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Lauber MR, Fricke PM. Effect of postpartum body condition score change on the pregnancy outcomes of lactating Jersey cows inseminated at first service with sexed Jersey or conventional beef semen after a synchronized estrus versus a synchronized ovulation. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2524-2542. [PMID: 37923205 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to compare insemination rate and pregnancies per artificial insemination (P/AI) of lactating Jersey cows inseminated at first service with sexed Jersey or conventional beef semen after submission to a Double-Ovsynch protocol for timed artificial insemination (TAI) versus a protocol to synchronize estrus at similar days in milk (DIM). Secondary objectives were to determine the effect of protocol synchrony and postpartum body condition score (BCS) change on P/AI. Lactating Jersey cows (n = 1,272) were allocated by odd versus even ear tag number, which was randomly allocated within the herd, within parity and semen type for submission to a Double-Ovsynch protocol (DO; n = 707) or a protocol to synchronize estrus (ED; n = 565). All ED cows detected in estrus were inseminated (EDAI; n = 424), with undetected cows receiving TAI after an Ovsynch protocol (EDTAI; n = 141). There was a treatment by parity interaction on insemination rate with 100% of DO cows receiving TAI, but a tendency for fewer primiparous ED cows to be detected in estrus and AI than multiparous cows (69.5% ± 0.04% vs. 77.1% ± 0.02%, respectively). For cows inseminated with sexed Jersey or conventional beef semen, DO cows tended to have and had more P/AI than EDAI cows (sexed, 49.2% ± 0.03% vs. 43.6% ± 0.03%; beef, 64.2% ± 0.04% vs. 56.3% ± 0.05%, respectively) and had more P/AI than EDAI+EDTAI cows (sexed, 49.1% ± 0.03% vs. 40.6% ± 0.03%; beef, 65.5% ± 0.04% vs. 56.2% ± 0.04%, respectively). Overall, 29.1% of DO cows expressed estrus with 5.0% and 24.2% of cows detected in estrus ≥24 h before and at TAI, respectively, and there was no difference in P/AI 61 ± 4 d after AI based on expression of estrus at TAI. The synchronization rate was greater for DO than EDAI cows (92.1% ± 0.01% vs. 79.2% ± 0.02%, respectively); however, synchronized DO cows had more P/AI than synchronized EDAI cows (55.0% ± 0.02% vs. 49.2% ± 0.03%, respectively). There was an interaction between BCS change from 7 to 39 ± 2 DIM and treatment on P/AI 61 ± 4 d after AI with no difference between DO and EDAI cows that lost = 0.25 (49.8% ± 0.04% vs. 51.0% ± 0.05%, respectively) or maintained or gained (55.6% ± 0.04% vs. 50.8% ± 0.05%, respectively) BCS, but within cows that lost ≥0.5 BCS, DO cows had more P/AI than EDAI cows (54.1% ± 0.04% vs. 36.1% ± 0.04%, respectively). In conclusion, submission of lactating Jersey cows to a Double-Ovsynch protocol for first insemination increased insemination rate and fertility to first insemination compared with AI after a detected estrus regardless of semen type and expression of estrus, particularly for cows with excessive postpartum BCS loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lauber
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - P M Fricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706.
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2
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Koysombat K, McGown P, Nyunt S, Abbara A, Dhillo WS. New advances in menopause symptom management. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 38:101774. [PMID: 37076317 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Vasomotor symptoms (VMS) are characteristic of menopause experienced by over 75% of postmenopausal women with significant health and socioeconomic implications. Although the average duration of symptoms is seven years, 10% of women experience symptoms for more than a decade. Although menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) remains an efficacious and cost-effective treatment, its use may not be suitable in all women, such as those at an increased risk of breast cancer or gynaecological malignancy. The neurokinin B (NKB) signaling pathway, together with its intricate connection to the median preoptic nucleus (MnPO), has been postulated to provide integrated reproductive and thermoregulatory responses, with a central role in mediating postmenopausal VMS. This review describes the physiological hypothalamo-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and subsequently the neuroendocrine changes that occur with menopause using evidence derived from animal and human studies. Finally, data from the latest clinical trials using novel therapeutic agents that antagonise NKB signaling are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyada Koysombat
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick McGown
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sandhi Nyunt
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Abbara
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Waljit S Dhillo
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
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3
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Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. KNDy neurones and GnRH/LH pulse generation: Current understanding and future aspects. J Neuroendocrinol 2023; 35:e13285. [PMID: 37232103 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the central mechanism underlying mammalian reproduction is warranted to develop new therapeutic approaches for reproductive disorders in humans and domestic animals. The present study focused on the role of arcuate kisspeptin neurones (also known as KNDy neurones) as an intrinsic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator, which plays a fundamental role in mammalian reproduction via the stimulation of pituitary gonadotropin synthesis and release and thereby in gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in the gonads of mammals. We also discuss the mechanism that inhibits pulsatile GnRH/gonadotropin release under a negative energy balance, considering that reproductive disorders often occur during malnutrition in humans and livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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Byrne CJ, Keogh K, Kenny DA. Review: Role of early life nutrition in regulating sexual development in bulls. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100802. [PMID: 37567659 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of high-quality semen from genetically elite bulls is essential to support continued genetic gain and the sustainability of cattle production worldwide. While reducing the age at which usable semen is available also reduces the generation interval, it is dependent on timely onset of puberty in young bulls. There is now good evidence that hastened sexual development in bulls is achieved through enhancing nutrition in early life. This review will cover the physiological and molecular-based response to prevailing diet in key organs that orchestrate the ontogeny of sexual development in the bull calf. Given the central importance of the interaction between metabolic status and neuronal function to the progression of sexual development, we will discuss how communication between metabolic organs, reproductive organs and the brain are mediated via molecular and physiological processes. The availability of high-throughput nucleic acid and protein sequencing technologies and innovative data analytics have allowed us to improve our understanding of molecular regulation of puberty and sexual development. Analysing data from a number of organs, simultaneously, allows for a better understanding of the underlying biology and biochemical interactions that are influencing sexual development. Specifically, we can determine how early life nutritional interventions augment changes in potential key molecules regulating sexual development. Ultimately, a greater understanding of the inherent regulation of postnatal sexual development in the bull calf and how strategically targeted nutritional management can advance the ontogeny of this process, will facilitate the timely availability of high-quality semen from genetically elite animals, thus supporting more economically and environmentally sustainable beef and dairy production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - K Keogh
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland
| | - D A Kenny
- Animal and Bioscience Department, Teagasc, Dunsany, Co. Meath C15 PW93, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 F6X4, Ireland.
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Prashar V, Arora T, Singh R, Sharma A, Parkash J. Hypothalamic Kisspeptin Neurons: Integral Elements of the GnRH System. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:802-822. [PMID: 35799018 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly sophisticated and synchronized interactions of various cells and hormonal signals are required to make organisms competent for reproduction. GnRH neurons act as a common pathway for multiple cues for the onset of puberty and attaining reproductive function. GnRH is not directly receptive to most of the signals required for the GnRH secretion during the various phases of the ovarian cycle. Kisspeptin neurons of the hypothalamus convey these signals required for the synchronized release of the GnRH. The steroid-sensitive anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) kisspeptin and arcuate nucleus (ARC) KNDy neurons convey steroid feedback during the reproductive cycle necessary for GnRH surge and pulse, respectively. AVPV region kisspeptin neurons also communicate with nNOS synthesizing neurons and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons to coordinate the process of the ovarian cycle. Neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin play roles in the GnRH pulse stimulation and inhibition, respectively. The loss of NKB and kisspeptin function results in the development of neuroendocrine disorders such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and infertility. Ca2+ signaling is essential for GnRH pulse generation, which is propagated through gap junctions between astrocytes-KNDy and KNDy-KNDy neurons. Impaired functioning of KNDy neurons could develop the characteristics associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in rodents. Kisspeptin-increased synthesis led to excessive secretion of the LH associated with PCOS. This review provides the latest insights and understanding into the role of the KNDy and AVPV/POA kisspeptin neurons in GnRH secretion and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikash Prashar
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Tania Arora
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Randeep Singh
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Sharma
- Department of Computational Sciences, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India
| | - Jyoti Parkash
- Department of Zoology, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, 151401, Punjab, India.
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Tsuchida H, Nonogaki M, Takizawa M, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. Enkephalin-δ Opioid Receptor Signaling Mediates Glucoprivic Suppression of LH Pulse and Gluconeogenesis in Female Rats. Endocrinology 2023; 164:6967063. [PMID: 36592113 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Energy availability is an important regulator of reproductive function at various reproductive phases in mammals. Glucoprivation induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), an inhibitor of glucose utilization, as an experimental model of malnutrition suppresses the pulsatile release of GnRH/LH and induces gluconeogenesis. The present study was performed with the aim of examining whether enkephalin-δ-opioid receptor (DOR) signaling mediates the suppression of pulsatile GnRH/LH release and gluconeogenesis during malnutrition. The administration of naltrindole hydrochloride (NTI), a selective DOR antagonist, into the third ventricle blocked the suppression of LH pulses and part of gluconeogenesis induced by IV 2DG administration in ovariectomized rats treated with a negative feedback level of estradiol-17 β (OVX + low E2). The IV 2DG administration significantly increased the number of Penk (enkephalin gene)-positive cells coexpressing fos (neuronal activation marker gene) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), but not in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in OVX + low E2 rats. Furthermore, double in situ hybridization for Penk/Pdyn (dynorphin gene) in the PVN revealed that approximately 35% of the PVN Penk-expressing cells coexpressed Pdyn. Double in situ hybridization for Penk/Crh (corticotropin-releasing hormone gene) in the PVN and Penk/Kiss1 (kisspeptin gene) in the ARC revealed that few Penk-expressing cells coexpressed Crh and Kiss1. Taken together, these results suggest that central enkephalin-DOR signaling mediates the suppression of pulsatile LH release during malnutrition. Moreover, the current study suggests that central enkephalin-DOR signaling is also involved in gluconeogenesis during malnutrition in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Tsuchida
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miku Nonogaki
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Marina Takizawa
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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7
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Masumi S, Lee EB, Dilower I, Upadhyaya S, Chakravarthi VP, Fields PE, Rumi MAK. The role of Kisspeptin signaling in Oocyte maturation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:917464. [PMID: 36072937 PMCID: PMC9441556 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.917464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptins (KPs) secreted from the hypothalamic KP neurons act on KP receptors (KPRs) in gonadotropin (GPN) releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons to produce GnRH. GnRH acts on pituitary gonadotrophs to induce secretion of GPNs, namely follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), which are essential for ovarian follicle development, oocyte maturation and ovulation. Thus, hypothalamic KPs regulate oocyte maturation indirectly through GPNs. KPs and KPRs are also expressed in the ovarian follicles across species. Recent studies demonstrated that intraovarian KPs also act directly on the KPRs expressed in oocytes to promote oocyte maturation and ovulation. In this review article, we have summarized published reports on the role of hypothalamic and ovarian KP-signaling in oocyte maturation. Gonadal steroid hormones regulate KP secretion from hypothalamic KP neurons, which in turn induces GPN secretion from the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) axis. On the other hand, GPNs secreted from the HP axis act on the granulosa cells (GCs) and upregulate the expression of ovarian KPs. While KPs are expressed predominantly in the GCs, the KPRs are in the oocytes. Expression of KPs in the ovaries increases with the progression of the estrous cycle and peaks during the preovulatory GPN surge. Intrafollicular KP levels in the ovaries rise with the advancement of developmental stages. Moreover, loss of KPRs in oocytes in mice leads to failure of oocyte maturation and ovulation similar to that of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI). These findings suggest that GC-derived KPs may act on the KPRs in oocytes during their preovulatory maturation. In addition to the intraovarian role of KP-signaling in oocyte maturation, in vivo, a direct role of KP has been identified during in vitro maturation of sheep, porcine, and rat oocytes. KP-stimulation of rat oocytes, in vitro, resulted in Ca2+ release and activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2. In vitro treatment of rat or porcine oocytes with KPs upregulated messenger RNA levels of the factors that favor oocyte maturation. In clinical trials, human KP-54 has also been administered successfully to patients undergoing assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) for increasing oocyte maturation. Exogenous KPs can induce GPN secretion from hypothalamus; however, the possibility of direct KP action on the oocytes cannot be excluded. Understanding the direct in vivo and in vitro roles of KP-signaling in oocyte maturation will help in developing novel KP-based ARTs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M. A. Karim Rumi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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8
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Uenoyama Y, Tsuchida H, Nagae M, Inoue N, Tsukamura H. Opioidergic pathways and kisspeptin in the regulation of female reproduction in mammals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:958377. [PMID: 36033602 PMCID: PMC9404872 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.958377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous opioid peptides have attracted attention as critical neuropeptides in the central mechanism regulating female reproduction ever since the discovery that arcuate dynorphin neurons that coexpress kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB), which are also known as kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons, play a role as a master regulator of pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release in mammals. In this study, we first focus on the role of dynorphin released by KNDy neurons in the GnRH pulse generation. Second, we provide a historical overview of studies on endogenous opioid peptides. Third, we discuss how endogenous opioid peptides modulate tonic GnRH/gonadotropin release in female mammals as a mediator of inhibitory internal and external cues, such as ovarian steroids, nutritional status, or stress, on reproduction. Then, we discuss the role of endogenous opioid peptides in GnRH surge generation in female mammals.
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9
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Roberts JF, Jeff Huang CC. Bovine models for human ovarian diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:101-154. [PMID: 35595347 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During early embryonic development, late fetal growth, puberty, adult reproductive years, and advanced aging, bovine and human ovaries closely share molecular pathways and hormonal signaling mechanisms. Other similarities between these species include the size of ovaries, length of gestation, ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics, and pathophysiology of ovarian diseases. As an economically important agriculture species, cattle are a foundational species in fertility research with decades of groundwork using physiologic, genetic, and therapeutic experimental techniques. Many technologies used in modern reproductive medicine, such as ovulation induction using hormonal therapy, were first used in cows before human trials. Human ovarian diseases with naturally occurring bovine correlates include premature ovary insufficiency (POI), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and sex-cord stromal tumors (SCSTs). This article presents an overview of bovine ovary research related to causes of infertility, ovarian diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutics, emphasizing where the bovine model can offer advantages over other lab animals for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Roberts
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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10
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Goodman RL, Herbison AE, Lehman MN, Navarro VM. Neuroendocrine control of gonadotropin-releasing hormone: Pulsatile and surge modes of secretion. J Neuroendocrinol 2022; 34:e13094. [PMID: 35107859 PMCID: PMC9948945 DOI: 10.1111/jne.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The concept that different systems control episodic and surge secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was well established by the time that GnRH was identified and formed the framework for studies of the physiological roles of GnRH, and later kisspeptin. Here, we focus on recent studies identifying the neural mechanisms underlying these two modes of secretion, with an emphasis on their core components. There is now compelling data that kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus that also contain neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (i.e., KNDy cells) and their projections to GnRH dendrons constitute the GnRH pulse generator in mice and rats. There is also strong evidence for a similar role for KNDy neurons in sheep and goats, and weaker data in monkeys and humans. However, whether KNDy neurons act on GnRH dendrons and/or GnRH soma and dendrites that are found in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) of these species remains unclear. The core components of the GnRH/luteinising hormone surge consist of an endocrine signal that initiates the process and a neural trigger that drives GnRH secretion during the surge. In all spontaneous ovulators, the core endocrine signal is a rise in estradiol secretion from the maturing follicle(s), with the site of estrogen positive feedback being the rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons in rodents and neurons in the MBH of sheep and primates. There is considerable species variations in the neural trigger, with three major classes. First, in reflex ovulators, this trigger is initiated by coitus and carried to the hypothalamus by neural or vascular pathways. Second, in rodents, there is a time of day signal that originates in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and activates rostral periventricular kisspeptin neurons and GnRH soma and dendrites. Finally, in sheep nitric oxide-producing neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, KNDy neurons and rostral kisspeptin neurons all appear to participate in driving GnRH release during the surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Allan E. Herbison
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Victor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. In vivo imaging of the GnRH pulse generator reveals a temporal order of neuronal activation and synchronization during each pulse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2117767119. [PMID: 35110409 PMCID: PMC8833213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2117767119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A hypothalamic pulse generator located in the arcuate nucleus controls episodic release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) and is essential for reproduction. Recent evidence suggests this generator is composed of arcuate "KNDy" cells, the abbreviation based on coexpression of kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin. However, direct visual evidence of KNDy neuron activity at a single-cell level during a pulse is lacking. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging in freely moving female mice to show that individual KNDy neurons are synchronously activated in an episodic manner, and these synchronized episodes always precede LH pulses. Furthermore, synchronization among KNDy cells occurs in a temporal order, with some subsets of KNDy cells serving as "leaders" and others as "followers" during each synchronized episode. These results reveal an unsuspected temporal organization of activation and synchronization within the GnRH pulse generator, suggesting that different subsets of KNDy neurons are activated at pulse onset than afterward during maintenance and eventual termination of each pulse. Further studies to distinguish KNDy "leader" from "follower" cells is likely to have important clinical significance, since regulation of pulsatile GnRH secretion is essential for normal reproduction and disrupted in pathological conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome and hypothalamic amenorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242
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12
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Clarke IJ, Reed CB, Burke CR, Li Q, Meier S. Kiss1 expression in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus is lower in dairy cows of reduced fertility. Biol Reprod 2022; 106:802-813. [PMID: 34982141 PMCID: PMC9040656 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that divergent genetic merit for fertility of dairy cows is due to aberrant reproductive neuroendocrine function. The kisspeptin status of non-pregnant cows of either positive (POS) or negative (NEG) breeding values (BVs) for fertility was studied in three groups (n = 8), based on their previous post-partum period: POS cows, which had spontaneous ovarian cycles (POS-CYC) and NEG cows, which either cycled (NEG-CYC) or did not cycle (NEG-NONCYC). Ovarian cycles were synchronized, blood samples were taken to define endocrine status, and the animals were slaughtered in an artificial follicular phase. The brains and the pituitary glands were collected for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and in situ hybridization of hypothalamic GNRH1, Kiss1, TAC3, and PDYN and pituitary expression of LHB and FSHB. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and kisspeptin levels were quantified in snap frozen median eminence (ME). GNRH1 expression and GnRH levels in the ME were similar across groups. Kiss1 expression in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus was also similar across groups, but Kiss1 in the arcuate nucleus was almost 2-fold higher in POS-CYC cows than in NEG groups. TAC3 expression was higher in POS-CYC cows. The number of pituitary gonadotropes and the level of expression of LHB and FSHB were similar across groups. We conclude that the lower levels of Kiss1 and TAC3 in NEG cows with low fertility status and may lead to deficient GnRH and gonadotropin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iain J Clarke
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | | | - Chris R Burke
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Qun Li
- Neuroscience Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 3800
| | - Susanne Meier
- DairyNZ Limited, Private Bag 3221, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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13
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Tsukamura H. Kobayashi Award 2019: The neuroendocrine regulation of the mammalian reproduction. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 315:113755. [PMID: 33711315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian reproductive function is a complex system of many players orchestrated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the consequent pituitary gonadotropin release show two modes of secretory patterns, namely the surge and pulse modes. The surge mode is triggered by the positive feedback action of estrogen secreted from the mature ovarian follicle to induce ovulation in females of most mammalian species. The pulse mode of GnRH release is required for stimulating tonic gonadotropin secretion to drive folliculogenesis, spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis and is negatively fine-tuned by the sex steroids. Accumulating evidence suggests that hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are the master regulator for animal reproduction to govern the HPG axis. Specifically, kisspeptin neurons located in the anterior hypothalamus, such as the anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) in rodents and preoptic nucleus (POA) in ruminants, primates and others, and the neurons located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) in posterior hypothalamus in most mammals are considered to play a key role in generating the surge and pulse modes of GnRH release, respectively. The present article focuses on the role of AVPV (or POA) kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH surge generation and of the ARC kisspeptin neurons as a center for GnRH pulse generation to mediate estrogen positive and negative feedback mechanisms, respectively, and discusses how the estrogen epigenetically regulates kisspeptin gene expression in these two populations of neurons. This article also provides the mechanism how malnutrition and lactation suppress GnRH/gonadotropin pulses through an inhibition of the ARC kisspeptin neurons. Further, the article discusses the programming effect of estrogen on kisspeptin neurons in the developmental brain to uncover the mechanism underlying the sex difference in GnRH/gonadotropin release as well as an irreversible infertility induced by supra-physiological estrogen exposure in rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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14
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Ikegami K, Watanabe Y, Nakamura S, Goto T, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the KNDy neuronal activities to generate and modulate GnRH pulse in mammals. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 64:100968. [PMID: 34808231 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating findings during the past decades have demonstrated that the hypothalamic arcuate kisspeptin neurons are supposed to be responsible for pulsatile release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) to regulate gametogenesis and steroidogenesis in mammals. The arcuate kisspeptin neurons express neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn), thus, the neurons are also referred to as KNDy neurons. In the present article, we mainly focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying GnRH pulse generation, that is focused on the action of NKB and Dyn and an interaction between KNDy neurons and astrocytes to control GnRH pulse generation. Then, we also discuss the factors that modulate the activity of KNDy neurons and consequent pulsatile GnRH/LH release in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Ikegami
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Applied Life Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Teppei Goto
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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15
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Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Nakamura S, Tsukamura H. Kisspeptin Neurons and Estrogen-Estrogen Receptor α Signaling: Unraveling the Mystery of Steroid Feedback System Regulating Mammalian Reproduction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179229. [PMID: 34502135 PMCID: PMC8430864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen produced by ovarian follicles plays a key role in the central mechanisms controlling reproduction via regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release by its negative and positive feedback actions in female mammals. It has been well accepted that estrogen receptor α (ERα) mediates both estrogen feedback actions, but precise targets had remained as a mystery for decades. Ever since the discovery of kisspeptin neurons as afferent ERα-expressing neurons to govern GnRH neurons, the mechanisms mediating estrogen feedback are gradually being unraveled. The present article overviews the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), which are considered to drive pulsatile GnRH/gonadotropin release and folliculogenesis, in mediating the estrogen negative feedback action, and the role of kisspeptin neurons located in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus-periventricular nucleus (AVPV-PeN), which are thought to drive GnRH/luteinizing hormone (LH) surge and consequent ovulation, in mediating the estrogen positive feedback action. This implication has been confirmed by the studies showing that estrogen-bound ERα down- and up-regulates kisspeptin gene (Kiss1) expression in the ARC and AVPV-PeN kisspeptin neurons, respectively. The article also provides the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms regulating Kiss1 expression in kisspeptin neurons by estrogen. Further, afferent ERα-expressing neurons that may regulate kisspeptin release are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari 794-8555, Japan;
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; (Y.U.); (N.I.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Sánchez JM, Keogh K, Kelly AK, Byrne CJ, Lonergan P, Kenny DA. A high plane of nutrition during early life alters the hypothalamic transcriptome of heifer calves. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13978. [PMID: 34234169 PMCID: PMC8263617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93080-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to examine the effect of rapid body weight gain during early calfhood consistent with earlier sexual development on the transcriptional profile of the hypothalamus. Angus X Holstein-Friesian heifer calves (19 ± 5 days of age) were offered a high (HI, n = 14) or moderate (MOD, n = 15) plane of nutrition from 3 to 21 weeks of age to achieve a growth rate of 1.2 kg/d and 0.5 kg/d, respectively. Following euthanasia at 21 weeks, the arcuate nucleus (ARC) region was separated from the remainder of the hypothalamus and both were subjected to RNA-Seq. HI calves exhibited altered expression of 80 and 39 transcripts in the ARC and the remaining hypothalamus, respectively (P < 0.05) including downregulation of AGRP and NPY and upregulation of POMC, previously implicated in precocious sexual development. Stress-signaling pathways were amongst the most highly dysregulated. Organ morphology, reproductive system development and function, and developmental disorder were amongst the networks derived from differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the ARC. Gene co-expression analysis revealed DEGs within the ARC (POMC, CBLN2, CHGA) and hypothalamus (PENK) as hub genes. In conclusion, enhanced nutrition during early calfhood alters the biochemical regulation of the hypothalamus consistent with advanced sexual development in the prepubertal heifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Sánchez
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Y Tecnología Agraria Y Alimentaria, Ctr. de la Coruña Km 5.9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kate Keogh
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Alan K Kelly
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Colin J Byrne
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David A Kenny
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, Ireland.
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17
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Lindo AN, Thorson JF, Bedenbaugh MN, McCosh RB, Lopez JA, Young SA, Meadows LJ, Bowdridge EC, Fergani C, Freking BA, Lehman MN, Hileman SM, Lents CA. Localization of kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R in the hypothalamus of gilts treated with the progestin altrenogest. Biol Reprod 2021; 105:1056-1067. [PMID: 34037695 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioab103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms in the brain controlling secretion of gonadotropin hormones in pigs, particularly luteinizing hormone (LH), are poorly understood. Kisspeptin is a potent LH stimulant that is essential for fertility in many species, including pigs. Neurokinin B (NKB) acting through neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is involved in kisspeptin-stimulated LH release, but organization of NKB and NK3R within the porcine hypothalamus is unknown. Hypothalamic tissue from ovariectomized (OVX) gilts was used to determine the distribution of immunoreactive kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R cells in the arcuate nucleus (ARC). Almost all kisspeptin neurons coexpressed NKB in the porcine ARC. Immunostaining for NK3R was distributed throughout the preoptic area (POA) and in several hypothalamic areas including the periventricular and retrochiasmatic areas but was not detected within the ARC. There was no colocalization of NK3R with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), but NK3R-positive fibers in the POA were in close apposition to GnRH neurons. Treating OVX gilts with the progestin altrenogest decreased LH pulse frequency and reduced mean circulating concentrations of LH compared with OVX control gilts (P < 0.01), but the number of kisspeptin and NKB cells in the ARC did not differ between treatments. The neuroanatomical arrangement of kisspeptin, NKB, and NK3R within the porcine hypothalamus confirm they are positioned to stimulate GnRH and LH secretion in gilts, though differences with other species exist. Altrenogest suppression of LH secretion in the OVX gilt does not appear to involve decreased peptide expression of kisspeptin or NKB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Lindo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | | | - Michelle N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard B McCosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Justin A Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Samantha A Young
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Lanny J Meadows
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bowdridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chrysanthi Fergani
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Miss., USA
| | | | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Department of Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Clay A Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
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18
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Uenoyama Y, Nagae M, Tsuchida H, Inoue N, Tsukamura H. Role of KNDy Neurons Expressing Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B, and Dynorphin A as a GnRH Pulse Generator Controlling Mammalian Reproduction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:724632. [PMID: 34566891 PMCID: PMC8458932 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.724632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence accumulated during the past two decades has demonstrated that the then-novel kisspeptin, which was discovered in 2001, the known neuropeptides neurokinin B and dynorphin A, which were discovered in 1983 and 1979, respectively, and their G-protein-coupled receptors, serve as key molecules that control reproduction in mammals. The present review provides a brief historical background and a summary of our recent understanding of the roles of hypothalamic neurons expressing kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A, referred to as KNDy neurons, in the central mechanism underlying gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation and subsequent tonic gonadotropin release that controls mammalian reproduction.
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19
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Nakamura S, Miwa M, Morita Y, Ohkura S, Yamamura T, Wakabayashi Y, Matsuyama S. Neurokinin 3 receptor-selective agonist, senktide, decreases core temperature in Japanese Black cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106522. [PMID: 32841888 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress disrupts reproductive function in cattle. In summer, high ambient temperature and humidity elevate core body temperature, which is considered to be detrimental to reproductive abilities in cattle. Neurokinin B (NKB) is a factor that generates pulsatile GnRH and subsequent LH secretion in mammals. Recent studies have reported that NKB-neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) signaling is associated with heat-defense responses in rodents. The present study aimed to clarify the role of NKB-NK3R signaling in thermoregulation in cattle. We examined the effects of an NK3R-selective agonist, senktide, on vaginal temperature as an indicator of core body temperature in winter and summer. In both seasons, continuous infusion of senktide for 4 h immediately decreased vaginal temperature, and the mean temperature change in the senktide-treated group was significantly lower than that of both vehicle- and GnRH-treated groups. Administration of GnRH induced LH elevation, but there was no significant difference in vaginal temperature change between GnRH- and vehicle-treated groups. Moreover, we investigated the effects of senktide on ovarian temperature. Senktide treatment seemed to suppress the increase in ovarian temperature from 2 h after the beginning of administration, although the difference between groups was not statistically significant. Taken together, these results suggest that senktide infusion caused a decline in the vaginal temperature of cattle, in both winter and summer seasons, and this effect was not due to the gonadotropin-releasing action of senktide. These findings provide new therapeutic options for senktide to support both heat-defense responses and GnRH/LH pulse generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakamura
- Division of Animal Feeding and Management Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - M Miwa
- Division of Animal Feeding and Management Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan; Division of Grassland Farming, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan; Agricultural AI Research Office, Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Morita
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Ohkura
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Yamamura
- Agricultural AI Research Office, Research Center for Agricultural Information Technology, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan; Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Y Wakabayashi
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - S Matsuyama
- Division of Animal Feeding and Management Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Nasushiobara, Japan; Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
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20
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Watanabe Y, Ikegami K, Nakamura S, Uenoyama Y, Ozawa H, Maeda KI, Tsukamura H, Inoue N. Mating-induced increase in Kiss1 mRNA expression in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus prior to an increase in LH and testosterone release in male rats. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:579-586. [PMID: 32968033 PMCID: PMC7768167 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin has an indispensable role in gonadotropin-releasing hormone/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. In rodents, kisspeptin neurons are located in distinct brain regions, namely the anteroventral periventricular nucleus-periventricular nucleus continuum (AVPV/PeN), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and medial amygdala (MeA). Among them, the physiological role of AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in males has not been clarified yet. The present study aims to investigate the acute effects of the olfactory and/or mating stimulus with a female rat on hypothalamic and MeA Kiss1 mRNA expression, plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels in male rats. Intact male rats were exposed to the following stimuli: exposure to clean bedding; exposure to female-soiled bedding as a female-olfactory stimulus; exposure to female-soiled bedding and mating stimulus with a female rat. The mating stimulus significantly increased the number of the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells in males within 5 minutes after the exposure, and significantly increased LH and testosterone levels, followed by an increase in male sexual behavior. Whereas, the males exposed to female-soiled bedding showed a moderate increase in LH levels and no significant change in testosterone levels and the number of the AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells. Importantly, none of the stimuli affected the number of Kiss1 mRNA-expressing cells in the ARC and MeA. These results suggest that the mating-induced increase in AVPV/PeN Kiss1 mRNA expression may be, at least partly, involved in stimulating LH and testosterone release, and might consequently ensure male mating behavior. This study would be the first report suggesting that the AVPV/PeN kisspeptin neurons in males may play a physiological role in ensuring male reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo113-0031, Japan
| | - Kana Ikegami
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo113-0031, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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21
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D’Occhio MJ, Campanile G, Baruselli PS. Peripheral action of kisspeptin at reproductive tissues-role in ovarian function and embryo implantation and relevance to assisted reproductive technology in livestock: a review. Biol Reprod 2020; 103:1157-1170. [PMID: 32776148 PMCID: PMC7711897 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (KISS1) is encoded by the KISS1 gene and was initially found to be a repressor of metastasis. Natural mutations in the KISS1 receptor gene (KISS1R) were subsequently shown to be associated with idiopathic hypothalamic hypogonadism and impaired puberty. This led to interest in the role of KISS1 in reproduction. It was established that KISS1 had a fundamental role in the control of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion. KISS1 neurons have receptors for leptin and estrogen receptor α (ERα), which places KISS1 at the gateway of metabolic (leptin) and gonadal (ERα) regulation of GnRH secretion. More recently, KISS1 has been shown to act at peripheral reproductive tissues. KISS1 and KISS1R genes are expressed in follicles (granulosa, theca, oocyte), trophoblast, and uterus. KISS1 and KISS1R proteins are found in the same tissues. KISS1 appears to have autocrine and paracrine actions in follicle and oocyte maturation, trophoblast development, and implantation and placentation. In some studies, KISS1 was beneficial to in vitro oocyte maturation and blastocyst development. The next phase of KISS1 research will explore potential benefits on embryo survival and pregnancy. This will likely involve longer-term KISS1 treatments during proestrus, early embryo development, trophoblast attachment, and implantation and pregnancy. A deeper understanding of the direct action of KISS1 at reproductive tissues could help to achieve the next step change in embryo survival and improvement in the efficiency of assisted reproductive technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J D’Occhio
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Pietro S Baruselli
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Oshimo Y, Munetomo A, Magata F, Suetomi Y, Sonoda S, Takeuchi Y, Tsukamura H, Ohkura S, Matsuda F. Estrogen increases KISS1 expression in newly generated immortalized KISS1-expressing cell line derived from goat preoptic area. J Reprod Dev 2020; 67:15-23. [PMID: 33100283 PMCID: PMC7902218 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2020-053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin neurons located in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA) are suggested to be responsible for the induction of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH) surge and the following luteinizing hormone (LH) surge to regulate female mammals’ ovulation. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that the preovulatory
level of estrogen activates the POA kisspeptin neurons (estrogen positive feedback), which in turn induces a GnRH/LH surge. This study aimed to derive a cell
line from goat POA kisspeptin neurons as an in vitro model to analyze the estrogen positive feedback mechanism in ruminants. Neuron-derived
cell clones obtained by the immortalization of POA tissue from a female Shiba goat fetus were analyzed for the expression of kisspeptin (KISS1)
and estrogen receptor α (ESR1) genes using quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and three cell clones were
selected as POA kisspeptin neuron cell line candidates. One cell line (GP64) out of the three clones showed significant increase in the KISS1
level by incubation with estradiol for 24 h, indicating that the GP64 cells mimic endogenous goat POA kisspeptin neurons. The GP64 cells showed
immunoreactivities for kisspeptin and estrogen receptor α and retained a stable growth rate throughout three passages. Further, intracellular calcium levels in
the GP64 cells were increased by the KCl challenge, indicating their neurosecretory ability. In conclusion, we generated a new KISS1-expressing
cell line derived from goat POA. The current GP64 cell line could be a useful model to elucidate the estrogen positive feedback mechanism responsible for the
GnRH/LH surge generation in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukina Oshimo
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumie Magata
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yuta Suetomi
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sonoda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yukari Takeuchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Ethology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkura
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Abstract
The Tacr3 gene encodes tachykinin receptor 3 (NK3R), which belongs to the tachykinin receptor family. This family of proteins includes typical G protein-coupled receptors and belongs to the rhodopsin subfamily. NK3R functions by binding to its high-affinity ligand, neurokinin B(NKB). The role of Tacr3/NK3R in growth and reproduction has been extensively studied, but Tacr3/NK3R is also widely expressed in the nervous system from the spinal cord to the brain and is involved in both physiological and pathological processes in the nervous system, including mood disorders, chronic pain, learning and memory deficiencies, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, addiction-related processes, hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, body fluid management, neural development, and schizophrenia. Here, we summarize the structure of NK3R/NKB and its cellular signaling as well as the expression of Tacr3/NK3R in the nervous system, and we provide a comprehensive summary of the role of Tacr3/NK3R in neurological diseases, including reproduction-related disorders and other neurological diseases. At the end of this review, we propose the hypothesis that Tacr3/NK3R mediates a variety of brain functions by affecting the excitability of different neurons with specific functions. On the basis of this "excited or not" hypothesis, more studies related to Tacr3 should be carried out in other nervous system diseases in order to better understand the biological roles of Tacr3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-wen Zhang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Xia Chu
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institutes of Brain Science, Brain Science Collaborative Innovation Center, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Kitagawa Y, Sasaki T, Suzumura R, Morishima A, Tatebayashi R, Assadullah, Ieda N, Morita Y, Matsuyama S, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Ohkura S. Facilitatory and inhibitory role of central amylin administration in the regulation of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in goats. Neurosci Lett 2020; 736:135276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kereilwe O, Kadokawa H. Anti-Müllerian hormone and its receptor are detected in most gonadotropin-releasing-hormone cell bodies and fibers in heifer brains. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106432. [PMID: 32169754 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating concentrations of Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) can indicate fertility in various animals, but the physiological mechanisms underlying the effect of AMH on fertility remain unknown. We recently discovered that AMH has extragonadal functions via its main receptor, AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2). Specifically, AMH stimulates the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone from bovine gonadotrophs. Moreover, gonadotrophs themselves express AMH to exert paracrine/autocrine functions, and AMH can activate gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) neurons in mice. This study aimed to evaluate whether AMH and AMHR2 are detected in areas of the brain relevant to neuroendocrine control of reproduction: the preoptic area (POA), arcuate nucleus (ARC), and median eminence (ME), and in particular within GnRH neurons. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected both AMH and AMHR2 mRNA in tissues containing POA, as well as in those containing both ARC and ME, collected from postpubertal heifers. Western blotting detected AMH and AMHR2 protein in the collected tissues. Triple fluorescence immunohistochemistry revealed that most cell bodies or fibers of GnRH neurons were AMHR2-positive and AMH-positive, although some were negative. Immunohistochemistry revealed that 75% to 85% of cell bodies and fibers of GnRH neurons were positive for both AMH and AMHR2 in the POA, ARC, and both the internal and external zones of the ME. The cell bodies of GnRH neurons were situated around other AMH-positive cell bodies or fibers of GnRH and non-GNRH neurons. Our findings thus indicate that AMH and AMHR2 are detected in most cell bodies or fibers of GnRH neurons in the POA, ARC, and ME of heifer brains. These data support the need for further study as to how AMH and AMHR2 act within the hypothalamus to influence GnRH and gonadotropin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Kereilwe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 1677-1, Japan
| | - H Kadokawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi-ken 1677-1, Japan.
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Kereilwe O, Kadokawa H. Decreased Anti-Müllerian hormone and Anti-Müllerian hormone receptor type 2 in hypothalami of old Japanese Black cows. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 82:1113-1117. [PMID: 32554955 PMCID: PMC7468072 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cow fertility decreases with age, but the hypothalamic pathomechanisms are not
understood. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
neurons via AMH receptor type 2 (AMHR2), and most GnRH neurons in the preoptic area (POA),
arcuate nucleus (ARC), and median eminence (ME) express AMH and AMHR2. Therefore, we
hypothesized that both protein amounts would differ in the anterior hypothalamus
(containing the POA) and posterior hypothalamus (containing the ARC and ME) between young
post-pubertal heifers and old cows. Western blot analysis showed lower
(P<0.05) expressions of AMH and AMHR2 in the posterior hypothalamus,
but not in the anterior hypothalamus, of old Japanese Black cows compared to young
heifers. Therefore, AMH and AMHR2 were decreased in the posterior hypothalami of old
cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onalenna Kereilwe
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Hiroya Kadokawa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi-shi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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27
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Singh U, Alex R, Kumar S, Deb R, Venkatesan Raja T, Singhal S, Sengar GS, Singh Rathod B, Srirama Murthy K, Vasant Rao Patil N. Association of bovine KISS1 single nucleotide polymorphisms with reproductive traits in Indian Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2020; 55:922-930. [PMID: 32428317 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptins, a family of neuropeptide encoded by the Kiss1 gene, have emerged as crucial regulator of fertility and reproduction by regulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The present study was aimed to identify and associate SNPs in the KISS1 gene with reproductive traits in cattle of Indian origin. DNA samples collected from 300 individual cows of three Indian dairy breeds (Gir, Kankrej and Frieswal) of cattle were used in the study. The SNPs of KISS1 gene were identified with PCR-RFLP and sequence analysis using two sets of primer pairs. A total of 5 SNPs were identified in the targeted region of which, two were selected for screening the population and association studies. The analysis revealed that genotypes of rs442633552G>A and rs42022871C>T had a significant association with dry period. The SNP rs42022871C>T also established significant role in milk production traits, and selection of TT-genotyped animals will improve the reproduction and production potential of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Singh
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India
| | - Rani Alex
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India
| | - Sushil Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India
| | - Rajib Deb
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India
| | | | - Shaily Singhal
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, India
| | | | - Bharat Singh Rathod
- Livestock Research Station, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Banaskatha, India
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Sasaki T, Sonoda T, Tatebayashi R, Kitagawa Y, Oishi S, Yamamoto K, Fujii N, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Maeda KI, Matsuda F, Morita Y, Matsuyama S, Ohkura S. Peripheral administration of SB223412, a selective neurokinin-3 receptor antagonist, suppresses pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion by acting on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator in estrogen-treated ovariectomized female goats. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:351-357. [PMID: 32281549 PMCID: PMC7470901 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that KNDy neurons located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), which are reported to express kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin A, are indispensable for the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generation that results in rhythmic GnRH secretion. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of peripheral administration of the neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R/TACR3, a receptor for neurokinin B) antagonist, SB223412, on GnRH pulse-generating activity and pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion in ovariectomized Shiba goats treated with luteal phase levels of estrogen. The NK3R antagonist was infused intravenously for 4 h {0.16 or 1.6 mg/(kg body weight [BW]·4 h)} during which multiple unit activity (MUA) in the ARC was recorded, an electrophysiological technique commonly employed to monitor GnRH pulse generator activity. In a separate experiment, the NK3R antagonist (40 or 200 mg/[kg BW·day]) was administered orally for 7 days to determine whether the NK3R antagonist could modulate pulsatile LH secretion when administered via the oral route. Intravenous infusion of the NK3R antagonist significantly increased the interval of episodic bursts of MUA compared with that of the controls. Oral administration of the antagonist for 7 days also significantly prolonged the interpulse interval of LH pulses. The results of this study demonstrate that peripheral administration of an NK3R antagonist suppresses pulsatile LH secretion by acting on the GnRH pulse generator, suggesting that NK3R antagonist administration could be used to modulate reproductive functions in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tomoya Sonoda
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryoki Tatebayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuri Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinya Oishi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Fujii
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kei-Ichiro Maeda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Morita
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkura
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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29
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Nakamura S, Noda K, Miwa M, Minabe S, Hagiwara T, Hirasawa A, Matsuyama S, Moriyama R. Colocalization of GPR120 and anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells in female Japanese Black cattle. J Reprod Dev 2019; 66:135-141. [PMID: 31902805 PMCID: PMC7175391 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative energy balance in domestic animals suppresses their reproductive function. These animals commonly use long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) from adipocytes as an energy source under
states of malnutrition. The G-protein coupled receptor, GPR120, is a specific receptor for LCFAs, but its role in reproductive function remains unknown in domestic animals. The purpose of
this study was to examine whether GPR120 is involved in the reproductive system of cattle. GPR120 mRNA expression was evaluated in brain, pituitary, and ovarian tissue
samples by RT-PCR. GPR120 gene expression was detected with high intensity only in the anterior pituitary sample, and GPR120-immunoreactive cells were found in the anterior
pituitary gland. Double immunohistochemistry of GPR120 in the anterior pituitary hormone-producing cells, such as gonadotropes, thyrotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes, and corticotropes, was
performed to clarify the distribution of GPR120 in the anterior pituitary gland of ovariectomized heifers. Luteinizing hormone β subunit (LHβ)- and follicle-stimulating hormone β subunit
(FSHβ)-immunoreactive cells demonstrated GPR120 immunoreactivity at 80.7% and 85.9%, respectively. Thyrotropes, lactotropes, somatotropes, and corticotropes coexpressed GPR120 at 21.1%,
5.4%, 13.6%, and 14.5%, respectively. In conclusion, the present study suggests that GPR120 in the anterior pituitary gland might mediate LCFA signaling to regulate gonadotrope functions,
such as hormone secretion or production, in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Nakamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO-ILGS), Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Kohei Noda
- Laboratory of Environmental physiology, Department of Life Science, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Masafumi Miwa
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO-ILGS), Tochigi 329-2793, Japan
| | - Shiori Minabe
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Teruki Hagiwara
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuyama
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO-ILGS), Tochigi 329-2793, Japan.,Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Moriyama
- Laboratory of Environmental physiology, Department of Life Science, Kindai University, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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30
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Matsuda F, Ohkura S, Magata F, Munetomo A, Chen J, Sato M, Inoue N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H. Role of kisspeptin neurons as a GnRH surge generator: Comparative aspects in rodents and non-rodent mammals. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2019; 45:2318-2329. [PMID: 31608564 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ovulation is an essential phenomenon for reproduction in mammalian females along with follicular growth. It is well established that gonadal function is controlled by the neuroendocrine system called the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, localized in the hypothalamus, had been considered to be the head in governing the HPG axis for a long time until the discovery of kisspeptin. In females, induction of ovulation and folliculogenesis has been linked to a surge mode and pulse mode of GnRH releases, respectively. The mechanisms of how the two modes of GnRH are differently regulated had long remained elusive. The discovery of kisspeptin neurons, distributed in two hypothalamic nuclei, such as the arcuate nucleus in the caudal hypothalamus and preoptic area or the anteroventral periventricular nucleus in the rostral hypothalamic regions, and analyses of the detailed functions of kisspeptin neurons have led marked progress on the understanding of different mechanisms regulating GnRH surges (ovulation) and GnRH pulses (folliculogenesis). The present review will focus on the role of kisspeptin neurons as the GnRH surge generator, including the sexual differentiation of the surge generation system and factors that regulate the surge generator. Comparative aspects between mammalian species are especially focused on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuko Matsuda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohkura
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumie Magata
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Munetomo
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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31
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Sasaki T, Ito D, Sonoda T, Morita Y, Wakabayashi Y, Yamamura T, Okamura H, Oishi S, Noguchi T, Fujii N, Uenoyama Y, Tsukamura H, Maeda KI, Matsuda F, Ohkura S. Peripheral administration of κ-opioid receptor antagonist stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator activity in ovariectomized, estrogen-treated female goats. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:83-91. [PMID: 30908995 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion is indispensable for reproduction in mammals. Kisspeptin neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), referred to as KNDy neurons because of the coexpression of neurokinin B and dynorphin A, are considered as components of the GnRH pulse generator that produces rhythmic GnRH secretion. The present study aimed to investigate if peripheral administration of PF-4455242, a κ-opioid receptor (KOR, a dynorphin A receptor) antagonist, facilitates pulsatile luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and GnRH pulse generator activity in estrogen-treated ovariectomized Shiba goats to determine the possibility of using KOR antagonists to artificially control ovarian activities. PF-4455242 was intravenously infused for 4 h (1 or 10 μmol/kg body weight/4 h) or as a single subcutaneous injection (1 or 10 μmol/kg body weight). In a separate experiment, the same KOR antagonist (10 μmol/kg body weight/4 h) was intravenously infused during the recording of multiple unit activity (MUA) in the ARC that reflects the activity of the GnRH pulse generator to test the effects of KOR antagonist administration on GnRH pulse generator activity. Intravenous infusion and single subcutaneous injection of the KOR antagonist significantly increased the frequency of LH pulses compared with controls. Intravenous infusion of KOR antagonist also significantly increased the frequency of episodic bursts in the MUA. The present study demonstrates that peripherally administered KOR antagonist stimulates pulsatile LH secretion by acting on the GnRH pulse generator, and peripheral administration of PF-4455242 can be used to facilitate pulsatile LH secretion, which in turn facilitates ovarian activities in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - D Ito
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - T Sonoda
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Morita
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Y Wakabayashi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - T Yamamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - H Okamura
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-0901, Japan
| | - S Oishi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry and Chemogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - T Noguchi
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry and Chemogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - N Fujii
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Medical Chemistry and Chemogenomics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Y Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - H Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - K I Maeda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - F Matsuda
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Ohkura
- Laboratory of Animal Production Science, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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32
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Uenoyama Y, Inoue N, Nakamura S, Tsukamura H. Central Mechanism Controlling Pubertal Onset in Mammals: A Triggering Role of Kisspeptin. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:312. [PMID: 31164866 PMCID: PMC6536648 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pubertal onset is thought to be timed by an increase in pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. The underlying mechanism of pubertal onset in mammals is still an open question. Evidence accumulated in the last 15 years suggests that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus play a key role in pubertal onset by triggering pulsatile GnRH/gonadotropin secretin in mammals. Specifically, KNDy neurons are now considered a part of GnRH pulse generator, in which neurokinin B facilitates and dynorphin A inhibits, the synchronized discharge of KNDy neurons in autocrine and/or paracrine manners. Kisspeptin serves as a potent secretagogue of GnRH secretion and thus its release is fundamental to pubertal increase in GnRH/gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Proposed mechanisms inhibiting Kiss1 (kisspeptin gene) expression during childhood to juvenile varies from species to species: we envisage that negative feedback action of estrogen plays a key role in the inhibition of Kiss1 expression in KNDy neurons in rodents and sheep, whereas estrogen-independent inhibition of kisspeptin secretion by γ-amino butyric acid or neuropeptide Y are suggested to be responsible for the pre-pubertal suppression of GnRH/gonadotropin secretion in primates. Taken together, the timing of pubertal onset is postulated to be controlled by upstream regulators for kisspeptin biosynthesis and secretion in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yoshihisa Uenoyama
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sho Nakamura
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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33
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Scott CJ, Rose JL, Gunn AJ, McGrath BM. Kisspeptin and the regulation of the reproductive axis in domestic animals. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0485.R1. [PMID: 30400056 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The control of reproductive processes involves the integration of a number of factors from the internal and external environment, with the final output signal of these processes being the pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. These factors include the feedback actions of sex steroids, feed intake and nutritional status, season/photoperiod, pheromones, age and stress. Understanding these factors and how they influence GnRH secretion and hence reproduction is important for the management of farm animals. There is evidence that the RF-amide neuropeptide, kisspeptin, may be involved in relaying the effects of these factors to the GnRH neurons. This paper will review the evidence from the common domestic animals (sheep, goats, cattle, horses and pigs), that kisspeptin neurons are i) regulated by the factors listed above, ii) contact GnRH neurons, and iii) involved in the regulation of GnRH/gonadotrophin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scott
- C Scott, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Jessica L Rose
- J Rose, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Allan J Gunn
- A Gunn, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Briony M McGrath
- B McGrath, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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34
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Porter DT, Goodman RL, Lehman MN. KNDy Cells Revisited. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3219-3234. [PMID: 30010844 PMCID: PMC6098225 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade since kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells were first identified in the mammalian hypothalamus, a plethora of new research has emerged adding insights into the role of this neuronal population in reproductive neuroendocrine function, including the basis for GnRH pulse generation and the mechanisms underlying the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. In this mini-review, we provide an update of evidence regarding the roles of KNDy peptides and their postsynaptic receptors in producing episodic GnRH release and assess the relative contribution of KNDy neurons to the "GnRH pulse generator." In addition, we examine recent work investigating the role of KNDy neurons as mediators of steroid hormone negative feedback and review evidence for their involvement in the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, taking into account species differences that exist among rodents, ruminants, and primates. Finally, we summarize emerging roles of KNDy neurons in other aspects of reproductive function and in nonreproductive functions and discuss critical unresolved questions in our understanding of KNDy neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Danielle T Porter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-ninth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2016 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and CUNY Neuroscience Collaborative, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Okamura H, Yamamura T, Wakabayashi Y. Mapping of KNDy neurons and immunohistochemical analysis of the interaction between KNDy and substance P neural systems in goat. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:571-580. [PMID: 29109352 PMCID: PMC5735268 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2017-103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A population of neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) coexpresses kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin, and therefore they are referred to as KNDy neurons. It has been suggested that KNDy neurons participate in several brain functions, including the control of reproduction. The present study aimed to advance our understanding of the anatomy of the KNDy neural system. We first produced an antiserum against goat kisspeptin. After confirming its specificity, the antiserum was used to histochemically detect kisspeptin-positive signals. Using the colocalization of kisspeptin and NKB immunoreactivity as a marker for KNDy neurons, we mapped distributions of their cell somata and fibers in the whole brain (except the cerebellum) of ovariectomized (OVX) goats. KNDy neuronal somata were distributed throughout the ARC, and were particularly abundant in its caudal aspect. KNDy neuronal fibers projected into several areas within the septo-preoptic-hypothalamic continuum, such as the ARC, median eminence, medial preoptic nucleus, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Kisspeptin immunoreactivity was not found outside of the continuum. We then addressed to the hypothesis that substance P (SP) is also involved in the KNDy neural system. Double-labeling immunohistochemistry for kisspeptin and SP revealed that KNDy neurons did not coexpress SP, but nearly all of the KNDy neuronal somata were surrounded by fibers containing SP in the OVX goats. The present results demonstrate anatomical evidence for a robust association between the KNDy and SP neural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Okamura
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Wakabayashi
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, NARO, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Nakamura S, Wakabayashi Y, Yamamura T, Ohkura S, Matsuyama S. A neurokinin 3 receptor-selective agonist accelerates pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion in lactating cattle†. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:81-90. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Yamasaki M, Kuwahara A, Iwasa T, Yamamoto Y, Taniguchi Y, Yano Y, Matsui S, Matsuzaki T, Irahara M. Development-related changes in the expression of the ovarian Kiss1 and Kiss1r genes and their sensitivity to human chorionic gonadotropin in prepubertal female rats. J Reprod Dev 2017; 63:409-414. [PMID: 28552864 PMCID: PMC5593092 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2016-179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin, which is encoded by the Kiss1 gene, and its receptor, the G protein-coupled receptor 54 (Kiss1r), play important roles in the regulation of reproductive functions in mammals. Several studies have shown that the Kiss1 and Kiss1r genes are expressed in the rat, primate, and human ovaries, and that the ovarian kisspeptin system plays a pivotal role in ovulation at the proestrous stage in adulthood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate development-related changes in the expression of ovarian Kiss1 and Kiss1r genes and in kisspeptin levels, and to identify the regulatory factors for these genes during the prepubertal period. The serum kisspeptin level was also measured to examine whether ovarian kisspeptin affects serum kisspeptin levels. Variations in the ovarian Kiss1 and Kiss1r mRNA levels were observed during the prepubertal period in female rats, with levels peaking around postnatal days 20 and 15, respectively. Nevertheless, the ovarian kisspeptin content per total protein level was stably maintained. Serum kisspeptin levels at postnatal days 30 and 35 were higher than those at earlier postnatal days. The pattern of the ovarian Kiss1 mRNA levels was similar to that of the serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, and the ovarian Kiss1 mRNA level increased after injection with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on postnatal day 20, but not on postnatal days 10 and 30. These data indicate that ovarian Kiss1 and Kiss1r mRNA levels are increased on postnatal days 20 and 15, respectively, and that changes in the serum LH level and the ovarian sensitivity to LH may be involved in the alteration of ovarian Kiss1 mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Yamasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iwasa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuri Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuka Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuya Yano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sumika Matsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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