PMC4700083 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extrusion of chemotherapeutics by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters like ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) represents a crucial mechanism of multidrug resistance in cancer therapy. We have previously shown that the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor simvastatin directly inhibits ABCB1, alters the glycosylation of the transporter, and enhances the intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin with subsequent anti-cancer action. Here, we show that simvastatin reduces endogenous dolichol levels and ABCB1 in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Coapplication with dolichol prevents the downregulation of the ABCB1 transporter. Importantly, dolichol also attenuated simvastatin-induced apoptosis, unmasking involvement of unfolded protein response. Direct monitoring of the fluorescent fusion protein YFP-ABCB1 further confirms concentration-dependent reduction of ABCB1 in HEK293 cells by simvastatin. In simvastatin-treated murine xenografts, ABCB1 was also reduced in the liver and rhabdomyosarcoma but did not reach significance in neuroblastoma. Nevertheless, the in vivo anti-cancer effects of simvastatin are corroborated by increased apoptosis in tumor tissues. These findings provide experimental evidence for usage of simvastatin in novel chemotherapeutic regimens and link dolichol depletion to simvastatin-induced anti-cancer activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Atil
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Johanna Bardy
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Heinrich-Collin-Strasse 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Werner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Internal Medicine, Hanuschkrankenhaus, Heinrich-Collin-Strasse 30, 1140, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Hohenegger
- Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstraße 13A, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Peric D, Barragan I, Giraud-Triboult K, Egesipe AL, Meyniel-Schicklin L, Cousin C, Lotteau V, Petit V, Touhami J, Battini JL, Sitbon M, Pinset C, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Laustriat D, Peschanski M. Cytostatic Effect of Repeated Exposure to Simvastatin: A Mechanism for Chronic Myotoxicity Revealed by the Use of Mesodermal Progenitors Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2936-48. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Peric
- INSERM U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
- UEVE U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
| | - Isabel Barragan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institute; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Anne-Laure Egesipe
- INSERM U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
- UEVE U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
| | - Laurène Meyniel-Schicklin
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- INSERM U1111; Lyon France
| | | | - Vincent Lotteau
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research; Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- INSERM U1111; Lyon France
| | | | - Jawida Touhami
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5535; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Jean-Luc Battini
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5535; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS, UMR5535; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Christian Pinset
- INSERM U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
- UEVE U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
| | | | | | - Marc Peschanski
- INSERM U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
- UEVE U861; I-Stem, Evry Cedex Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Andres AM, Hernandez G, Lee P, Huang C, Ratliff EP, Sin J, Thornton CA, Damasco MV, Gottlieb RA. Mitophagy is required for acute cardioprotection by simvastatin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1960-73. [PMID: 23901824 PMCID: PMC4208607 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We have shown that autophagy and mitophagy are required for preconditioning. While statin's cardioprotective effects are well known, the role of autophagy/mitophagy in statin-mediated cardioprotection is not. In this study, we used HL-1 cardiomyocytes and mice subjected to ischemia/reperfusion to elucidate the mechanism of statin-mediated cardioprotection. RESULTS HL-1 cardiomyocytes exposed to simvastatin for 24 h exhibited diminished protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, increased activation of unc-51-like kinase 1, and upregulation of autophagy and mitophagy. Similar findings were obtained in hearts of mice given simvastatin. Mevalonate abolished simvastatin's effects on Akt/mTOR signaling and autophagy induction in HL-1 cells, indicating that the effects are mediated through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Simvastatin-treated HL-1 cells exhibited mitochondrial translocation of Parkin and p62/SQSTM1, fission, and mitophagy. Because Parkin is required for mitophagy and is expressed in heart, we investigated the effect of simvastatin on infarct size in Parkin knockout mice. Simvastatin reduced infarct size in wild-type mice but showed no benefit in Parkin knockout mice. Inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase limits mevalonate availability for both cholesterol and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) biosynthesis. CoQ supplementation had no effect on statin-induced Akt/mTOR dephosphorylation or macroautophagy in HL-1 cells, but it potently blocked mitophagy. Importantly, CoQ supplementation abolished statin-mediated cardioprotection in vivo. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION Acute simvastatin treatment suppresses mTOR signaling and triggers Parkin-dependent mitophagy, the latter which is required for cardioprotection. Coadministration of CoQ with simvastatin impairs mitophagy and cardioprotection. These results raise the concern that CoQ may interfere with anti-ischemic benefits of statins mediated through stimulation of mitophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen M Andres
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University , San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Inflammasome activation in response to dead cells and their metabolites. Curr Opin Immunol 2014; 30:91-8. [PMID: 25282339 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death cannot go unnoticed. It demands that the surrounding cells clear away the corpses in a manner appropriate to the type of cell death. Dying cells represent a threat to the body that should be eliminated by the host immune response. Inflammasome activation followed by IL-1alpha release and IL-1beta maturation is crucial for tackling pathological conditions, including infections, whereas inflammasome activation precedes inflammatory pyroptotic cell death. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that the inflammasome plays an important role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Here, we review current knowledge of the association between cell death, excess metabolites, and inflammasome activation as it relates to chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
|
15
|
Murlasits Z, Radák Z. The Effects of Statin Medications on Aerobic Exercise Capacity and Training Adaptations. Sports Med 2014; 44:1519-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0224-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
16
|
Hur J, Liu Z, Tong W, Laaksonen R, Bai JPF. Drug-induced rhabdomyolysis: from systems pharmacology analysis to biochemical flux. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:421-32. [PMID: 24422454 DOI: 10.1021/tx400409c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to integrate systems pharmacology and biochemical flux to delineate drug-induced rhabdomyolysis by leveraging prior knowledge and publicly accessible data. A list of 211 rhabdomyolysis-inducing drugs (RIDs) was compiled and curated from multiple sources. Extended pharmacological network analysis revealed that the intermediators directly interacting with the pharmacological targets of RIDs were significantly enriched with functions such as regulation of cell cycle, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. A total of 78 intermediators were shown to be significantly connected to at least five RIDs, including estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), synuclein gamma (SNCG), and janus kinase 2 (JAK2). Transcriptomic analysis of RIDs profiled in Connectivity Map on the global scale revealed that multiple pathways are perturbed by RIDs, including ErbB signaling and lipid metabolism pathways, and that carnitine palmitoyl transferase 2 (CPT2) was in the top 1 percent of the most differentially perturbed genes. CPT2 was downregulated by nine drugs that perturbed the genes significantly enriched in oxidative phosphorylation and energy-metabolism pathways. With statins as the use case, biochemical pathway analysis on the local scale implicated a role for CPT2 in statin-induced perturbation of energy homeostasis, which is in agreement with reports of statin-CPT2 interaction. Considering the complexity of human biology, an integrative multiple-approach analysis composed of a biochemical flux network, pharmacological on- and off-target networks, and transcriptomic signature is important for understanding drug safety and for providing insight into clinical gene-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junguk Hur
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Statins, a group of drugs used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia, have adverse effects on skeletal muscle. The symptoms of these effects range from slight myalgia to severe rhabdomyolysis. The number of patients currently taking statins is estimated to be several millions worldwide. However, the mechanism of statins' myotoxic effects is unclear. Statins inhibit biosynthesis of mevalonate, a rate-limiting step of cholesterol synthesis, by inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase. Mevalonate is also an essential precursor for producing isoprenoids such as farnesylpyrophosphate and geranylgeranylpyrophosphate. These isoprenoids are especially important for anchoring small GTPases to the membrane before they function; e.g., Ras GTPases modulate proliferation and apoptosis, Rho GTPases control cytoskeleton formation, and Rab GTPases are essential for intracellular vesicle trafficking. Inactivation of these small GTPases alters cellular functions. Recently, we successfully reproduced statin-induced myotoxicity in culture dishes using in vitro skeletal muscle systems (e.g., skeletal myotubes and myofibers). This review summarizes our findings that statins induce depletion of isoprenoids and inactivation of small GTPases, especially Rab, which are critical for statin-induced myotoxicity. Although further study is required, our findings may contribute to the prevention and treatment of statins' adverse effects on skeletal muscle and development of safer anti-hypercholesterolemia drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Stefanadis C. Statins in heart failure--With preserved and reduced ejection fraction. An update. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 141:79-91. [PMID: 24022031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors or statins beyond their lipid lowering properties and mevalonate inhibition exert also their actions through a multiplicity of mechanisms. In heart failure (HF) the inhibition of isoprenoid intermediates and small GTPases, which control cellular function such as cell shape, secretion and proliferation, is of clinical significance. Statins share also the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor pathway and inactivate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation suppressing inflammatory cascade. By down-regulating Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathways, statins increase the stability of eNOS mRNA and induce activation of eNOS through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/eNOS pathway restoring endothelial function. Statins change also myocardial action potential plateau by modulation of Kv1.5 and Kv4.3 channel activity and inhibit sympathetic nerve activity suppressing arrhythmogenesis. Less documented evidence proposes also that statins have anti-hypertrophic effects - through p21ras/mitogen activated protein kinase pathway - which modulate synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and procollagen 1 expression affecting interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Clinical studies have partly confirmed the experimental findings and despite current guidelines new evidence supports the notion that statins can be beneficial in some cases of HF. In subjects with diastolic HF, moderately impaired systolic function, low b-type natriuretic peptide levels, exacerbated inflammatory response and mild interstitial fibrosis evidence supports that statins can favorably affect the outcome. Under the lights of this evidence in this review article we discuss the current knowledge on the mechanisms of statins' actions and we link current experimental and clinical data to further understand the possible impact of statins' treatment on HF syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Tousoulis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Evangelos Oikonomou
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Siasos
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christodoulos Stefanadis
- 1st Cardiology Department, University of Athens Medical School, "Hippokration" Hospital, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sakamoto K, Wada I, Kimura J. Inhibition of Rab1 GTPase and endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi trafficking underlies statin's toxicity in rat skeletal myofibers. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 338:62-9. [PMID: 21467191 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor statins are used for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. However, statins have adverse effects on skeletal muscles with unknown mechanism. We have reported previously that fluvastatin induced vacuolation and cell death in rat skeletal myofibers by depleting geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) and suppressing small GTPases, particularly Rab (FASEB J 21:4087-4094, 2007). Rab1 is one of the most susceptible Rab isoforms to GGPP depletion and is essential for endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-to-Golgi trafficking. Here, we explored whether Rab1 and ER-to-Golgi vesicle trafficking were affected by statins in cultured single myofibers isolated from flexor digitorum brevis muscles of adult rats. Western blot analysis revealed that Rab1A protein resided predominantly in membrane but not in cytosol in control myofibers, whereas it was opposite in fluvastatin-treated myofibers, indicating that fluvastatin inhibited Rab1A translocation from cytosol to membrane. GGPP supplementation prevented the effect of fluvastatin on Rab1A translocation. Brefeldin A, a specific suppressor of ER-to-Golgi trafficking, induced vacuolation and cell death in myofibers in a manner similar to that of fluvastatin. Although ER-to-Golgi traffic suppression induces unfolded protein response (UPR) and cell death in some cell types, neither fluvastatin nor brefeldin A up-regulated UPR in myofibers. Immunofluorescence study revealed that the distribution of an ER marker, calnexin, was restricted to the region around nucleus with fluvastatin, suggesting the inhibition of ER membrane traffic by fluvastatin. We conclude that suppression of Rab1 GTPase and the subsequent inhibition of ER-to-Golgi traffic are involved in statin-induced skeletal myotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuho Sakamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|