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Horinouchi T, Mazaki Y, Miwa S. Mechanism of cytotoxicity induced by the cigarette smoke extract (CSE) of heated tobacco products in vascular smooth muscle cells: A comparative study of the cytotoxic effects of CSE and the ferroptosis inducer, erastin. J Pharmacol Sci 2024; 154:86-96. [PMID: 38246732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are marketed worldwide as less harmful alternatives to combustible cigarettes; however, their cytotoxic mechanisms in vascular smooth muscle cells are poorly understood. Ferroptosis is defined as iron-dependent cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxidation products. In this study, the cytotoxic effects of nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) derived from three types of HTPs and the ferroptosis inducer, erastin, on vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cells were compared. Cigarette smoke from all HTPs was generated according to the following puffing regime: 55 mL, puff volume; 30 s, puff interval; 2 s, puff duration; bell-shaped, puff profile; and no blocking of the ventilation holes. Erastin and CSE decreased mitochondrial metabolic activity and increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage. The cytotoxic effects of erastin were almost completely inhibited by the radical-trapping antioxidant, UAMC-3203; iron chelator, deferoxamine mesylate (DFO); 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) inhibitor, baicalein; and selective 15-LOX inhibitor, ML351. In contrast, CSE-induced cell damage was partially attenuated by UAMC-3203, baicalein, and ML351 but not by DFO. These results suggest that erastin induces ferroptosis via 15-LOX-mediated iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, whereas CSE causes iron-independent cell damage via 15-LOX-mediated lipid peroxidation-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Toyooka General Hospital, 1094 Tobera, Toyooka, Hyogo, 668-8501, Japan
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Seo YS, Park JM, Kim JH, Lee MY. Cigarette Smoke-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Formation: A Concise Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1732. [PMID: 37760035 PMCID: PMC10525535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12091732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking is recognized as a significant risk factor for numerous disorders, including cardiovascular diseases, respiratory conditions, and various forms of cancer. While the exact pathogenic mechanisms continue to be explored, the induction of oxidative stress via the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) is widely accepted as a primary molecular event that predisposes individuals to these smoking-related ailments. This review focused on how cigarette smoke (CS) promotes ROS formation rather than the pathophysiological repercussions of ROS and oxidative stress. A comprehensive analysis of existing studies revealed the following key ways through which CS imposes ROS burden on biological systems: (1) ROS, as well as radicals, are intrinsically present in CS, (2) CS constituents generate ROS through chemical reactions with biomolecules, (3) CS stimulates cellular ROS sources to enhance production, and (4) CS disrupts the antioxidant system, aggravating the ROS generation and its functions. While the evidence supporting these mechanisms is chiefly based on in vitro and animal studies, the direct clinical relevance remains to be fully elucidated. Nevertheless, this understanding is fundamental for deciphering molecular events leading to oxidative stress and for developing intervention strategies to counter CS-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moo-Yeol Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University, Goyang-si 10326, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea; (Y.-S.S.); (J.-M.P.); (J.-H.K.)
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3
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Higashi T, Handa H, Mai Y, Maenaka K, Tadokoro T. Protein kinase Cβ is involved in cigarette smoke gas phase-induced ferroptosis in J774 macrophages. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 153:22-25. [PMID: 37524450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for respiratory infection caused by immune cell dysfunction. Cigarette smoke is divided into tar and gas phases. Although the gas phase induces cell death in various cell types, the mechanism for gas phase-induced cell death remains to be clarified. In this study, we have examined the effects of cigarette smoke gas phase on J774 macrophages. Cigarette smoke gas phase and cytotoxic factors in the gas phase induced protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent ferroptosis. Pharmacological studies using isoform-specific PKC inhibitors have revealed that PKCβ is involved in cigarette smoke gas phase-induced ferroptosis in J774 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Haruka Handa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mai
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 7, North 15, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Katsumi Maenaka
- Laboratory of Biomolecule Science, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research & Development, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Tadokoro
- Center for Research and Education on Drug Discovery, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, West 6, North 12, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 060-0812, Japan; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, 1-1-1 Daigakudori, Sanyo-Onoda, Yamaguchi, 756-0884, Japan
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Petsophonsakul P, Burgmaier M, Willems B, Heeneman S, Stadler N, Gremse F, Reith S, Burgmaier K, Kahles F, Marx N, Natour E, Bidar E, Jacobs M, Mees B, Reutelingsperger C, Furmanik M, Schurgers L. Nicotine promotes vascular calcification via intracellular Ca2+-mediated, Nox5-induced oxidative stress and extracellular vesicle release in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2196-2210. [PMID: 34273166 PMCID: PMC9302892 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Smokers are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences cardiovascular disease resulting in accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of nicotine on initiation of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification and to elucidate underlying mechanisms. Methods and results We assessed vascular calcification of 62 carotid lesions of both smoking and non-smoking patients using ex vivo micro-computed tomography (µCT) scanning. Calcification was present more often in carotid plaques of smokers (n = 22 of 30, 73.3%) compared to non-smokers (n = 11 of 32, 34.3%; P < 0.001), confirming higher atherosclerotic burden. The difference was particularly profound for microcalcifications, which was 17-fold higher in smokers compared to non-smokers. In vitro, nicotine-induced human primary VSMC calcification, and increased osteogenic gene expression (Runx2, Osx, BSP, and OPN) and extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. The pro-calcifying effects of nicotine were mediated by Ca2+-dependent Nox5. SiRNA knock-down of Nox5 inhibited nicotine-induced EV release and calcification. Moreover, pre-treatment of hVSMCs with vitamin K2 ameliorated nicotine-induced intracellular oxidative stress, EV secretion, and calcification. Using nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) blockers α-bungarotoxin and hexamethonium bromide, we found that the effects of nicotine on intracellular Ca2+ and oxidative stress were mediated by α7 and α3 nAChR. Finally, we showed that Nox5 expression was higher in carotid arteries of smokers and correlated with calcification levels in these vessels. Conclusion In this study, we provide evidence that nicotine induces Nox5-mediated pro-calcific processes as novel mechanism of increased atherosclerotic calcification. We identified that activation of α7 and α3 nAChR by nicotine increases intracellular Ca2+ and initiates calcification of hVSMCs through increased Nox5 activity, leading to oxidative stress-mediated EV release. Identifying the role of Nox5-induced oxidative stress opens novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment of smoking-induced cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploingarm Petsophonsakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Mathias Burgmaier
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Brecht Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Heeneman
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Nadina Stadler
- Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Gremse
- Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Reith
- Department of Cardiology, St. Franziskus Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Burgmaier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne Germany
| | - Florian Kahles
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Medical Clinic I, University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen, Germany
| | - Ehsan Natour
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands.,European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Elham Bidar
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands.,European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Jacobs
- European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Barend Mees
- European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC), Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Chris Reutelingsperger
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Malgorzata Furmanik
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Schurgers
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.,Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Horinouchi T, Mazaki Y, Terada K, Miwa S. Cigarette Smoke Extract and Its Cytotoxic Factor Acrolein Inhibit Nitric Oxide Production in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2020; 43:1804-1809. [PMID: 32879145 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein (ACR), a highly reactive α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, is a major cytotoxic factor in nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (CSE). There are conflicting results regarding endothelial functions despite the fact that both CSE and ACR cause cellular damage. Several lines of evidence indicate that CSE impairs endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO)-dependent vasodilation by reducing the activity and protein expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), whereas ACR elicits endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation by increasing the production of NO and expression of eNOS. To clarify whether CSE and its cytotoxic factor ACR cause endothelial dysfunction, this study examined the effects of CSE and ACR on human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells. CSE and ACR reduced the phosphorylation of eNOS at serine (Ser)1177 and total expression of eNOS. The CSE- and ACR-induced decrease in the phosphorylation and expression of eNOS was counteracted by glutathione (reduced form), an antioxidant. Basal NO production was inhibited by CSE, ACR, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (a competitive eNOS inhibitor), and nominally Ca2+-free solution supplemented with BAPTA-AM (a membrane permeable Ca2+ chelator). These results indicate that CSE and ACR increase oxidative stress, and reduce NO production by reducing the activity and total protein level of eNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
| | - Koji Terada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shiga University of Medical Science
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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Arimilli S, Makena P, Prasad GL. Combustible Cigarette and Smokeless Tobacco Product Preparations Differentially Regulate Intracellular Calcium Mobilization in HL60 Cells. Inflammation 2020; 42:1641-1651. [PMID: 31190105 PMCID: PMC6719334 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-019-01025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the level of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) are central to leukocyte signaling and immune response. Although evidence suggests that cigarette smoking affects inflammatory response via an increase in intracellular calcium, it remains unclear if the use of smokeless tobacco (e.g., moist snuff) elicits a similar response. In this study, we evaluated the effects of tobacco product preparations (TPPs), including total particulate matter (TPM) from 3R4F reference cigarettes, smokeless tobacco extract (STE) from 2S3 reference moist snuff, and nicotine alone on Ca2+ mobilization in HL60 cells. Treatment with TPM, but not STE or nicotine alone, significantly increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner in HL60 cells. Moreover, TPM-induced [Ca2+]i increase was not related to extracellular Ca2+ and did not require the activation of the IP3 pathway nor involved the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. Our findings indicate that, in cells having either intact or depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores, TPM-mediated [Ca2+]i increase involves cytosolic Ca2+ pools other than thapsigargin-sensitive ER Ca2+ stores. These results, for the first time, demonstrate that TPM triggers [Ca2+]i increases, while significantly higher nicotine equivalent doses of STE or nicotine alone, did not affect [Ca2+]i under the experimental conditions. In summary, our study suggests that in contrast with STE or nicotine preparations, TPM activates Ca2+ signaling pathways in HL60 cells. The differential effect of combustible and non-combustible TPPs on Ca2+ mobilization could be a useful in vitro endpoint for tobacco product evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arimilli
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories PSS, Winston-Salem, NC, 27105, USA
| | - P Makena
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, 27105, USA.
| | - G L Prasad
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, 27105, USA
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7
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Higashi T, Mai Y, Mazaki Y. Protein kinase C-dependent cell damage by unsaturated carbonyl compounds in vascular cells. J Biosci Bioeng 2018; 126:527-532. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Higashi T, Mai Y, Mazaki Y, Miwa S. Intracellular Ca 2+ is an essential factor for cell damage induced by unsaturated carbonyl compounds. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:680-684. [PMID: 28751126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The unsaturated carbonyl compounds are known as the environmental pollutants. Acrolein (ACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) are representative unsaturated carbonyl compounds. ACR is contained in smoke, automobile exhaust, industrial waste, and several foods. MVK is widely used as the industrial chemical. Although ACR and MVK are highly toxic, the molecular mechanism for their cytotoxicity has been unclear. We have previously reported that ACR and MVK are major cytotoxic compounds in the gas phase of cigarette smoke, and protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor and NADPH oxidases inhibitor partially rescued cells from ACR- or MVK-induced cell death (Noya et al., Toxicology, 314, 1-10, 2013). PKC translocation, which is hallmark for PKC activation, and cell damage were induced by treatment of cultured cells with ACR or MVK. Intracellular Ca2+ chelator completely suppressed ACR- or MVK-induced PKC translocation to the cell membrane and cell damage, while extracellular Ca2+ chelator had no effects on ACR- and MVK-induced cytotoxicity. These results suggest that intracellular Ca2+ is an essential factor for cell damage caused by both PKC-dependent and PKC-independent pathways, and mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores is induced by ACR or MVK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Mai
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuichi Mazaki
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8638, Japan
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Lin BH, Tsai MH, Lii CK, Wang TS. IP3 and calcium signaling involved in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell rounding induced by cigarette smoke extract in human endothelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:1293-1306. [PMID: 25758670 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Smoking increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders and leads to damage caused by inflammation and oxidative stress. The actin cytoskeleton is a key player in the response to inflammatory stimuli and is an early target of cellular oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in actin cytoskeleton dynamics in human endothelial EA.hy926 cells exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Immunostaining revealed that CSE exposure resulted in modification of the actin cytoskeleton and led to cell rounding in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, the intracellular calcium concentration was increased by treatment with CSE. Pretreatment with antioxidants (lipoic acid, glutathione, N-acetyl cysteine, aminoguanidine, α-tocopherol, and vitamin C) significantly attenuated the CSE-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell rounding. Calcium ion chelators (EGTA, BAPTA-AM AM) and a potent store-operated calcium channel inhibitor (MRS 1845) also reduced CSE-induced intracellular calcium changes and attenuated actin cytoskeleton reorganization and cell morphology change. Moreover, the CSE-induced intracellular calcium increase was suppressed by pretreatment with the inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) inhibitor xestospongin C, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U-73122, and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor GF109203X. These results suggest that reactive oxygen species production and intracellular calcium increase play an essential role in CSE-induced actin disorganization and cell rounding through a PLC-IP3-PKC signaling pathway. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 1293-1306, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hong Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsuan Tsai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Kuei Lii
- Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Shing Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Coenzyme Q10 protects renal proximal tubule cells against nicotine-induced apoptosis through induction of p66shc-dependent antioxidant responses. Apoptosis 2016; 22:220-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Higashi T, Mai Y, Mazaki Y, Horinouchi T, Miwa S. A Standardized Method for the Preparation of a Gas Phase Extract of Cigarette Smoke. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:898-902. [PMID: 27251490 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The gas phase of cigarette smoke is important from the viewpoint of human health, because it can pass through alveolar epithelium and enter the circulation. There is no standard method for the preparation of a gas phase extract of cigarette smoke (CSE), although CSE is widely used for research instead of whole cigarette smoke. We have established a standard method for the preparation of CSE. One cigarette per trial is continuously combusted under a reduced pressure generated by an aspiration pump with a velocity of 1.050 L/min: the main stream of the smoke is passed through a Cambridge filter to remove tar, and subsequently, bubbled through a glass ball filter (pore size, 20-30 µm) into 15 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). To express the concentration of CSE, a virtual tar concentration is introduced, which is calculated assuming that tar trapped on the Cambridge filter is dissolved in the PBS. CSEs prepared from smaller numbers of cigarettes (original virtual tar concentration≤15 mg/mL) show similar concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity versus virtual tar concentrations. CSEs prepared from various brands of cigarettes and by different smoking regimes (continuous and puff smoking) show similar cytotoxic potency if the virtual tar concentrations are the same. In conclusion, using the standardized method for CSE preparation in combination with the virtual tar concentration, it becomes possible to simply and rapidly prepare standard CSEs with defined concentrations from any brand of cigarettes, which are toxicologically equivalent to CSE prepared by puff smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University
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12
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Horinouchi T, Higashi T, Mazaki Y, Miwa S. Carbonyl Compounds in the Gas Phase of Cigarette Mainstream Smoke and Their Pharmacological Properties. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:909-14. [PMID: 27251492 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette mainstream smoke is composed of gas and tar phases and contains >4000 chemical constituents, including nicotine and tar. The substances in the gas phase but not in the tar phase can pass through the airway epithelial barrier, enter the systemic circulation via the pulmonary circulation, and increase systemic oxidative damage, leading to the development of cigarette smoking-related diseases such as atherosclerosis. Recently, we identified some stable carbonyl compounds, including acrolein (ACR) and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), as major cytotoxic factors in nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract (CSE) of the gas phase. CSE, ACR, and MVK induce protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent activation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) and subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NOX, causing plasma membrane damage and cell apoptosis. CSE, ACR, and MVK also trigger carbonylation of PKC, which is an irreversible oxidative modification. Cell damage and PKC carbonylation in response to treatment with CSE, ACR, or MVK are abolished by thiol-containing antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine and reduced glutathione. Thus pharmacological modulation of PKC and NOX activities and the trapping of ROS are potential strategies for the prevention of diseases related to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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13
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Chang HT, Chou CT, Kuo DH, Shieh P, Jan CR, Liang WZ. The Mechanism of Ca(2+) Movement in the Involvement of Baicalein-Induced Cytotoxicity in ZR-75-1 Human Breast Cancer Cells. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2015; 78:1624-1634. [PMID: 26154615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone) (1) has been found to be active against a wide variety of cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of 1 on the induction of Ca(2+) movement and cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cells is unknown. This study examined the relationship between 1-induced Ca(2+) signaling and cytotoxicity in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. The in vitro investigations reported herein produced the following results: (i) Compound 1 increased intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) in a concentration-dependent manner. The signal was decreased by approximately 50% by removal of extracellular Ca(2+). (ii) Compound 1-triggered [Ca(2+)]i increases were significantly suppressed by store-operated Ca(2+) channel blockers 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and the PKC inhibitor GF109203X. (iii) In Ca(2+)-free medium, compound 1-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases were also inhibited by GF109203X. Furthermore, pretreatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitor thapsigargin (TG) or 2,5-ditert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) abolished 1-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) with U73122 abolished 1-induced [Ca(2+)]i increases. (iv) Compound 1 (20-40 μM) caused cytotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and activated caspase-9/caspase-3. Furthermore, compound 1-induced apoptosis was significantly inhibited by prechelating cytosolic Ca(2+) with BAPTA-AM (1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester) or by decreasing ROS with the antioxidant NAC (N-acetylcysteine). Together, baicalein (1) induced a [Ca(2+)]i increase by inducing PLC-dependent Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) entry via PKC-dependent, 2-APB-sensitive store-operated Ca(2+) channels. Moreover, baicalein (1) induced Ca(2+)-associated apoptosis involved ROS production in ZR-75-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tai Chang
- †Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiang-Ting Chou
- ‡Department of Nursing, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 613, Taiwan, Republic of China
- §Chronic Diseases and Health Promotion Research Center, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chia-Yi 613, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Daih-Huang Kuo
- ⊥Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pochuen Shieh
- ⊥Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chung-Ren Jan
- ∥Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Zhe Liang
- ∥Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, 386 Ta-Chung 1st Road, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan, Republic of China
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14
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Vaid M, Katiyar SK. Grape seed proanthocyanidins inhibit cigarette smoke condensate-induced lung cancer cell migration through inhibition of NADPH oxidase and reduction in the binding of p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins. Mol Carcinog 2015; 54 Suppl 1:E61-71. [PMID: 24798688 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer. It is therefore important to develop effective strategies that target molecular abnormalities induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). Cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress particularly via activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX), a key source of superoxide anion production. Here, we report that grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) exert an inhibitory effect on the CSC-induced migration of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells (A549, H460, and H1299). Using an in vitro invasion assay, we found that treatment of NSCLC cells with CSC increased NSCLC cell migration by enhancing NOX mediated-oxidative stress. Treatment of NSCLC cells with GSPs inhibited the CSC-induced cell migration through reduction in oxidative stress levels and a reduction in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. To identify the molecular targets of GSPs, we examined the effects of GSPs on CSC-induced alterations in the levels of key NOX components, namely p22(phox) and p47(phox) proteins, using A549 cells. We also determined the effect of GSPs on CSC-induced interaction/binding between these proteins, which is a key event in NOX activation. We found that treatment of A549 cells with GSPs not only inhibited the CSC-induced increase in the expression levels of p22(phox) and p47(phox) , but also reduced the binding of p22(phox) to p47(phox) proteins. This new insight into the anti-lung cancer cell migration activity of GSPs could serve as a basis for development of improved chemopreventive or therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudit Vaid
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Santosh K Katiyar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
- Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama
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15
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Higashi T, Mai Y, Noya Y, Horinouchi T, Terada K, Hoshi A, Nepal P, Harada T, Horiguchi M, Hatate C, Kuge Y, Miwa S. A simple and rapid method for standard preparation of gas phase extract of cigarette smoke. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107856. [PMID: 25229830 PMCID: PMC4168273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke consists of tar and gas phase: the latter is toxicologically important because it can pass through lung alveolar epithelium to enter the circulation. Here we attempt to establish a standard method for preparation of gas phase extract of cigarette smoke (CSE). CSE was prepared by continuously sucking cigarette smoke through a Cambridge filter to remove tar, followed by bubbling it into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). An increase in dry weight of the filter was defined as tar weight. Characteristically, concentrations of CSEs were represented as virtual tar concentrations, assuming that tar on the filter was dissolved in PBS. CSEs prepared from smaller numbers of cigarettes (original tar concentrations ≤ 15 mg/ml) showed similar concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity versus virtual tar concentrations, but with CSEs from larger numbers (tar ≥ 20 mg/ml), the curves were shifted rightward. Accordingly, the cytotoxic activity was detected in PBS of the second reservoir downstream of the first one with larger numbers of cigarettes. CSEs prepared from various cigarette brands showed comparable concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity. Two types of CSEs prepared by continuous and puff smoking protocols were similar regarding concentration-response curves for cytotoxicity, pharmacology of their cytotoxicity, and concentrations of cytotoxic compounds. These data show that concentrations of CSEs expressed by virtual tar concentrations can be a reference value to normalize their cytotoxicity, irrespective of numbers of combusted cigarettes, cigarette brands and smoking protocols, if original tar concentrations are ≤15 mg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsunehito Higashi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yosuke Mai
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yoichi Noya
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horinouchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koji Terada
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akimasa Hoshi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Prabha Nepal
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuya Harada
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mika Horiguchi
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chizuru Hatate
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Soichi Miwa
- Department of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- * E-mail:
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16
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Noya Y, Seki KI, Asano H, Mai Y, Horinouchi T, Higashi T, Terada K, Hatate C, Hoshi A, Nepal P, Horiguchi M, Kuge Y, Miwa S. Identification of stable cytotoxic factors in the gas phase extract of cigarette smoke and pharmacological characterization of their cytotoxicity. Toxicology 2013; 314:1-10. [PMID: 23981515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular diseases, but the mechanism for its genesis is unknown. We have recently shown that the gas phase of cigarette smoke (nicotine- and tar-free cigarette smoke extract; CSE) likely to reach the systemic circulation contains stable substances which cause cytotoxicity like plasma membrane damage and cell death in cultured cells, and also that the plasma membrane damage is caused through sequential activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH oxidase (NOX) and the resulting generation of reactive oxygen species (PKC/NOX-dependent mechanism), whereas cell death is caused through PKC/NOX-dependent and -independent mechanisms. To identify these stable substances, the CSE was prepared by passing the main-stream smoke of 10 cigarettes through a Cambridge glass fiber filter, trapping of the smoke in a vessel cooled at -80°C, and subsequent dissolution in 10ml of water. The CSE was fractionated into nine fractions using reversed-phase HPLC, and each fraction was screened for cytotoxicity in cultured cells, using propidium iodide uptake assay for cell membrane damage and MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] reduction assay for cell viability. The cytotoxicity was positive in two of the nine fractions (Fr2 and Fr5). After extraction of the active fractions into dichloromethane, GC/MS analysis identified 2-cyclopenten-1-one (CPO) in Fr5 but none in Fr2. After derivatization of the active fractions with O-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride, GC/MS analysis identified acrolein, acetone and propionaldehyde in Fr2, and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) in Fr5. After 4-h incubation, authentic acrolein and MVK induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with EC50 values of 75.9±8.2 and 47.0±8.0μM (mean±SEM; n=3), respectively, whereas acetone, propionaldehyde and CPO were without effect. However, after 24-h incubation, CPO induced concentration-dependent cytotoxicity with an EC50 value of 264.0±16.9μM (n=3). The concentrations of acrolein, MVK and CPO in the CSE were 3368±334, 2429±123 and 392.9±31.8μM (n=4), respectively, which were higher than the cytotoxic concentrations. The cytotoxicity of acrolein and MVK consisted of plasma membrane damage and decreased cell viability: the plasma membrane damage was totally prevented by treatment with an inhibitor of PKC or NOX, whereas the decreased cell viability was only partially prevented by these inhibitors. The cytotoxicity of CPO consisted only of decreased cell viability, which was totally resistant to these inhibitors. These results show that acrolein and MVK are responsible for the acute cytotoxicity of the CSE through PKC/NOX-dependent and -independent mechanisms, whereas CPO is responsible for the delayed cytotoxicity of the CSE through a PKC/NOX-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Noya
- Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, North 15, West 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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