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Liu J, Tian M, Qin H, Chen D, Mzava SM, Wang X, Bigambo FM. Maternal bisphenols exposure and thyroid function in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1420540. [PMID: 39010904 PMCID: PMC11246848 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1420540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence from animal experiments and epidemiological studies has reported controversial results about the effects of prenatal bisphenols (BPs) exposure on childhood thyroid function. This study aims to explore the associations of prenatal exposure to BPs with thyroid-related hormones (THs) in newborns and early childhood, with a particular focus on the sex-dependent and exposure level effects. Methods Correlated studies were systematically searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, Cochrane, and Embase until February 21, 2024. The exposures assessed include bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), bisphenol AF (BPAF), and tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA). THs measured were thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total tri-iodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free tri-iothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4). Effect estimates were quantified using coefficients from multivariable regression models. Statistical analyses were completed using Stata 16.0. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Results Eleven cohort studies comprising 5,363 children were included in our meta-analysis. Prenatal bisphenol concentrations were statistically significant related to alterations in thyroid hormones in children, exclusively in female offspring, including reduced TSH (β = -0.020, 95% CI: -0.036, -0.005) and increased TT3 levels (β = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.001, 0.021), and exposure to high concentration of bisphenols (>1.5 ug/g creatinine) significantly reduced FT3 levels in children (β = -0.011, 95% CI: -0.020, -0.003). Conclusion Prenatal bisphenol exposure is linked to alterations in thyroid hormone levels in girls, necessitating enhanced measures to control bisphenol exposure levels during pregnancy for child health protection. Systematic Review Registration https://inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY202450129.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Liu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiyue Qin
- Nanjing Foreign Language School, Nanjing, China
| | - Danrong Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Francis Manyori Bigambo
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Jiang Q, Liu R, Liu T, Liang J, Wu Y, Feng B, Liu S, Li H, Pan D, Qiu X, Huang D. Relationship between exposure of alkylphenols in serum of pregnant women during early pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52954-52963. [PMID: 35274207 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19445-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols are a type of endocrine disruptors, which are commonly found in personal care products, food, and water and are more harmful to the human body. To investigate the relationship between exposure of alkylphenols in serum of pregnant women during early pregnancy and adverse birth outcomes, a total of 2035 healthy pregnant women and their neonates were recruited in the birth cohort of Zhuang nationality in Guangxi from 2015 to 2018. The peripheral venous blood samples were collected from pregnant women in early pregnancy; the concentrations of nonylphenol (NP), 4-nonylphenol (4-N-NP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-T-OP), and 4-n-octylphenol (4-N-OP) in serum were detected by ultra-performance liquid performance chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS). Binary logistic regression showed that NP [OR = 1.40 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.94)] was positively associated with preterm birth. Restricted cubic spline analyses showed that logNP and log4-T-OP had non-linearity associations with preterm birth (logNP: Poverall = 0.006, Pnon-linear = 0.003; log4-T-OP: Poverall = 0.004, Pnon-linear = 0.002). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that maternal serum concentration of NP was negatively associated with birth weight of perinatal infants (β = -14.68, 95% CI: -29.18, -0.19), which may be sensitive in male neonates (β = -26.18, 95% CI: -47.33, -5.02). The findings demonstrate that nonylphenol is a risk factor of preterm birth, and nonylphenol is negatively associated with the birth weight in male infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunjiao Jiang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Runfeng Liu
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Huaihua Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Huaihua, 418000, Hunan, China
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Medical Administration Division, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebe, 075000, China
| | - Baoying Feng
- Department of Nutrition, RuiKang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530011, Guangxi, China
| | - Shun Liu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Dongxiang Pan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health & Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongping Huang
- Department of Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China.
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Pérez PA, Toledo J, Picech F, Petiti JP, Mukdsi JH, Diaz-Torga G, Torres AI, De Paul AL, Gutiérrez S. Perinatal DEHP exposure modulates pituitary estrogen receptor α and β expression altering lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth in prepuberal and adult male rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 158:112649. [PMID: 34728246 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phthalates are synthetic chemicals widely used to make polyvinylchloride (PVC) soft and flexible. Of these, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most commonly used, with high human exposure occurring as early as the fetal developmental stage and affecting the endocrine system. We focused on the perinatal DEHP effects on pituitary estrogen receptor (ER) expression in male rats, explored their impact on lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth, and evaluated the direct effects of this phthalate on pituitary cell cultures. Our results showed that DEHP perinatal exposure was unable to modify the ERα+ pituitary cell number from prepuberal rats, but increased ERβ+ cells. In adulthood, the pituitary ERα+ cells underwent a slight decrease with ERβ showing the greatest changes, and with a significant increase observed in somatotroph cells. Also, in vitro, DEHP reduced the ERα+ cells, increased the percentage of ERβ+ pituitary cells and modified the Ki67 index, as well as decreasing the lactotrophs and increasing the somatotroph cells. In conclusion, the present study showed that DEHP induced ER expression changes in normal pituitary glands from male rats in in vivo and in vitro conditions, suggesting that DEHP could differentially modulate lactotroph and somatotroph cell growth, possibly as a consequence of ER imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo A Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Toledo
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Florencia Picech
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan P Petiti
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jorge H Mukdsi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Graciela Diaz-Torga
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia I Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ana L De Paul
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvina Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (INICSA) Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Córdoba, Argentina; Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina.
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4
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Wang X, Tang N, Nakayama SF, Fan P, Liu Z, Zhang J, Ouyang F. Maternal urinary bisphenol A concentration and thyroid hormone levels of Chinese mothers and newborns by maternal body mass index. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10939-10949. [PMID: 31953761 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07705-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies indicated that bisphenol A (BPA) exposure during pregnancy may disrupt thyroid function which is critical for fetal development. However, few epidemiological studies have examined this topic and the results were inconsistent. We aimed to evaluate whether prenatal BPA exposure is associated with thyroid hormone levels in Chinese mothers and newborns with stratification by maternal body mass index (BMI). BPA concentration were measured in urine samples collected from 555 women at late pregnancy. Maternal serum free thyroxin (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) concentrations at the third trimester were abstracted from medical records. Cord serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3), FT4, TSH, and TPO-Ab levels were measured in 398 newborns. Prenatal urinary BPA was detected in 98.5% of mothers with a geometric mean of 1.32 ng/mL (95% CI 1.17-1.49 ng/mL). With each 10-fold increase in BPA concentrations, maternal log10_(TSH) mIU/L was 0.10 lowered (95% CI - 0.20, - 0.005, p < 0.05) among pre-pregnancy BMI > 23 kg/m2, with adjustment for maternal age, maternal education, gestation diabetes mellitus (GDM), husband smoking during pregnancy, parity, and gestational age at thyroid parameters measured, but no association was observed in pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5, or 18.5-22.9 kg/m2 stratum. No BPA-associated changes were observed in maternal FT4 level or odds of positive TPO-Ab in all BMI stratum. Also, no associations were observed between prenatal urinary BPA concentration and cord serum FT4, FT3, TSH levels, and odds of positive TPO-Ab in both male and female newborns among pre-pregnancy BMI < 18.5, 18.5-22.9 or > 23 kg/m2 stratum. In this study, prenatal urinary BPA concentration was associated with lower maternal TSH among women with overweight, but not associated with other maternal thyroid parameters or cord serum thyroid parameters across maternal BMI categories. More research on pregnant women and newborns cohort with BPA exposure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Department of Neonatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ning Tang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shoji F Nakayama
- Exposure Dynamics Research Section, Centre for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Pianpian Fan
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, International Peace Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 910 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 1665 Kong Jiang Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Leonel ECR, Campos SGP, Guerra LHA, Bedolo CM, Vilamaior PSL, Calmon MF, Rahal P, Amorim CA, Taboga SR. Impact of perinatal bisphenol A and 17β estradiol exposure: Comparing hormone receptor response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 188:109918. [PMID: 31753310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal regulation controls mammary gland (MG) development. Therefore some hormone-related factors can disrupt the early phases of MGs development, making the gland more susceptible to long term modifications in its response to circulating hormones. Endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA), are able to cause alterations in hormone receptor expression, leading to changes in the cell proliferation index, which may expose the tissue to neoplastic alterations. Thus, we evaluated the variations in hormone receptor expression in the MG of 6-month old Mongolian gerbils exposed to BPA and 17β estradiol during the perinatal period. Receptors for estrogen alpha (ERα), beta (ERβ), progesterone (PGR), prolactin (PRL-R), and co-localization of connexin 43 (Cx43) and ERα in gerbils were analyzed, and serum concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were assessed. No alterations in body, liver, and ovary-uterus complex weights were observed. However, there was an increase in epithelial ERα expression in the 17β estradiol (E2) group and in PGR in the BPA group. Although immunohistochemistry did not show alterations in ERβ expression, western blotting revealed a decrease in this protein in the BPA group. PRL-R was more present in epithelial cells in the vehicle control (VC), E2, and BPA groups in comparison to the intact control group. Cx43 was more frequent in E2 and BPA groups, suggesting a protective response from the gland against possible malignancy. Serum concentration of estradiol reduced in VC, E2, and BPA groups, confirming that alterations also impacts steroid levels. Consequently, perinatal exposure to BPA and the reference endogenous estrogen, 17β estradiol, are able to increase the tendency of endocrine disruption in MG in a long term manner, since repercussions are observed even 6 months after exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Cristina Rivas Leonel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvana Gisele Pegorin Campos
- Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Avenida Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Bairro Chanadour, 35501-296, Divinópolis, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Alves Guerra
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Marques Bedolo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Simone Leite Vilamaior
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiani Andrade Amorim
- Laboratory of Gynecology, Institute of Experimental and Clinique Research, Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Avenue Mounier 52, Bte B1.52.02, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sebastião Roberto Taboga
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, Jardim Nazareth, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Pino MTL, Ronchetti SA, Cordeiro G, Bollani S, Duvilanski BH, Cabilla JP. Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase Alpha1 Subunit: A New Marker for Estrogenicity of Endocrine Disruptor Compounds. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2719-2728. [PMID: 31499574 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) include widespread naturally occurring and synthetic substances in the environment that adversely affect humans and wildlife. Because of the increasing numbers of EDCs, screening methods and ideal biomarkers to determine EDC potencies at relevant environmental concentrations need to be drastically improved. Soluble guanylyl cyclase α1 subunit (sGCα1) is an abundant cytosolic protein ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. We previously showed that sGCα1 is specifically and highly up-regulated by estrogen (E2) in vivo and in vitro, even though it lacks estrogen-responsive elements. The aim of the present study was to evaluate sGCα1 protein expression as a potential marker for xenoestrogenic EDC exposure in the E2-responsive lactosomatotroph-derived pituitary cell line GH3. Cells were incubated with a wide variety of EDCs such as heavy metals and a metalloid, synthetic E2 derivatives, plastic byproducts, and pesticides at a range of doses including those with proven xenoestrogenic activity. We demonstrated that E2 increased sGCα1 expression in GH3 cells as well as in other E2-responsive tumor cell lines. Moreover, this effect was fully dependent on estrogen receptor (ER) activation. Importantly, sGCα1 protein levels were strongly up-regulated by all the EDCs tested, even by those exhibiting low or null ER binding capacity. We provide evidence that the in vitro sGCα1 protein assay may be a very sensitive and powerful tool to identify compounds with estrogenic activity, which could improve current mammalian-based screening methods. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2719-2728. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa L Pino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sonia A Ronchetti
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Georgina Cordeiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sabrina Bollani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Beatriz H Duvilanski
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jimena P Cabilla
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Centro de Altos Estudios en Ciencias Humanas y de la Salud, Universidad Abierta Interamericana, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Lee JM, Lee BH, Chang SN, Oh H, Ryu B, Kim U, Park JH. Establishment, characterization, and toxicological application of a spontaneous immortalized cell line from the striped field mouse, Apodemus agrarius. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:779-787. [PMID: 30306320 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
It is important to secure various biological resources in situations of diminishing wildlife genetic diversity. Cultured cells are useful bioresources because they can stably store genetic information for a long time and can be expanded efficiently. Here, we established fibroblast cell lines from Apodemus agrarius as a new living resource. A. agrarius is an important sub-predator species in ecosystem food chains and for the study of infection epidemiology. Established cell lines were characterized by chromosome and mitochondrial gene analysis, the observation of cell morphology, and their anchorage-dependent growth pattern. We also examined susceptibility to endocrine disruptors (EDCs), which threaten biodiversity, using these established cell lines. Nonylphenol (NP) is a well-known EDC that threatens wildlife; however, its impact is poorly understood. Sensitivity to NP was confirmed based on two cell viability assays, namely MTT and lactate dehydrogenase. Cells exposed to NP were analyzed for abnormalities in cell growth and mitochondrial function by evaluating the expression of genes (specifically, those encoding growth hormone receptor and cytochrome C oxidase). This newly established cell line represents a valuable tool for the evaluation of toxic substances such as EDCs and this cell was biobanked for study about relationship between various environmental pollution and decreasing biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Min Lee
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Hee Lee
- Microorganism Resources Division, National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon, 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Na Chang
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanseul Oh
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyeong Ryu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ukjin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Aung MT, Johns LE, Ferguson KK, Mukherjee B, McElrath TF, Meeker JD. Thyroid hormone parameters during pregnancy in relation to urinary bisphenol A concentrations: A repeated measures study. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 104:33-40. [PMID: 28410473 PMCID: PMC5497503 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal supply of thyroid hormones during pregnancy serves a critical role in fetal development. Although animal and in vitro studies provide evidence for thyroid hormone disruption as a result of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure, there is still a lack of evidence in human studies, particularly in the context of pregnancy. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the associations between urinary BPA concentrations and plasma thyroid hormone parameters during gestation in pregnant women, and also investigated potential windows of vulnerability during gestation. METHODS Our study population included 116 cases of preterm birth and 323 controls from a nested case-control study. We measured BPA in urine and thyroid hormone parameters in plasma samples collected at up to four study visits during pregnancy (median for each visit: 9.64, 17.9, 26.0, and 35.1weeks gestation). We used linear mixed models for repeated measures analyses, and multivariate linear regression models stratified by study visit to explore potential windows of susceptibility. RESULTS In our repeated measures analysis, BPA and thyrotropin (TSH) were inversely associated. An interquartile range (IQR) increase in BPA was associated with an 8.21% decrease in TSH (95% confidence interval [CI]: -14.2, -1.83), and a 4.79% increase in free T4 (95% CI: 0.82, 8.92). BPA and TSH were also inversely associated in our cross-sectional analyses at visits 3 and 4. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that TSH is inversely associated with urinary BPA in a consistent manner across pregnancy. Disruption of TSH levels during pregnancy can potentially impact child development and interfere with normal birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max T Aung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Lauren E Johns
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thomas F McElrath
- Division of Maternal and Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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9
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Lv S, Wu C, Lu D, Qi X, Xu H, Guo J, Liang W, Chang X, Wang G, Zhou Z. Birth outcome measures and prenatal exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 212:65-70. [PMID: 26840518 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to 4-tert-octylphenol (tOP) has been linked with adverse health outcomes in animals and humans, while epidemiological studies about associations between prenatal exposure to tOP and fetal growth are extremely limited. We measured urinary tOP concentrations in 1100 pregnant women before their delivery, and examined whether tOP levels were associated with birth outcomes, including weight, length, head circumference and ponderal index at birth. tOP could be detected in all samples, and the median uncorrected and creatinine-corrected tOP concentrations were 0.90 μg/L (range from 0.25 to 20.05 μg/L) and 1.33 μg/g creatinine (range from 0.15 to 42.49 μg/g creatinine), respectively. Maternal urinary log-transformed tOP concentrations were significantly negatively associated with adjusted birth weight [β (g) = -126; 95% confidence interval (CI): -197, -55], birth length [β (cm) = -0.53; 95% CI:-0.93, -0.14], and head circumference [β (cm) = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.54, -0.07], respectively. Additionally, considering sex difference, these significant negative associations were also found among male neonates, while only higher maternal tOP concentrations were associated with a significant decrease in birth weight among female neonates. This study suggested significant negative associations between maternal urinary tOP concentrations and neonatal sizes at birth, and they differed by neonatal sex. Further epidemiological studies are required to more fully elaborate the associations between prenatal tOP exposure and birth outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenliang Lv
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Chunhua Wu
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dasheng Lu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Qi
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 3399, Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- Changning District, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, China.
| | - Jianqiu Guo
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Weijiu Liang
- Changning District, Shanghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, 200051, China.
| | - XiuLi Chang
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Guoquan Wang
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1380, Zhongshan West Road, Shanghai, 200336, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhou
- School of Public Health/Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, No. 130, Dong' an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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10
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Ceccarelli I, Fiorenzani P, Della Seta D, Aloisi AM. Perinatal 17α-ethinylestradiol exposure affects formalin-induced responses in middle-aged male (but not female) rats. Horm Behav 2015; 73:116-24. [PMID: 26159286 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
17α-Ethinylestradiol (EE), the main component of the contraceptive pill, is a synthetic estrogen found in rivers of the United States and Europe as an environmental contaminant. It is one of the most studied xenoestrogens due to its possible effect on the reproductive system. In the present study we evaluated the modulation of pain responses induced by formalin injection (licking, flexing, paw-jerk) in 8-month-old male and female offspring of female rats treated with two different doses of EE (4ng/kg/day or 400ng/kg/day) during pregnancy and lactation. Spontaneous behaviors and gonadal hormone levels were also determined. Both concentrations of EE induced an increase of pain behaviors in males only, i.e. higher flexing and licking of the formalin-injected paw than in OIL-exposed rats, during the second, inflammatory, phase of the formalin test. Grooming duration was increased by EE exposure in both males and females. Prenatal EE exposure (both concentrations) decreased estradiol plasma levels in the formalin-injected females but not in the males. These results underline the possibility that exposure to an environmental contaminant during the critical period of development can affect neural processes (such as those involved in pain modulation) during adulthood, indicating long-term changes in brain circuitry. However, such changes may be different in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Ceccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Fiorenzani
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniele Della Seta
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro, 2, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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11
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Jeung EB, Choi KC. Toxicological mechanism of endocrine disrupting chemicals:is estrogen receptor involved? Toxicol Res 2013; 26:237-43. [PMID: 24278530 PMCID: PMC3834499 DOI: 10.5487/tr.2010.26.4.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, i.e., adversely affecting hormone balance (endocrine system) , or disrupting normal function, in the female and male reproductive organs. Although endocrine disruption is a global concern for human health, its impact and significance and the screening strategy for detecting these synthetic or man-made chemicals are not clearly understood in female and male reproductive functions. Thus, in this review, we summarize the interference of environmental EDCs on reproductive development and function, and toxicological mechanism (s) of EDCs in in vitro and in vivo models of male and female reproductive system. In addition, this review highlights the effect of exposure to multiple EDCs on reproductive functions, and brings attention to their toxicological mechanism (s) through estrogen receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Bae Jeung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763 Korea
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12
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LEE HYERIM, KIM TAEHEE, CHOI KELVINJ, CHOI KYUNGCHUL. Effects of octylphenol on the expression of cell cycle-related genes and the growth of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human umbilical cord blood. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:221-6. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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13
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Neurotoxic effects of nonylphenol: a review. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2013; 125:61-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-012-0221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Lee HR, Jeung EB, Cho MH, Kim TH, Leung PCK, Choi KC. Molecular mechanism(s) of endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their potent oestrogenicity in diverse cells and tissues that express oestrogen receptors. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 17:1-11. [PMID: 23279634 PMCID: PMC3823132 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are natural or synthetic compounds present in the environment which can interfere with hormone synthesis and normal physiological functions of male and female reproductive organs. Most EDCs tend to bind to steroid hormone receptors including the oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and androgen receptor (AR). As EDCs disrupt the actions of endogenous hormones, they may induce abnormal reproduction, stimulation of cancer growth, dysfunction of neuronal and immune system. Although EDCs represent a significant public health concern, there are no standard methods to determine effect of EDCs on human beings. The mechanisms underlying adverse actions of EDC exposure are not clearly understood. In this review, we highlighted the toxicology of EDCs and its effect on human health, including reproductive development in males and females as shown in in vitro and in vivo models. In addition, this review brings attention to the toxicity of EDCs via interaction of genomic and non-genomic signalling pathways through hormone receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Korea
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Jung EM, An BS, Yang H, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Biomarker genes for detecting estrogenic activity of endocrine disruptors via estrogen receptors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:698-711. [PMID: 22690157 PMCID: PMC3367271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptors (EDs) are compounds used in various industrial products, drugs, and cosmetics. They can be found in the environment and disturb the endocrine and reproductive systems, resulting in adverse effects to humans and wildlife such as birth defects and developmental disorders. Since several EDs have a structure similar to that of endogenous steroid hormones such as estrogens, they intend to have an affinity for steroid hormone receptors and alter hormone-mediated metabolism by binding to these receptors. EDs are therefore a global concern and assays should be developed to efficiently determine whether these compounds are detrimental to biological systems. Diverse experimental methods may help determine the endocrine disrupting potential of EDs and evaluate the adverse effects of a single and/or combination of these reagents. Currently, biomarkers have been employed to objectively measure EDs potency and understand the underlying mechanisms. Further studies are required to develop ideal screening methods and biomarkers to determine EDs potency at environmentally relevant concentrations. In this review, we describe the biomarkers for estrogenicity of EDs identified both in vitro and in vivo, and introduce a biomarker, cabindin-D9k (CaBP-9k), that may be used to assess estrogenic activity of EDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Man Jung
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Korea.
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Bai J, Wang Y, Li C, Zhang Y. Effects of fulvestrant on biological activity and Wnt expression in rat GH3 cells. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:283-9. [PMID: 25806070 PMCID: PMC4353101 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the influence of anti-estrogen treatment (fulvestrant) on pituitary adenoma cell line GH3 biological activity, the estrogen receptor α pathway, the WnT pathway, and mechanisms of decreased Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression in GH3 cells. Results showed that fulvestrant suppressed GH3 cell proliferation and reduced hormone secretion in a dose-dependent manner. Estrogen receptor α and Wnt4 expression decreased, but Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression increased in a dose-dependent manner following fulvestrant treatment, and β-catenin expression remained unchanged. Inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone modification upregulated Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression. Results suggested that fulvestrant suppressed biological activity of GH3 cells via the estrogen receptor α and Wnt pathways. These results suggested that decreased Wnt inhibitory factor-1 expression in GH3 cells played a role in epigenetic mechanisms. Anti-estrogen therapies could provide novel treatments for growth hormone adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Bai
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Clinical Genetics, Affiliated Bayi Children's Hospital, General Hospital of Beijing Military Command of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
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Jung EM, An BS, Choi KC, Jeung EB. Potential estrogenic activity of triclosan in the uterus of immature rats and rat pituitary GH3 cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 208:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Caride A, Lafuente A, Cabaleiro T. Endosulfan effects on pituitary hormone and both nitrosative and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Lett 2010; 197:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Rochira V, Zirilli L, Maffei L, Premrou V, Aranda C, Baldi M, Ghigo E, Aimaretti G, Carani C, Lanfranco F. Tall stature without growth hormone: four male patients with aromatase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95:1626-33. [PMID: 20164294 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-1743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT From preliminary observations, GH-IGF-I seems to be compromised in men with aromatase deficiency. The GH deficiency (GHD) coexists paradoxically with tall stature, raising the question whether or not a true GHD is part of this rare syndrome. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the GH secretion in aromatase-deficient men, their GH response to the GHRH plus arginine (GHRH-ARG) test was compared with that of normal subjects. The effect of estrogen replacement treatment on the GH-IGF-I axis in aromatase-deficient men was evaluated before and during therapy. DESIGN AND SETTING A case-control study was conducted. PATIENTS Four adult men with aromatase deficiency were compared with 12 normal subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We measured the GH response to GHRH-ARG in aromatase-deficient men (at baseline and during estrogen treatment) and in normal subjects. Basal serum IGF-I was measured in both patients and controls. RESULTS The response of GH to GHRH-ARG was severely impaired in men with aromatase deficiency and resulted in significantly lower (P < 0.001) levels than in normal subjects. Although normal, serum IGF-I levels were also significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in normal subjects. Both GH peak and IGF-I concentrations were not modified by estrogen therapy in men with aromatase deficiency. CONCLUSIONS In aromatase-deficient men, GH response to potent provocative stimuli is impaired and is not restored by exogenous estrogens. Furthermore, a tall stature may be reached, notwithstanding the coexistence of GHD, if a prolonged time for growth is available due to a delay in bone maturation, and other growth factors different from GH (mainly insulin) promote growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Integrated Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Geriatrics, Chair of Endocrinology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giardini 1355, 41100 Modena, Italy.
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