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Sprowles JLN, Vorhees CV, Williams MT. Impact of preweaning stress on long-term neurobehavioral outcomes in Sprague-Dawley rats: Differential effects of barren cage rearing, pup isolation, and the combination. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 84:106956. [PMID: 33524508 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2021.106956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two developmental stressors were compared in preweaning rats exposed to either one stressor or both. Stressors were barren cage rearing or maternal separation (pup isolation). 40 gravid Sprague-Dawley CD/IGS rats were randomly assigned to two cage conditions: standard (Std) cage or barren cage (Bar), 20 litters/condition throughout gestation and lactation. After delivery, litters were randomly culled to 4 males and 4 females. The second stressor was maternal separation: Two male/female pairs per litter were isolated from their dam 4 h/day (Iso) and two pairs were not (Norm). Hence, there were 4 conditions: Std-Norm, Std-Iso, Bar-Norm, and Bar-Iso. One pair/litter/stress condition received the following: elevated zero-maze (EZM), open-field, swim channel, Cincinnati water maze, conditioned fear, and open-field with methamphetamine challenge. The second pair/litter/condition received the light-dark test, swim channel, Morris water maze, forced swim, and EZM with diazepam challenge. Barren rearing reduced EZM time-in-open, whereas isolation rearing reduced open-field activity in males and increased it in females. Effects on straight channel swimming were minor. In the Cincinnati water maze test of egocentric learning, isolation rearing increased errors whereas barren cage housing reduced errors in combination with normal rearing. Barren cage with maternal separation (pup isolation) increased Cincinnati water maze escape latency but not errors. Barren cage housing reduced hyperactivity in response to methamphetamine. Isolation rearing increased time in open in the EZM after diazepam challenge. Trends were seen in the Morris water maze. These suggested that barren cage and isolation rearing in combination reduced latency on acquisition on days 1 and 2 in males, whereas females had increased latency on days 2 and 3. Combined exposure to two developmental stressors did not induce additive or synergistic effects, however the data show that these stressors had long-term effects with some evidence that the combination of both caused effects when either stressor alone did not, but synergism was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L N Sprowles
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Charles V Vorhees
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Michael T Williams
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Khoo SYS, Correia V, Uhrig A. Nesting material enrichment reduces severity of overgrooming-related self-injury in individually housed rats. Lab Anim 2020; 54:546-558. [PMID: 31924130 DOI: 10.1177/0023677219894356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual or singly-housing laboratory rats is common in many animal facilities, but has an adverse impact on the welfare of this social species. It has previously been shown that a small proportion of individually housed mice (∼5%) engage in pathological overgrooming behaviour, but this has not been assessed in rats. We performed an observational study to determine the prevalence of overgrooming-related self-injury and whether providing nesting material enrichment throughout an animal's life would affect the prevalence or severity of overgrooming-related self-injury. Due to protocol differences between projects in our behavioural neuroscience lab, unenriched rats received a nylabone and a shelter (n = 167), while baseline-enriched rats received a nylabone, shelter and shredded paper nesting material throughout experiments (n = 238). Unenriched rats received nesting material enrichment after the onset of overgrooming-related self-injury. Over 18 months, rats were monitored by their experimenters on a daily basis (5-7 days/week over 2-3 months/project) and any cases of overgrooming-related self-injury were recorded. Replicating the findings of previous studies in mice, we observed 20 cases of overgrooming-related self-injury (∼5%) with no difference in prevalence between rats on the basis of supplier, cage position, experimental procedure (behavioural only or involving surgical procedures), reinforcer (ethanol or sugar) or level of baseline-enrichment. While there was no difference in onset severity between rats that were unenriched at baseline and baseline-enriched rats, baseline-enriched rats had lower self-injury severity scores at one-, two- and four-week follow-ups. These results suggest that nesting material enrichment provided throughout an animal's life may reduce overgrooming-related self-injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Y-S Khoo
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, 5618Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vanessa Correia
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, 5618Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandra Uhrig
- Center for Studies in Behavioral Neurobiology, Department of Psychology, 5618Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
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4
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Cerasuolo M, Conte F, Giganti F, Ficca G. Sleep changes following intensive cognitive activity. Sleep Med 2019; 66:148-158. [PMID: 31877506 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies over the last 40 years have mainly investigated sleep structure changes as a result of wake duration, in the frame of the classical sleep regulation theories. However, wake intervals of the same duration can profoundly differ in their intensity, which actually reflects the degree of cognitive and physical activity. Data on how sleep can be modified by wake intensity changes (initially sparse and of little consistence) have become much more substantial, especially in the frame of the intense research debate on sleep-memory relationships. Our aim is to examine the vast repertoire of sleep modifications that depend on waking cognitive manipulations, highlighting the sleep features that appear most affected. By systematically addressing this issue, we want to set the basis for future research exploring both the specific nature of the mechanisms involved and the applicative psychosocial and clinical fall-outs, in terms of possible behavioural interventions for sleep quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Cerasuolo
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Giganti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ficca
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Caserta, Italy.
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Peveler JL, Swan MP, Wheeler RR, Boehm CA, Hickman DL. Effects of Various Commercially Available Enrichment Options on Handling and Chronic Stress Markers in Female ICR Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2019; 58:119-125. [PMID: 30696520 PMCID: PMC6433358 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-17-000103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although social housing of mice generally is preferred, mice must be individually housed in some situations. In these cases, enhanced attention to environmental enrichment is encouraged, but few studies assess the wellbeing of mice provided various enrichments. In this study, we used female ICR mice to evaluate enrichment strategies that encouraged natural behaviors including foraging, exercise, sheltering, and socialization. After 3 mo of exposure to the assigned enrichment strategy, wellbeing was assessed by evaluating behavioral and physiologic differences between groups. The results suggested that the use of red-tinted igloos may decrease markers of mouse wellbeing. However, none of the selected strategies yielded measures of wellbeing indicating improvement as compared to individually housed mice with no enrichment (negative control). Furthermore, measures were not significantly different between paired mice and individually housed mice with no enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Peveler
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Melissa P Swan
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - R'nld R Wheeler
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Christine A Boehm
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Debra L Hickman
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
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Resting preferences and welfare of Finnraccoon (Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis) females housed in various housing conditions in winter. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neal S, Kent M, Bardi M, Lambert KG. Enriched Environment Exposure Enhances Social Interactions and Oxytocin Responsiveness in Male Long-Evans Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:198. [PMID: 30233335 PMCID: PMC6133956 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Both social and physical stimuli contribute to the complexity of an animal’s environment, influencing biobehavioral responses to subsequent challenges. In the current study, male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to an isolate (ISO), social control (SC) or social enriched (SE) group (n = 8 per group). The SC and SE conditions were group housed with the SE group exposed to physical enrichment stimuli that were natural as opposed to manufactured (e.g., hollowed out log instead of plastic hiding place). On three occasions during their 40-day enriched environment exposure, night/dark phase videos were obtained for 1 h during the early part of the dark phase. During this time, the SE animals exhibited significantly more social grooming with no differences between the SE and SC in the frequency of play or self-grooming bouts. Subsequently, all animals were assessed in social interaction and problem-solving escape tasks during the last week of the enriched environment exposure. SE rats exhibited increased digging bouts toward the restrained conspecific in the social interaction task whereas the other groups exhibited more escape responses. In the problem-solving task, SE animals exhibited a decreased latency to cross the barrier to escape from the predator odor (i.e., cat urine and fur). Neural analyses indicated increased oxytocin-immunoreactive (OT-ir) tissue in the SE supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus compared to the other groups. Interestingly, blood samples indicated lower peripheral corticosterone (CORT) and higher OT levels in the ISO animals when compared to the SC and SE animals, an effect retrospectively attributed to separation anxiety in the SE and SC animals in preparation for histology procedures. When the behavioral, neural and endocrine data were visualized as a multifaceted dataset via a multidimensional scaling analysis, however, an association between social enrichment and higher OT involvement was observed in the SE animals, as well as heightened stress responsivity in the ISO and SC groups. In sum, the SE animals exhibited a facilitation of social responses, problem-solving ability and OT immunoreactive responsiveness. These findings provide new information about the influences of both physical and social stimuli in dynamic and enriched environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Neal
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States
| | - Molly Kent
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Massimo Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, Ashland, VA, United States
| | - Kelly G Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Richmond, Richmond, VA, United States
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Childress P, Brinker A, Gong CMS, Harris J, Olivos DJ, Rytlewski JD, Scofield DC, Choi SY, Shirazi-Fard Y, McKinley TO, Chu TMG, Conley CL, Chakraborty N, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Forces associated with launch into space do not impact bone fracture healing. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2018; 16:52-62. [PMID: 29475520 PMCID: PMC5828031 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Segmental bone defects (SBDs) secondary to trauma invariably result in a prolonged recovery with an extended period of limited weight bearing on the affected limb. Soldiers sustaining blast injuries and civilians sustaining high energy trauma typify such a clinical scenario. These patients frequently sustain composite injuries with SBDs in concert with extensive soft tissue damage. For soft tissue injury resolution and skeletal reconstruction a patient may experience limited weight bearing for upwards of 6 months. Many small animal investigations have evaluated interventions for SBDs. While providing foundational information regarding the treatment of bone defects, these models do not simulate limited weight bearing conditions after injury. For example, mice ambulate immediately following anesthetic recovery, and in most cases are normally ambulating within 1-3 days post-surgery. Thus, investigations that combine disuse with bone healing may better test novel bone healing strategies. To remove weight bearing, we have designed a SBD rodent healing study in microgravity (µG) on the International Space Station (ISS) for the Rodent Research-4 (RR-4) Mission, which launched February 19, 2017 on SpaceX CRS-10 (Commercial Resupply Services). In preparation for this mission, we conducted an end-to-end mission simulation consisting of surgical infliction of SBD followed by launch simulation and hindlimb unloading (HLU) studies. In brief, a 2 mm defect was created in the femur of 10 week-old C57BL6/J male mice (n = 9-10/group). Three days after surgery, 6 groups of mice were treated as follows: 1) Vivarium Control (maintained continuously in standard cages); 2) Launch Negative Control (placed in the same spaceflight-like hardware as the Launch Positive Control group but were not subjected to launch simulation conditions); 3) Launch Positive Control (placed in spaceflight-like hardware and also subjected to vibration followed by centrifugation); 4) Launch Positive Experimental (identical to Launch Positive Control group, but placed in qualified spaceflight hardware); 5) Hindlimb Unloaded (HLU, were subjected to HLU immediately after launch simulation tests to simulate unloading in spaceflight); and 6) HLU Control (single housed in identical HLU cages but not suspended). Mice were euthanized 28 days after launch simulation and bone healing was examined via micro-Computed Tomography (µCT). These studies demonstrated that the mice post-surgery can tolerate launch conditions. Additionally, forces and vibrations associated with launch did not impact bone healing (p = .3). However, HLU resulted in a 52.5% reduction in total callus volume compared to HLU Controls (p = .0003). Taken together, these findings suggest that mice having a femoral SBD surgery tolerated the vibration and hypergravity associated with launch, and that launch simulation itself did not impact bone healing, but that the prolonged lack of weight bearing associated with HLU did impair bone healing. Based on these findings, we proceeded with testing the efficacy of FDA approved and novel SBD therapies using the unique spaceflight environment as a novel unloading model on SpaceX CRS-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Childress
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Alexander Brinker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Cynthia-May S Gong
- KBR Wyle Laboratory and Division of Space Biology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Harris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David J Olivos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Rytlewski
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - David C Scofield
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Sungshin Y Choi
- KBR Wyle Laboratory and Division of Space Biology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Yasaman Shirazi-Fard
- KBR Wyle Laboratory and Division of Space Biology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
| | - Todd O McKinley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Tien-Min G Chu
- Department of Biomedical and Applied Sciences, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Carolynn L Conley
- Department of Defense Space Test Program, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- Geneva Foundation, Fredrick, MD, United States; US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fredrick, MD, United States
| | - Rasha Hammamieh
- US Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fredrick, MD, United States
| | - Melissa A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, 1130 W. Michigan St, FH 115, Indianapolis, IN, United States.
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Bodden C, Siestrup S, Palme R, Kaiser S, Sachser N, Richter SH. Evidence-based severity assessment: Impact of repeated versus single open-field testing on welfare in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2018; 336:261-268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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10
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McBride EA. Small prey species’ behaviour and welfare: implications for veterinary professionals. J Small Anim Pract 2017; 58:423-436. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Anne McBride
- School of Psychology; University of Southampton; Southampton, SO17 1BJ UK
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11
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Microbial lysate upregulates host oxytocin. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:36-49. [PMID: 27825953 PMCID: PMC5431580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide hormone oxytocin has roles in social bonding, energy metabolism, and wound healing contributing to good physical, mental and social health. It was previously shown that feeding of a human commensal microbe Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is sufficient to up-regulate endogenous oxytocin levels and improve wound healing capacity in mice. Here we show that oral L. reuteri-induced skin wound repair benefits extend to human subjects. Further, dietary supplementation with a sterile lysate of this microbe alone is sufficient to boost systemic oxytocin levels and improve wound repair capacity. Oxytocin-producing cells were found to be increased in the caudal paraventricular nucleus [PVN] of the hypothalamus after feeding of a sterile lysed preparation of L. reuteri, coincident with lowered blood levels of stress hormone corticosterone and more rapid epidermal closure, in mouse models. We conclude that microbe viability is not essential for regulating host oxytocin levels. The results suggest that a peptide or metabolite produced by bacteria may modulate host oxytocin secretion for potential public or personalized health goals.
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Grabowska M, Kędzierska K, Michałek K, Słuczanowska-Głąbowska S, Grabowski M, Piasecka M, Kram A, Rotter I, Rył A, Laszczyńska M. Effects of an immunosuppressive treatment on the rat prostate. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:2899-2915. [PMID: 27672312 PMCID: PMC5026216 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s111695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of different combinations of immunosuppressive drugs on the morphology, ultrastructure, and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and cytoskeleton proteins in the rat dorsolateral prostate. The studies were conducted on 48 male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into eight groups: a control group and seven experimental groups. For 6 months, the animals in the experimental groups were administered a combination of drugs including rapamycin (Rapa), cyclosporin A, tacrolimus (Tac), mycophenolate mofetil, and prednisone (Pred), according to the standard three-drug regimens for immunosuppressive therapy used in clinical practice. An evaluation of the morphology and ultrastructure was conducted, and a quantitative evaluation of the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and desmin- and cytokeratin-positive cells with weak, moderate, and strong expression was performed. The combination of Rapa, Tac, and Pred caused the smallest morphological and ultrastructural changes in the rat prostate cells. In the case of rats whose treatment was switched to Rapa monotherapy, a decreased percentage of proliferating cells of both the glandular epithelium and the stroma was found. Decreases in body weight and changes in the expression of cytokeratin and desmin were observed in all the experimental rats. The combination of Rapa, Tac, and Pred would seem to be the most beneficial for patients who do not suffer from prostate diseases. Our results justify the use of inhibitors of the mammalian target of Rapa in the treatment of patients with prostate cancer. The changes in the expression of cytoskeleton proteins may be the result of direct adverse effects of the immunosuppressive drugs, which are studied in this article, on the structure and organization of intermediate filament proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Grabowska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University
| | - Karolina Kędzierska
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University
| | - Katarzyna Michałek
- Department of Physiology, Cytobiology and Proteomics, West Pomeranian University of Technology
| | | | - Maciej Grabowski
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology
| | - Małgorzata Piasecka
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University
| | - Andrzej Kram
- Department of Pathology, West Pomeranian Oncology Center
| | - Iwona Rotter
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Rył
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University
| | - Maria Laszczyńska
- Department of Histology and Developmental Biology, Pomeranian Medical University
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Díez-León M, Bursian S, Galicia D, Napolitano A, Palme R, Mason G. Environmentally enriching American mink (Neovison vison) increases lymphoid organ weight and skeletal symmetry, and reveals differences between two sub-types of stereotypic behaviour. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Makowska IJ, Weary DM. Differences in Anticipatory Behaviour between Rats (Rattus norvegicus) Housed in Standard versus Semi-Naturalistic Laboratory Environments. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147595. [PMID: 26820978 PMCID: PMC4731070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Laboratory rats are usually kept in relatively small cages, but research has shown that they prefer larger and more complex environments. The physiological, neurological and health effects of standard laboratory housing are well established, but fewer studies have addressed the sustained emotional impact of a standard cage environment. One method of assessing affective states in animals is to look at the animals' anticipatory behaviour between the presentation of a cue signalling the arrival of a reward and the arrival of that reward. The primary aim of this study was to use anticipatory behaviour to assess the affective state experienced by female rats a) reared and housed long-term in a standard laboratory cage versus a semi-naturalistic environment, and b) before and after treatment with an antidepressant or an anxiolytic. A secondary aim was to add to the literature on anticipatory behaviour by describing and comparing the frequency and duration of individual elements of anticipatory behaviour displayed by rats reared in these two systems. In all experiments, total behavioural frequency was higher in standard-housed rats compared to rats from the semi-naturalistic condition, suggesting that standard-housed rats were more sensitive to rewards and experiencing poorer welfare than rats reared in the semi-naturalistic environment. What rats did in anticipation of the reward also differed between housing treatments, with standard-housed rats mostly rearing and rats from the semi-naturalistic condition mostly sitting facing the direction of the upcoming treat. Drug interventions had no effect on the quantity or form of anticipatory behaviour, suggesting that the poorer welfare experienced by standard-housed rats was not analogous to depression or anxiety, or alternatively that the drug interventions were ineffective. This study adds to mounting evidence that standard laboratory housing for rats compromises rat welfare, and provides further scientific support for recommendations that current minimum standards be raised.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Joanna Makowska
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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15
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What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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16
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Li X, Li S, Zheng W, Pan J, Huang K, Chen R, Pan T, Liao G, Chen Z, Zhou D, Shen W, Zhou W, Liu Y. Environmental enrichment and abstinence attenuate ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11611. [PMID: 26112338 PMCID: PMC4481381 DOI: 10.1038/srep11611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was designed to investigate the effect of abstinence in combination with environmental enrichment (EE) on cardiac and renal toxicity induced by 2 weeks of ketamine self-administration (SA) in rodents. In Experiment 1, one group of rats underwent ketamine SA for 14 days. In Experiment 2, the animals completed 2 weeks of ketamine SA followed by 2 and 4 weeks of abstinence. In Experiment 3, animals underwent 14 days of ketamine SA and 4 weeks of abstinence in which isolated environment (IE) and EE was introduced. The corresponding control groups were included for each experiment. Two weeks of ketamine SA caused significant increases in organ weight, Apoptosis Stimulating Fragment/Kidney Injury Molecule-1, and apoptotic level of heart and kidney. The extended length of withdrawal from ketamine SA partially reduced toxicity on the heart and kidney. Finally, introduction of EE during the period of abstinence greatly promoted the effect of abstinence on ketamine-induced cardiac and renal toxicity. The interactive effect of EE and abstinence was promising to promote the recovery of cardiac and renal toxicity of ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Li
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyan Li
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Jian Pan
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Kunyu Huang
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Tonghe Pan
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Liao
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhongming Chen
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Ningbo Kangning Hospital, 1 Zhuangyu Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315731, P.R.China
| | - Wenwen Shen
- Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China
| | - Wenhua Zhou
- 1] Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China [2] Ningbo Addiction Research and Treatment Center, 42 Xibei Rd., Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R.China
| | - Yu Liu
- Ningbo University School of Medicine, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P. R. China
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Abou-Ismail UA, Mohamed RA, El-Kholya SZ. The effects of witnessing managemental procedures during the light versus the dark phase of the light cycle on behaviour, performance and welfare of laboratory rats. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Díez-León M, Bowman J, Bursian S, Filion H, Galicia D, Kanefsky J, Napolitano A, Palme R, Schulte-Hostedde A, Scribner K, Mason G. Environmentally enriched male mink gain more copulations than stereotypic, barren-reared competitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80494. [PMID: 24282547 PMCID: PMC3839975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild carnivores in zoos, conservation breeding centres, and farms commonly live in relatively small, unstimulating enclosures. Under these captive conditions, in a range of species including giant pandas, black-footed ferrets, and European mink, male reproductive abilities are often poor. Such problems have long been hypothesized to be caused by these animals' housing conditions. We show for the first time that rearing under welfare-improving (i.e., highly valued and stress-reducing) environmental enrichments enhances male carnivores' copulatory performance: in mate choice competitions, enriched male American mink (Neovison vison) mated more often than non-enriched males. We screened for several potential mediators of this effect. First was physiological stress and its impact on reproductive physiology; second, stress-mediated changes in morphology and variables related to immunocompetence that could influence male attractiveness; and third, behavioural changes likely to affect social competence, particularly autistic-like excessive routine and repetition ('perseveration') as is reflected in the stereotypies common in captive animals. Consistent with physiological stress, excreted steroid metabolites revealed that non-enriched males had higher cortisol levels and lower androgen levels than enriched conspecifics. Their os penises (bacula) also tended to be less developed. Consistent with reduced attractiveness, non-enriched males were lighter, with comparatively small spleens and a trend to greater fluctuating asymmetry. Consistent with impaired social competence, non-enriched males performed more stereotypic behaviour (e.g., pacing) in their home cages. Of all these effects, the only significant predictor of copulation number was stereotypy (a trend suggesting that low bodyweights may also be influential): highly stereotypic males gained the fewest copulations. The neurophysiological changes underlying stereotypy thus handicap males sexually. We hypothesise that such males are abnormally perseverative when interacting with females. Investigating similar problems in other taxa would be worthwhile, since many vertebrates, wild and domestic, live in conditions that cause stereotypic behaviour and/or impair neurological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Díez-León
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff Bowman
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Research and Development Section, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Hélène Filion
- Department of Biology Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Galicia
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jeannette Kanefsky
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Napolitano
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Kim Scribner
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Georgia Mason
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Everds NE, Snyder PW, Bailey KL, Bolon B, Creasy DM, Foley GL, Rosol TJ, Sellers T. Interpreting Stress Responses during Routine Toxicity Studies. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 41:560-614. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623312466452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress often occurs during toxicity studies. The perception of sensory stimuli as stressful primarily results in catecholamine release and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis to increase serum glucocorticoid concentrations. Downstream effects of these neuroendocrine signals may include decreased total body weights or body weight gain; food consumption and activity; altered organ weights (e.g., thymus, spleen, adrenal); lymphocyte depletion in thymus and spleen; altered circulating leukocyte counts (e.g., increased neutrophils with decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils); and altered reproductive functions. Typically, only some of these findings occur in a given study. Stress responses should be interpreted as secondary (indirect) rather than primary (direct) test article–related findings. Determining whether effects are the result of stress requires a weight-of-evidence approach. The evaluation and interpretation of routinely collected data (standard in-life, clinical pathology, and anatomic pathology endpoints) are appropriate and generally sufficient to assess whether or not changes are secondary to stress. The impact of possible stress-induced effects on data interpretation can partially be mitigated by toxicity study designs that use appropriate control groups (e.g., cohorts treated with vehicle and subjected to the same procedures as those dosed with test article), housing that minimizes isolation and offers environmental enrichment, and experimental procedures that minimize stress and sampling and analytical bias. This article is a comprehensive overview of the biological aspects of the stress response, beginning with a Summary (Section 1) and an Introduction (Section 2) that describes the historical and conventional methods used to characterize acute and chronic stress responses. These sections are followed by reviews of the primary systems and parameters that regulate and/or are influenced by stress, with an emphasis on parameters evaluated in toxicity studies: In-life Procedures (Section 3), Nervous System (Section 4), Endocrine System (Section 5), Reproductive System (Section 6), Clinical Pathology (Section 7), and Immune System (Section 8). The paper concludes (Section 9) with a brief discussion on Minimizing Stress-Related Effects (9.1.), and a final section explaining why Parameters routinely measured are appropriate for assessing the role of stress in toxicology studies (9.2.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Keith L. Bailey
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and the Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Meagher RK, Campbell DL, Dallaire JA, Díez-León M, Palme R, Mason GJ. Sleeping tight or hiding in fright? The welfare implications of different subtypes of inactivity in mink. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Morris CL, Grandin T, Irlbeck NA. COMPANION ANIMALS SYMPOSIUM: Environmental enrichment for companion, exotic, and laboratory animals1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:4227-38. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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