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Li D, Lu Y, Xiao F, Cheng X, Hu C, Zhu X, Wang X, Duan H, Du L, Zhang Q. A recombinant plasmid encoding human hepatocyte growth factor promotes healing of combined radiation-trauma skin injury involved in regulating Nrf2 pathway in mice. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:279-290. [PMID: 38682896 PMCID: PMC11115442 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Combined radiation-trauma skin injury represents a severe and intractable condition that urgently requires effective therapeutic interventions. In this context, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a multifunctional growth factor with regulating cell survival, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation and antioxidation, may be valuable for the treatment of combined radiation-trauma injury. This study investigated the protective effects of a recombinant plasmid encoding human HGF (pHGF) on irradiated human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells in vitro, and its capability to promote the healing of combined radiation-trauma injuries in mice. The pHGF radioprotection on irradiated HaCaT cells in vitro was assessed by cell viability, the expression of Nrf2, Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. In vivo therapeutic treatment, the irradiated mice with full-thickness skin wounds received pHGF local injection. The injuries were appraised based on relative wound area, pathology, immunohistochemical detection, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling assay and cytokine content. The transfection of pHGF increased the cell viability and Nrf2 expression in irradiated HaCaT cells. pHGF also significantly upregulated Bcl-2 expression, decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and inhibited the expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in irradiated cells. Local pHGF injection in vivo caused high HGF protein expression and noticeable accelerated healing of combined radiation-trauma injury. Moreover, pHGF administration upregulated Nrf2, vascular endothelial growth factor, Bcl-2 expression, downregulated Bax expression and mitigated inflammatory response. In conclusion, the protective effect of pHGF may be related to inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation involving by upregulating Nrf2. Local pHGF injection distinctly promoted the healing of combined radiation-trauma injury and demonstrates potential as a gene therapy intervention for combined radiation-trauma injury in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dujuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, University of South China, 28 Changsheng West Road, Zhengxiang District, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuxin Lu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaochen Cheng
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy & International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Targeted and Innovative Therapeutics, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe avenue, Yongchuan District, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Haiying Duan
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Li Du
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100850, China
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Bruno JG, Sivils JC, Mohan S, Natarajan M. Alpha-thiol deoxynucleotide triphosphates (S-dNTPs) as radioprotective agents: A novel approach. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 660:6-12. [PMID: 37058844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the ability of a mixture of four different alpha-thiol deoxynucleotide triphosphates (S-dNTPs) each at a concentration of 10μM when incorporated into the genomic DNA of proliferating human HL-60 and Mono-Mac-6 (MM-6) cells in vitro to provide protection from 2, 5, and 10 Gy of gamma radiation was investigated. Incorporation of the four different S-dNTPs into nuclear DNA at 10 μM concentration for five days was validated by agarose gel electrophoretic band shift analysis. S-dNTP-treated genomic DNA reacted with BODIPY-iodoacetamide demonstrated a band shift to higher molecular weight to confirm the presence of sulfur moieties in the resultant phosphorothioate DNA backbones. No overt signs of toxicity or obvious morphologic cellular differentiation were noted in the presence of 10 μM S-dNTPs even after 8 days in culture. Significantly reduced radiation-induced persistent DNA damage measured at 24 and 48 h post-exposure by γ-H2AX histone phosphorylation using FACS analysis in S-dNTP incorporated HL-60 and MM6 cells indicated protection against radiation-induced direct and indirect DNA damage. Statistically significant protection by S-dNTPs was noted at the cellular level by CellEvent™ Caspase-3/7 assay, which assess the extent of apoptotic events, and by trypan blue dye exclusion to assed cell viability. The results appear to support an innocuous antioxidant thiol radioprotective effect built into genomic DNA backbones as the last line of defense against ionizing radiation and free radical-induced DNA damage.
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Wang H, Wang B, Wei J, Zheng Z, Su J, Bian C, Xin Y, Jiang X. Sulforaphane regulates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant activity and downregulates TGF-β1/Smad pathways to prevent radiation-induced muscle fibrosis. Life Sci 2022; 311:121197. [PMID: 36400201 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to examine the efficacy of sulforaphane (SFN) in preventing radiation-induced muscle fibrosis (RIMF) and the potential role in nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant stress. MAIN METHODS The RIMF model was established by a single irradiation of the left thigh of C57BL/6 J mice, and the mice were then randomly divided into control, SFN, irradiation (IR), and IR + SFN (IR/SFN) groups. The serum and skeletal muscle were collected eight weeks after irradiation, and changes in oxidative stress and muscle fibrosis were detected. KEY FINDINGS The IR group showed a more obvious skeletal muscle fiber atrophy, significantly higher number of collagen fibers, and higher inflammatory cell infiltration compared to control group. Compared to the IR group, the IR/SFN group had orderly arranged muscle fibers, decreased collagen fibers, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. In addition, compared with the control group, the expression of oxidative stress-related indexes was significantly increased, accompanied by activation of the transforming growth factor (TGF-β)/Smad pathway and its downstream fibrogenic molecules in the skeletal muscle of the IR group. After SFN intervention, the above indices were significantly restored. Furthermore, SFN induced the upregulation of Nrf2, activation of AKT, and inhibition of GSK-3β and Fyn accumulation. SIGNIFICANCE These results revealed that Nrf2 plays a central role in protecting against RIMF. Furthermore, SFN prevents RIMF by activating Nrf2 via the AKT/GSK-3β/Fyn pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinlong Wei
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zheng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jing Su
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Chenbin Bian
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Ying Xin
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.
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Swati, Chadha VD. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in propagating off-targeted effects following radiation based therapies - A review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108370. [PMID: 34083045 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an important diagnostic and treatment modality, ionizing radiation (IR) is also known to cause genotoxicity and multiple side effects leading to secondary carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has improved patient recovery and enhanced survival rates, the risk of radiation-related adverse effects has become a growing challenge. It is now well-accepted that IR-induced side effects are not exclusively restricted to exposed cells but also spread to distant 'bystander' cells and even to the unexposed progeny of the irradiated cells. These 'off-targeted' effects involve a plethora of molecular events depending on the type of radiation and tumor tissue background. While the mechanisms by which off-targeted effects arise remain obscure, emerging evidence based on the non-mendelian inheritance of various manifestations of them as well as their persistence for longer periods supports a contribution of epigenetic factors. This review focuses on the major epigenetic phenomena including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small RNA mediated silencing and their versatile role in the manifestation of IR induced off-targeted effects. As short- and long-range communication vehicles respectively, the role of gap junctions and exosomes in spreading these epigenetic-alteration driven off-targeted effects is also discussed. Furthermore, this review emphasizes the possible therapeutic potentials of these epigenetic mechanisms and how beneficial outcomes could potentially be achieved by targeting various signaling molecules involved in these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Vijayta D Chadha
- Centre for Nuclear Medicine (U.I.E.A.S.T), South Campus, Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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Elbakrawy EM, Mayah A, Hill MA, Kadhim M. Induction of Genomic Instability in a Primary Human Fibroblast Cell Line Following Low-Dose Alpha-Particle Exposure and the Potential Role of Exosomes. BIOLOGY 2020; 10:biology10010011. [PMID: 33379152 PMCID: PMC7824692 DOI: 10.3390/biology10010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the induction of genomic instability (GI) in the progeny of cell populations irradiated with low doses of alpha-particles and the potential role of exosome-encapsulated bystander signalling. METHODS The induction of GI in HF19 normal fibroblast cells was assessed by determining the formation of micronuclei (MN) in binucleate cells along with using the alkaline comet assay to assess DNA damage. RESULTS Low dose alpha-particle exposure (0.0001-1 Gy) was observed to produce a significant induction of micronuclei and DNA damage shortly after irradiation (assays performed at 5 and 1 h post exposure, respectively). This damage was not only still evident and statistically significant in all irradiated groups after 10 population doublings, but similar trends were observed after 20 population doublings. Exosomes from irradiated cells were also observed to enhance the level of DNA damage in non-irradiated bystander cells at early times. CONCLUSION very low doses of alpha-particles are capable of inducing GI in the progeny of irradiated cells even at doses where <1% of the cells are traversed, where the level of response was similar to that observed at doses where 100% of the cells were traversed. This may have important implications with respect to the evaluation of cancer risk associated with very low-dose alpha-particle exposure and deviation from a linear dose response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Mohammed Elbakrawy
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Physics, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, 3 Ahmed El-Zomor Al Manteqah Ath Thamenah, Nasr City, Cairo 11787, Egypt
| | - Ammar Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
| | - Mark A. Hill
- Gray Laboratories, MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (E.M.E.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-0-1865-483954
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020. [PMID: 32399610 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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Helm JS, Rudel RA. Adverse outcome pathways for ionizing radiation and breast cancer involve direct and indirect DNA damage, oxidative stress, inflammation, genomic instability, and interaction with hormonal regulation of the breast. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:1511-1549. [PMID: 32399610 PMCID: PMC7261741 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02752-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge about established breast carcinogens can support improved and modernized toxicological testing methods by identifying key mechanistic events. Ionizing radiation (IR) increases the risk of breast cancer, especially for women and for exposure at younger ages, and evidence overall supports a linear dose-response relationship. We used the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework to outline and evaluate the evidence linking ionizing radiation with breast cancer from molecular initiating events to the adverse outcome through intermediate key events, creating a qualitative AOP. We identified key events based on review articles, searched PubMed for recent literature on key events and IR, and identified additional papers using references. We manually curated publications and evaluated data quality. Ionizing radiation directly and indirectly causes DNA damage and increases production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). RONS lead to DNA damage and epigenetic changes leading to mutations and genomic instability (GI). Proliferation amplifies the effects of DNA damage and mutations leading to the AO of breast cancer. Separately, RONS and DNA damage also increase inflammation. Inflammation contributes to direct and indirect effects (effects in cells not directly reached by IR) via positive feedback to RONS and DNA damage, and separately increases proliferation and breast cancer through pro-carcinogenic effects on cells and tissue. For example, gene expression changes alter inflammatory mediators, resulting in improved survival and growth of cancer cells and a more hospitable tissue environment. All of these events overlap at multiple points with events characteristic of "background" induction of breast carcinogenesis, including hormone-responsive proliferation, oxidative activity, and DNA damage. These overlaps make the breast particularly susceptible to ionizing radiation and reinforce that these biological activities are important characteristics of carcinogens. Agents that increase these biological processes should be considered potential breast carcinogens, and predictive methods are needed to identify chemicals that increase these processes. Techniques are available to measure RONS, DNA damage and mutation, cell proliferation, and some inflammatory proteins or processes. Improved assays are needed to measure GI and chronic inflammation, as well as the interaction with hormonally driven development and proliferation. Several methods measure diverse epigenetic changes, but it is not clear which changes are relevant to breast cancer. In addition, most toxicological assays are not conducted in mammary tissue, and so it is a priority to evaluate if results from other tissues are generalizable to breast, or to conduct assays in breast tissue. Developing and applying these assays to identify exposures of concern will facilitate efforts to reduce subsequent breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Helm
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA
| | - Ruthann A Rudel
- Silent Spring Institute, 320 Nevada Street, Suite 302, Newton, MA, 02460, USA.
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Oxidized Cell-Free DNA Is a Factor of Stress Signaling in Radiation-Induced Bystander Effects in Different Types of Human Cells. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:9467029. [PMID: 31531341 PMCID: PMC6721096 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9467029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In pathology or under damaging conditions, the properties of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) change. An example of such change is GC enrichment, which drastically alters the biological properties of cfDNA. GC-rich cfDNA is a factor of stress signaling, whereas genomic cfDNA is biologically inactive. GC-rich cfDNA stimulates TLR9-MyD88-NF-κB signaling cascade, leading to an increase in proinflammatory cytokine levels in the organism. In addition, GC-rich DNA is prone to oxidation and oxidized cfDNA can stimulate secondary oxidative stress. This article is a review of works dedicated to the investigation of a low-dose ionizing radiation effect, a bystander effect, and the role of cfDNA in both of these processes.
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9
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Yang L, Yang B, Wang Y, Liu T, He Z, Zhao H, Xie L, Mu H. The CTIP-mediated repair of TNF-α-induced DNA double-strand break was impaired by miR-130b in cervical cancer cell. Cell Biochem Funct 2019; 37:534-544. [PMID: 31418900 PMCID: PMC6852181 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drugs that induce DNA damage have the potential to kill cancer cells, but DNA repair protects cells from damage‐induced cell death. Thus, eliminating DNA repair is a potential approach to overcome cell drug resistance. In this study, we observed that the gene expression of C‐terminal binding protein interacting protein (CTIP) was promoted by TNF‐α stimulation and prevented TNF‐α‐induced double‐strand breaks (DSBs) in the genomes of cervical cancer cells. The putative miR‐130b targeted site within 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of CTIP mRNA was identified through in silico analysis and confirmed based on experimental data. By targeting the CTIP gene, miR‐130b caused the accumulation of DSBs and accelerated cell apoptosis in combination with poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Additionally, overexpression of the CTIP gene elevated cancer cell viability by promoting proliferation while miR‐130b antagonized CTIP‐stimulated cell reproduction. Consequently, miR‐130b destruction of DNA repair should be employed as a strategy to treat cervical cancer. Significance of the study Cervical cancer threatens the health of women all over the world. In this study, we observed that miR‐130b was able to cause the accumulation of DNA double‐strand breaks through suppressing the gene expression of C‐terminal binding protein interacting protein and to accelerate cell apoptosis by preventing DNA damage repairs in cervical cancer cells. As far as we know, the impact of miR‐130b on the DNA double‐strand break repair and on the cell apoptosis induced by the destruction of DNA repair in cervical cancer cells was firstly documented. It is reasonable to believe that miR‐130b destruction of DNA repair may be employed as a strategy to treat cervical cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Yang
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine, the Ministry of Health, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhankun He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hejun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lili Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Mu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Chen YJ, Tsai TH, Wang LY, Hsieh CH. Local Radiotherapy Affects Drug Pharmacokinetics-Exploration of a Neglected but Significant Uncertainty of Cancer Therapy. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2017; 16:705-716. [PMID: 29332468 PMCID: PMC5762083 DOI: 10.1177/1533034617737011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Concurrent chemoradiation therapy is the mainstay of treatment for many types of malignancies. However, concurrent chemoradiation therapy is associated with a greater number of systemic adverse effects than radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. Summary: Pharmacokinetics is the study of a drug and/or its metabolite kinetics in the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The incidences of adverse effects are markedly higher in patients who receive concurrent chemoradiation therapy than in those who receive either radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone. This phenomenon implies that irradiation affects the pharmacokinetics of cytotoxic agents, namely the radiotherapy–pharmacokinetic phenomenon. Experimental animal studies have shown that local irradiation affects the systemic pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin at both low dose (simulating generous dose distributed to normal tissues) and daily practice dose (mimicking therapeutic dose to target volumes). These effects are significant in the circulation of blood and lymphatic system as well as in the hepatobiliary excretion. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that matrix metalloproteinase-8 plays an important role in the radiotherapy–pharmacokinetic phenomenon. Conclusion: In the present review, we provide a general overview of the radiotherapy–pharmacokinetic phenomenon and discuss the possible mechanisms governing the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jen Chen
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ying Wang
- School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Physical Therapy Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsi Hsieh
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Li H, Yang ZY, Liu C, Zeng YP, Hao YH, Gu Y, Wang WD, Li R. PEGylated ceria nanoparticles used for radioprotection on human liver cells under γ-ray irradiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 87:26-35. [PMID: 26117316 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ceria nanoparticles (CNPs) have recently been shown to protect cells and animals from radiation-induced damage. However, most of the CNPs used in previous studies were either naked or weakly protected by surfactants, which inevitably encounter many obstacles in biological applications. Here, alendronate was used as an ideal anchor to graft polyethylene glycol (PEG) onto CNPs, leading to enhanced stability, reduced cytotoxicity, and improved biological properties. Further investigation assessed the protective ability of the nanoparticles against radiation-induced effects for human normal liver cells (L-02), indicating that the PEGylated CNPs (CNPs-AL-PEG) were more efficient than naked CNPs. We determined that enhanced Ce(3+)/Ce(4+) ratios improved intracellular dispersion and that the ameliorated intracellular distribution of CNPs-AL-PEG contributes to the elevated expression of SOD2, which leads to increased protection of normal cells against ROS and reduces the oxidatively generated DNA damage. These studies hold tremendous promise for radioprotection and biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhang-You Yang
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yi-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yu-Hui Hao
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ying Gu
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Wei-Dong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Combined Injury, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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12
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Kadhim MA, Hill MA. Non-targeted effects of radiation exposure: recent advances and implications. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2015; 166:118-124. [PMID: 25897137 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncv167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The target theory of radiation-induced effects has been challenged by numerous studies, which indicate that in addition to biological effects resulting from direct DNA damage within the cell, a variety of non-DNA targeted effects (NTE) may make important contributions to the overall outcome. Ionising radiation induces complex, global cellular responses, such as genomic instability (GI) in both irradiated and never-irradiated 'bystander' cells that receive molecular signals produced by irradiated cells. GI is a well-known feature of many cancers, increasing the probability of cells to acquire the 'hallmarks of cancer' during the development of tumours. Although epidemiological data include contributions of both direct and NTE, they lack (i) statistical power at low dose where differences in dose response for NTE and direct effects are likely to be more important and (ii) heterogeneity of non-targeted responses due to genetic variability between individuals. In this article, NTE focussing on GI and bystander effects were critically examined, the specific principles of NTE were discussed and the potential influence on human health risk assessment from low-dose radiation was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kadhim
- Genomic Instability Group, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - M A Hill
- CRUK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, ORCRB Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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13
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Ichim TE, Li S, Ma H, Yurova YV, Szymanski JS, Patel AN, Kesari S, Min WP, Wagner SC. Induction of tumor inhibitory anti-angiogenic response through immunization with interferon Gamma primed placental endothelial cells: ValloVax™. J Transl Med 2015; 13:90. [PMID: 25889119 PMCID: PMC4363400 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the concept of angiogenesis blockade as a therapeutic intervention for cancer has been repeatedly demonstrated, the full promise of this approach has yet to be realized. Specifically, drugs such as VEGF-blocking antibodies or kinase inhibitors suffer from the drawbacks of resistance development, as well as off-target toxicities. Previous studies have demonstrated feasibility of specifically inducing immunity towards tumor endothelium without consequences of systemic autoimmunity in both animal models and clinical settings. METHOD Placenta-derived endothelial cells were isolated and pretreated with interferon gamma to enhance immunogenicity. Syngeneic mice received subcutaneous administration of B16 melanoma, 4 T1 mammary carcinoma, and Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC), followed by administration of control saline, control placental endothelial cells, and interferon gamma primed endothelial cells (ValloVax™). Tumor volume was quantified. An LLC metastasis model was also established and treated under similar conditions. Furthermore, a safety analysis in non-tumor bearing mice bracketing the proposed clinical dose was conducted. RESULTS ValloVax™ immunization led to significant reduction of tumor growth and metastasis as compared to administration of non-treated placental endothelial cells. Mitotic inactivation by formalin fixation or irradiation preserved tumor inhibitory activity. Twenty-eight day evaluation of healthy male and female mice immunized with ValloVax™ resulted in no abnormalities or organ toxicities. CONCLUSION Given the established rationale behind the potential therapeutic benefit of inhibiting tumor angiogenesis as a treatment for cancer, immunization against a variety of endothelial cell antigens may produce the best clinical response, enhancing efficacy and reducing the likelihood of the development of treatment resistance. These data support the clinical evaluation of irradiated ValloVax™ as an anti-angiogenic cancer vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Ichim
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Hong Ma
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Yuliya V Yurova
- Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA.
| | - Julia S Szymanski
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Amit N Patel
- Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., MSC 0752, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0752, USA. .,Translational Neuro-Oncology Laboratories, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, 3855 Health Sciences Dr., MSC 0819, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0819, USA.
| | - Wei-Ping Min
- Department of Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Samuel C Wagner
- Batu Biologics Inc, San Diego, 9255 Towne Centre Drive, Suite 450, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
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14
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Toomer KH, Chen Z. Autoimmunity as a double agent in tumor killing and cancer promotion. Front Immunol 2014; 5:116. [PMID: 24672527 PMCID: PMC3957029 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy through manipulation of the immune system holds great potential for the treatment of human cancers. However, recent trials targeting the negative immune regulators cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, programed death 1 (PD-1), and PD-1 receptor ligand (PD-L1) demonstrated that clinically significant antitumor responses were often associated with the induction of autoimmune toxicity. This finding suggests that the same immune mechanisms that elicit autoimmunity may also contribute to the destruction of tumors. Given the fact that the immunological identity of tumors might be largely an immunoprivileged self, autoimmunity may not represent a wholly undesirable outcome in the context of cancer immunotherapy. Rather, targeted killing of cancer cells and autoimmune damage to healthy tissues may be intricately linked through molecular mechanisms, in particular inflammatory cytokine signaling. On the other hand, since chronic inflammation is a well-recognized condition that promotes tumor development, it appears that autoimmunity can be a "double agent" in mediating either pro-tumor or antitumor effects. This review surveys the tumor-promoting and tumoricidal activities of several prominent cytokines: IFN-γ, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-17, IL-23, IL-4, and IL-13, produced by three major subsets of T helper cells that interact with innate immune cells. Many of these cytokines exert divergent and seemingly contradictory effects on cancer development in different human and animal models, suggesting a high degree of context dependence in their functions. We hypothesize that these inflammatory cytokines could mediate a feedback loop of autoimmunity, antitumor immunity, and tumorigenesis. Understanding the diverse and paradoxical roles of cytokines from autoimmune responses in the setting of cancer will advance the long-term goal of improving cancer immunotherapy, while minimizing the hazards of immune-mediated tissue damage and the possibility of de novo tumorigenesis, through proper monitoring and preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H Toomer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
| | - Zhibin Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA ; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, FL , USA
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15
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Anuranjani, Bala M. Concerted action of Nrf2-ARE pathway, MRN complex, HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines - implication in modification of radiation damage. Redox Biol 2014; 2:832-46. [PMID: 25009785 PMCID: PMC4085347 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Whole body exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiations (IRs) damages vital intracellular bio-molecules leading to multiple cellular and tissue injuries as well as pathophysiologies such as inflammation, immunosuppression etc. Nearly 70% of damage is caused indirectly by radiolysis of intracellular water leading to formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals and producing a state of oxidative stress. The damage is also caused by direct ionization of biomolecules. The type of radiation injuries is dependent on the absorbed radiation dose. Sub-lethal IR dose produces more of DNA base damages, whereas higher doses produce more DNA single strand break (SSBs), and double strand breaks (DSBs). The Nrf2-ARE pathway is an important oxidative stress regulating pathway. The DNA DSBs repair regulated by MRN complex, immunomodulation and inflammation regulated by HMGB1 and various types of cytokines are some of the key pathways which interact with each other in a complex manner and modify the radiation response. Because the majority of radiation damage is via oxidative stress, it is essential to gain in depth understanding of the mechanisms of Nrf2-ARE pathway and understand its interactions with MRN complex, HMGB1 and cytokines to increase our understanding on the radiation responses. Such information is of tremendous help in development of medical radiation countermeasures, radioprotective drugs and therapeutics. Till date no approved and safe countermeasure is available for human use. This study reviews the Nrf2-ARE pathway and its crosstalk with MRN-complex, HMGB1 and cytokines (TNF-a, IL-6, IFN-? etc.). An attempt is also made to review the modification of some of these pathways in presence of selected antioxidant radioprotective compounds or herbal extracts. Exposure to low linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation (IR) causes intracellular oxidative stress and activate the Nrf2-ARE antioxidant pathway. Irradiation also causes inflammation and DNA damage which affect other pathways related to MRN complex and HMGB1 proteins. The antioxidant Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway most importantly regulates intracellular oxidative stress. The interaction of Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway with HMGB1 regulated inflammation; MRN complex regulated DNA repair is reviewed.
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Key Words
- .OH, hydroxyl radical
- AP1, activator protein-1
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutagenesis
- Bcl-2, B cell lymphoma-2 protein
- CBP, CREB-binding protein
- Chk-2, checkpoint kinase-2 protein
- DAMP, death associated molecular pattern
- DDR, DNA damage response
- DGR, double glycine repeats
- DSB, double strands break
- FGF, fibroblast growth factor
- FGF2, fibroblast growth factor-2
- GM-CSF, granulocytes macrophages colony stimulating factor
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GSH, glutathione (reduced)
- GSK-3ß, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
- HMGB1
- HMGB1, high mobility group Box 1
- HR, homologous recombination
- IR, ionizing radiation
- Keap1, Kelch like ECH associated protein 1
- LET, linear energy transfer
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MIP, macrophages inflammatory proteins
- MRN complex
- MRN, Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 subunits
- MRP, multidrug resistance protein
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NES, nuclear export sequence
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- NLS, nuclear localization sequence
- Nrf2-ARE pathway
- PKC, protein kinase C
- RAGE, receptor for advance glycation end products
- RIF, radiation induced foci
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Radio-modification
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SSBs, single strand DNA breaks
- TRAIL, TNF related apoptosis inducing ligand
- TWEAK
- TWEAK, tumour necrosis factor weak inducer of apoptosis
- VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor
- VSMC, vascular smooth muscle cells
- bFGF, basal fibroblast growth factor
- t-BHQ, tert butyl hydroquinone
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuranjani
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
| | - Madhu Bala
- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig SK Mazumdar Marg, Delhi -110054, India
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16
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Hosseinimehr SJ. Beneficial effects of natural products on cells during ionizing radiation. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2014; 29:341-353. [PMID: 24695025 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Natural products like vegetables, fruits, and herbs are widely consumed by humans on a daily basis. These natural products have many biologic and pharmacologic properties. Ionizing radiation (IR) can interact with macromolecules like DNA, which induces serious side effects on cells and tissues. Natural products can directly scavenge free radicals produced by IR, and they can also activate or inhibit enzymes or proteins involved in the oxidative stress. Several natural products have dual biologic effects on normal and cancer cells during radiation and might be of interest for use in patients during radiotherapy. In this review, the effects of natural products on genotoxicity and cell death induced by IR were reviewed and some potentiated compounds were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48175-861, Iran.
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17
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Glebova K, Veiko N, Kostyuk S, Izhevskaya V, Baranova A. Oxidized extracellular DNA as a stress signal that may modify response to anticancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2013; 356:22-33. [PMID: 24045040 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An increase in the levels of oxidation is a universal feature of genomic DNA of irradiated or aged or even malignant cells. In case of apoptotic death of stressed cells, oxidized DNA can be released in circulation (cfDNA). According to the results of the studies performed in vitro by our group and other researchers, the oxidized cfDNA serves as a biomarker for a stress and a stress signal that is transmitted from the "stressed" area i.e. irradiated cells or cells with deficient anti-oxidant defenses to distant (bystander) cells. In recipient cells, oxidized DNA stimulates biosynthesis of ROS that is followed up by an increase in the number of single strand and double strand breaks (SSBs and DSBs), and activation of DNA Damage Response (DDR) pathway. Effects of oxidized DNA are considered similar to that of irradiation. It seems that downstream effects of irradiation, in part, depend on the release of oxidized DNA fragments that mediate the effects in distant cells. The responses of normal and tumor cell to oxidized DNA may differ. It seems that tumor cells are more sensitive to oxidized DNA-dependent DNA damage, while developing pronounced adaptive response. This may suggest that in chemotherapy or irradiation-treated human body, the release of oxidized DNA from dying cancer cells may give a boost to remaining malignant cells by augmenting their survival and stress resistance. Further studies of the effects of oxidized DNA in both in vitro and in vivo systems are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Glebova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya Veiko
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Kostyuk
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera Izhevskaya
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ancha Baranova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia; Center for the Study of Chronic Metabolic Diseases, School of System Biology, MSN3E1, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA.
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18
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Buddhiranon S, DeFine LA, Alexander TS, Kyu T. Genistein-Modified Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(d,l-lactic acid) Electrospun Mats with Improved Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Properties. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:1423-33. [DOI: 10.1021/bm4000794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sasiwimon Buddhiranon
- Department of Polymer
Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
| | - Linda A. DeFine
- Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio 44304, United States
| | - Thomas S. Alexander
- Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Summa Health System, Akron, Ohio 44304, United States
| | - Thein Kyu
- Department of Polymer
Engineering, University of Akron, Ohio 44325-0301, United States
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19
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Kadhim M, Salomaa S, Wright E, Hildebrandt G, Belyakov OV, Prise KM, Little MP. Non-targeted effects of ionising radiation--implications for low dose risk. Mutat Res 2013; 752:84-98. [PMID: 23262375 PMCID: PMC4091999 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2012.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-DNA targeted effects of ionising radiation, which include genomic instability, and a variety of bystander effects including abscopal effects and bystander mediated adaptive response, have raised concerns about the magnitude of low-dose radiation risk. Genomic instability, bystander effects and adaptive responses are powered by fundamental, but not clearly understood systems that maintain tissue homeostasis. Despite excellent research in this field by various groups, there are still gaps in our understanding of the likely mechanisms associated with non-DNA targeted effects, particularly with respect to systemic (human health) consequences at low and intermediate doses of ionising radiation. Other outstanding questions include links between the different non-targeted responses and the variations in response observed between individuals and cell lines, possibly a function of genetic background. Furthermore, it is still not known what the initial target and early interactions in cells are that give rise to non-targeted responses in neighbouring or descendant cells. This paper provides a commentary on the current state of the field as a result of the non-targeted effects of ionising radiation (NOTE) Integrated Project funded by the European Union. Here we critically examine the evidence for non-targeted effects, discuss apparently contradictory results and consider implications for low-dose radiation health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munira Kadhim
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK.
| | - Sisko Salomaa
- STUK - Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, P.O. Box 14, 00881 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eric Wright
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University of Rostock, Südring 75, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg V Belyakov
- Hevesy Laboratory, Center for Nuclear Technologies, Technical University of Denmark, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | | | - Mark P Little
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6120 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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20
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Irons SL, Serra V, Bowler D, Chapman K, Militi S, Lyng F, Kadhim M. The effect of genetic background and dose on non-targeted effects of radiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2012; 88:735-42. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2012.715793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Al-Mayah AHJ, Irons SL, Pink RC, Carter DRF, Kadhim MA. Possible role of exosomes containing RNA in mediating nontargeted effect of ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2012; 177:539-45. [PMID: 22612287 DOI: 10.1667/rr2868.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Communication between irradiated and un-irradiated (bystander) cells can cause damage in cells that are not directly targeted by ionizing radiation, a process known as the bystander effect. Bystander effects can also lead to chromosomal/genomic instability within the progeny of bystander cells, similar to the progeny of directly irradiated cells. The factors that mediate this cellular communication can be transferred between cells via gap junctions or released into the extracellular media following irradiation, but their nature has not been fully characterized. In this study we tested the hypothesis that the bystander effect mediator contains an RNA molecule that may be carried by exosomes. MCF7 cells were irradiated with 2 Gy of X rays and the extracellular media was harvested. RNase treatment abrogated the ability of the media to induce early and late chromosomal damage in bystander cells. Furthermore, treatment of bystander cells with exosomes isolated from this media increased the levels of genomic damage. These results suggest that the bystander effect, and genomic instability, are at least in part mediated by exosomes and implicate a role for RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar H J Al-Mayah
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
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22
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Role of nitrative and oxidative DNA damage in inflammation-related carcinogenesis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:623019. [PMID: 22363173 PMCID: PMC3272848 DOI: 10.1155/2012/623019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation induced by biological, chemical, and physical factors has been found to be associated with the increased risk of cancer in various organs. We revealed that infectious agents including liver fluke, Helicobacter pylori, and human papilloma virus and noninfectious agents such as asbestos fiber induced iNOS-dependent formation of 8-nitroguanine and 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) in cancer tissues and precancerous regions. Our results with the colocalization of phosphorylated ATM and γ-H2AX with 8-oxodG and 8-nitroguanine in inflammation-related cancer tissues suggest that DNA base damage leads to double-stranded breaks. It is interesting from the aspect of genetic instability. We also demonstrated IL-6-modulated iNOS expression via STAT3 and EGFR in Epstein-Barr-virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma and found promoter hypermethylation in several tumor suppressor genes. Such epigenetic alteration may occur by controlling the DNA methylation through IL-6-mediated JAK/STAT3 pathways. Collectively, 8-nitroguanine would be a useful biomarker for predicting the risk of inflammation-related cancers.
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23
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Westbrook AM, Wei B, Hacke K, Xia M, Braun J, Schiestl RH. The role of tumour necrosis factor-α and tumour necrosis factor receptor signalling in inflammation-associated systemic genotoxicity. Mutagenesis 2011; 27:77-86. [PMID: 21980144 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases are characterised by systemically elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, a proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic downstream effects. We have previously demonstrated increased genotoxicity in peripheral leukocytes and various tissues in models of intestinal inflammation. In the present study, we asked whether TNF-α is sufficient to induce DNA damage systemically, as observed in intestinal inflammation, and whether tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) signalling would be necessary for the resultant genotoxicity. In the wild-type mice, 500 ng per mouse of TNF-α was sufficient to induce DNA damage to multiple cell types and organs 1-h post-administration. Primary splenic T cells manifested TNF-α-induced DNA damage in the absence of other cell types. Furthermore, TNFR1(-/-)TNFR2(-/-) mice demonstrated decreased systemic DNA damage in a model of intestinal inflammation and after TNF-α injection versus wild-type mice, indicating the necessity of TNFR signalling. Nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors were also able to decrease damage induced by TNF-α injection in wild-type mice. When TNF-α administration was combined with interleukin (IL)-1β, another proinflammatory cytokine, DNA damage persisted for up to 24 h. When combined with IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, decreased genotoxicity was observed in vivo and in vitro. TNF-α/TNFR-mediated signalling is therefore sufficient and plays a large role in mediating DNA damage to various cell types, subject to modulation by other cytokines and their mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Westbrook
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Ilnytskyy Y, Kovalchuk O. Non-targeted radiation effects-an epigenetic connection. Mutat Res 2011; 714:113-25. [PMID: 21784089 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a pivotal diagnostic and treatment modality, yet it is also a potent genotoxic agent that causes genome instability and carcinogenesis. While modern cancer radiation therapy has led to increased patient survival rates, the risk of radiation treatment-related complications is becoming a growing problem. IR-induced genome instability has been well-documented in directly exposed cells and organisms. It has also been observed in distant 'bystander' cells. Enigmatically, increased instability is even observed in progeny of pre-conceptually exposed animals, including humans. The mechanisms by which it arises remain obscure and, recently, they have been proposed to be epigenetic in nature. Three major epigenetic phenomena include DNA methylation, histone modifications and small RNA-mediated silencing. This review focuses on the role of DNA methylation and small RNAs in directly exposed and bystander tissues and in IR-induced transgenerational effects. Here, we present evidence that IR-mediated effects are maintained by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Ilnytskyy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge T1K 3M4, Alberta, Canada
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25
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Yoshii Y, Sugimoto K, Fujiwara K. Progressive enlargement of a mass lesion in late cerebral radionecrosis. J Clin Neurosci 2011; 18:853-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2010.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kusunoki Y, Hamasaki K, Koyama K, Imai K, Hayashi T, Martin PJ, Nakachi K. Increased DNA damage in hematopoietic cells of mice with graft-versus-host disease. Mutat Res 2010; 689:59-64. [PMID: 20471404 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients who received hematopoietic cell transplants have an increased risk for a new malignancy. In addition to genotoxic regimens such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a risk factor for development of new malignancies in long-term survivors. To understand mechanisms underlying this malignant transformation, we evaluated genomic damage in several murine models of GVHD by enumerating reticulocytes containing micronuclei (MN) in the blood after semi-allogeneic (parent-into-F1) hematopoietic cell transplantation. On day 40 after transplantation, MN frequencies were significantly increased in unirradiated (C57BL6 x DBA/2) F1 (BDF1) and (BALB/c x C57BL6) F1 (CBF1) mice that received cells from C57BL6 (B6) donors. MN frequencies were not significantly increased in F1 mice that received cells from DBA/2 or BALB/c donors. Serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were higher after transplantation with B6 donors than with DBA/2 or BALB/c donors. The results indicate that GVHD, without irradiation, can induce genomic damage associated with inflammatory reactions manifested by increased TNF-alpha levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Kusunoki
- Department of Radiobiology/Molecular Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 732 0815, Japan.
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Chapman KL, Kelly JW, Lee R, Goodwin EH, Kadhim MA. Tracking genomic instability within irradiated and bystander populations. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 60:959-68. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.60.8.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of radiation biology has undergone a fundamental shift in paradigms away from deterministic ‘hit-effect’ relationships and towards complex ongoing ‘cellular responses’. These responses include now familiar, but still poorly understood, phenomena associated with radiation exposure such as genomic instability and bystander effects. Although these responses share some common features (e.g. they occur at high frequency following very low doses, are heterogeneous in their induction and are observed at time points far removed from the initial radiation exposure), the precise relationship between genomic instability and bystander effects remains to be elucidated. This review will provide a synthesis of the known, and proposed, interrelationships among irradiated and bystander cellular responses to radiation. It also discusses our current experimental approach for gaining a clearer understanding of the relationship between damage induction and long-term effects in both irradiated and bystander cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim L Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - James W Kelly
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Ryonfa Lee
- Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung mbH (GSI), Planckstr. 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Edwin H Goodwin
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS M-888, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Munira A Kadhim
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Levanon K, Crum C, Drapkin R. New insights into the pathogenesis of serous ovarian cancer and its clinical impact. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:5284-93. [PMID: 18854563 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There are only a handful of concepts concerning cancer and carcinogenesis that are currently beyond dispute. One such dogma is the adenoma-carcinoma sequence and that a multistep accumulation of genetic alterations is required for transformation from a benign to a neoplastic tissue. The inevitable derivative of this dogma is that every invasive carcinoma is in fact a missed intraepithelial tumor, and furthermore, a late evolutionary stage in the sequence of development from a precursor lesion. Until fairly recently, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma seemed to be one of the only known deviants of these concepts. In this article, we discuss the emergence of the fallopian tube fimbria as a field of origin for high-grade serous carcinomas and present a binary model of ovarian cancer pathogenesis that takes into consideration prior epidemiologic, morphologic, and genetic data. With the rise of the fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell as a cell of origin for high-grade pelvic serous carcinomas, the need to develop tools and model systems to characterize the biology and physiology of this cell is recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Levanon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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BJR review of the year — 2007. Br J Radiol 2008. [DOI: 10.1259/bjr/33020697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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