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Derunets AS, Selimzyanova AI, Rykov SV, Kuznetsov AE, Berezina OV. Strategies to enhance stress tolerance in lactic acid bacteria across diverse stress conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:126. [PMID: 38446232 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-024-03905-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) hold significant importance in diverse fields, including food technology, industrial biotechnology, and medicine. As basic components of starter cultures, probiotics, immunomodulators, and live vaccines, LAB cells resist a variety of stressors, including temperature fluctuations, osmotic and pH shocks, exposure to oxidants and ultraviolet radiation, substrate deprivation, mechanical damage, and more. To stay alive in these adversities, LAB employ a wide range of stress response strategies supported by various mechanisms, for example rearrangement of metabolism, expression of specialized biomolecules (e.g., chaperones and antioxidants), exopolysaccharide synthesis, and complex repair and regulatory systems. LAB can coordinate responses to various stressors using global regulators. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about stress response strategies used by LAB and consider mechanisms of response to specific stressful factors, supported by illustrative examples. In addition, we discuss technical approaches to increase the stress resistance of LAB, including pre-adaptation, genetic modification of strains, and adjustment of cultivation conditions. A critical analysis of the recent findings in this field augments comprehension of stress tolerance mechanisms in LAB, paving the way for prospective research directions with implications in fundamental and practical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Derunets
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | - S V Rykov
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - A E Kuznetsov
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Berezina
- National Research Center Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Abstract
Bifidobacteria naturally inhabit diverse environments, including the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and animals. Members of the genus are of considerable scientific interest due to their beneficial effects on health and, hence, their potential to be used as probiotics. By definition, probiotic cells need to be viable despite being exposed to several stressors in the course of their production, storage, and administration. Examples of common stressors encountered by probiotic bifidobacteria include oxygen, acid, and bile salts. As bifidobacteria are highly heterogenous in terms of their tolerance to these stressors, poor stability and/or robustness can hamper the industrial-scale production and commercialization of many strains. Therefore, interest in the stress physiology of bifidobacteria has intensified in recent decades, and many studies have been established to obtain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying their stability and robustness. By complementing traditional methodologies, omics technologies have opened new avenues for enhancing the understanding of the defense mechanisms of bifidobacteria against stress. In this review, we summarize and evaluate the current knowledge on the multilayered responses of bifidobacteria to stressors, including the most recent insights and hypotheses. We address the prevailing stressors that may affect the cell viability during production and use as probiotics. Besides phenotypic effects, molecular mechanisms that have been found to underlie the stress response are described. We further discuss strategies that can be applied to improve the stability of probiotic bifidobacteria and highlight knowledge gaps that should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Schöpping
- Systems Biology, Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ahmad A. Zeidan
- Systems Biology, Discovery, Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Carl Johan Franzén
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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3
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Jingjing E, Jingya Z, Rongze M, Zichao C, Caiqing Y, Ruixue W, Qiaoling Z, Ying Y, Jing L, Junguo W. Study of the internal mechanism of L-glutamate for improving the survival rate of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LIP-1 after freeze-drying. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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4
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Abstract
Over the last decade, the genomes of several Bifidobacterium strains have been sequenced, delivering valuable insights into their genetic makeup. However, bifidobacterial genomes have not yet been systematically mined for genes associated with stress response functions and their regulation. In this work, a list of 76 genes related to stress response in bifidobacteria was compiled from previous studies. The prevalence of the genes was evaluated among the genome sequences of 171 Bifidobacterium strains. Although genes of the protein quality control and DNA repair systems appeared to be highly conserved, genome-wide in silico screening for consensus sequences of putative regulators suggested that the regulation of these systems differs among phylogenetic groups. Homologs of multiple oxidative stress-associated genes are shared across species, albeit at low sequence similarity. Bee isolates were confirmed to harbor unique genetic features linked to oxygen tolerance. Moreover, most studied Bifidobacterium adolescentis and all Bifidobacterium angulatum strains lacked a set of reactive oxygen species-detoxifying enzymes, which might explain their high sensitivity to oxygen. Furthermore, the presence of some putative transcriptional regulators of stress responses was found to vary across species and strains, indicating that different regulation strategies of stress-associated gene transcription contribute to the diverse stress tolerance. The presented stress response gene profiles of Bifidobacterium strains provide a valuable knowledge base for guiding future studies by enabling hypothesis generation and the identification of key genes for further analyses. IMPORTANCE Bifidobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria that naturally inhabit diverse ecological niches, including the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. Strains of the genus Bifidobacterium are widely used as probiotics, since they have been associated with health benefits. In the course of their production and administration, probiotic bifidobacteria are exposed to several stressors that can challenge their survival. The stress tolerance of probiotic bifidobacteria is, therefore, an important selection criterion for their commercial application, since strains must maintain their viability to exert their beneficial health effects. As the ability to cope with stressors varies among Bifidobacterium strains, comprehensive understanding of the underlying stress physiology is required for enabling knowledge-driven strain selection and optimization of industrial-scale production processes.
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5
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Green strategies to control redox potential in the fermented food industry. Food Res Int 2022; 156:111154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Gao X, Kong J, Zhu H, Mao B, Cui S, Zhao J. Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus response to environmental stress: Mechanisms and application of cross-protection to improve resistance against freeze-drying. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:802-821. [PMID: 34365708 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The review deals with lactic acid bacteria in characterizing the stress adaptation with cross-protection effects, mainly associated with Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus. It focuses on adaptation and cross-protection in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Lactococcus, including heat shocking, cold stress, acid stress, osmotic stress, starvation effect, etc. Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were used for the systematic search of literature up to the year 2020. The literature suggests that a lower survival rate during freeze-drying is linked to environmental stress. Protective pretreatment under various mild stresses can be applied to lactic acid bacteria which may enhance resistance in a strain-dependent manner. We investigate the mechanism of damage and adaptation under various stresses including heat, cold, acidic, osmotic, starvation, oxidative and bile stress. Adaptive mechanisms include synthesis of stress-induced proteins, adjusting the composition of cell membrane fatty acids, accumulating compatible substances, etc. Next, we reveal the cross-protective effect of specific stress on the other environmental stresses. Freeze-drying is discussed from three perspectives including the regulation of membrane, accumulation of compatible solutes and the production of chaperones and stress-responsive proteases. The resistance of lactic acid bacteria against technological stress can be enhanced via cross-protection, which improves industrial efficiency concerning the survival of probiotics. However, the adaptive responses and cross-protection are strain-dependent and should be optimized case by case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Kong
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongkang Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, P.R. China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Serotonin Exposure Improves Stress Resistance, Aggregation, and Biofilm Formation in the Probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in maintaining a healthy status is well recognized. In this bidirectional flux, the influence of host hormones on gut bacteria is crucial. However, data on commensal/probiotics are scarce since most reports analyzed the effects of human bioactive compounds on opportunistic strains, highlighting the risk of increased pathogenicity under stimulation. The present investigation examined the modifications induced by 5HT, a tryptophan-derived molecule abundant in the intestine, on the probiotic Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415. Specific phenotypic modifications concerning the probiotic potential and possible effects of treated bacteria on dendritic cells were explored together with the comparative soluble proteome evaluation. Increased resistance to bile salts and ampicillin in 5HT-stimulated conditions relate with overexpression of specific proteins (among which Zn-beta-lactamases, a Zn-transport protein and a protein involved in fatty acid incorporation into the membrane). Better auto-aggregating properties and biofilm-forming aptitude are consistent with enhanced QS peptide transport. Concerning interaction with the host, E. faecium NCIMB10415 enhanced dendritic cell maturation, but no significant differences were observed between 5HT-treated and untreated bacteria; meanwhile, after 5HT exposure, some moonlight proteins possibly involved in tissue adhesion were found in higher abundance. Finally, the finding in stimulated conditions of a higher abundance of VicR, a protein involved in two-component signal transduction system (VicK/R), suggests the existence of a possible surface receptor (VicK) for 5HT sensing in the strain studied. These overall data indicate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 modifies its physiology in response to 5HT by improving bacterial interactions and resistance to stressors.
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Scardaci R, Varese F, Manfredi M, Marengo E, Mazzoli R, Pessione E. Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 responds to norepinephrine by altering protein profiles and phenotypic characters. J Proteomics 2020; 231:104003. [PMID: 33038511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The long-term established symbiosis between gut microbiota and humans is based upon a dynamic equilibrium that, if unbalanced, could lead to the development of diseases. Despite the huge amount of data concerning the microbiota-gut-brain-axis, little information is available on what happens at the molecular level in bacteria, when exposed to human signals. In the present study, the physiological effects exerted by norepinephrine (NE), a human hormone present in significant amounts in the host gut, were analyzed using the commensal/probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium NCIMB10415 as a target. The aim was to compare the protein profiles of treated and untreated bacteria and relating these proteome patterns to some phenotypic modifications important for bacteria-host interaction. Actually, to date, only pathogens have been considered. Combining a gel-free/label-free proteomic analysis with the evaluation of bile salts resistance, biofilm formation and autoaggregation ability (as well as with the bacterial growth kinetics), allowed to detect changes induced by NE treatment on all the tested probiotic properties. Furthermore, exposure to the bioactive molecule increased the abundance of proteins related to stress response and to host-microbe interaction, such as moonlight proteins involved in adhesion and immune stimulation. The results of this investigation demonstrated that, not only pathogens, but also commensal gut bacteria are affected by host-derived hormones, underlining the importance of a correct cross-signalling in the maintenance of gut homeostasis. SIGNIFICANCE: The crucial role played by the human gut microbiota in ensuring host homeostasis and health is definitively ascertained as suggested by the holobiome concept. The present research was intended to shed light on the endocrinological perturbations possibly affecting microbiota. The microbial model used in this study belongs to Enterococcus faecium species, whose controversial role as gut commensal and opportunistic pathogen in the gut ecosystem is well recognized. The results obtained in the present investigation clearly demonstrate that E. faecium NCIMB10415 can sense and respond to norepinephrine, a human hormone abundant at the gut level, by changing protein profiles and physiology, inducing changes that could favor survival and colonization of the host tissues. To our knowledge, this is the first proteomic report concerning the impact of a human hormone on a commensal/probiotic bacterium, since previous research has focused on exploring the effects of neuroendocrine molecules on growth and virulence of pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Scardaci
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
| | - F Varese
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - M Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - E Marengo
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - R Mazzoli
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - E Pessione
- Structural and Functional Biochemistry, Laboratory of Microbial Biochemistry and Proteomics, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy.
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9
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Zhen N, Zeng X, Wang H, Yu J, Pan D, Wu Z, Guo Y. Effects of heat shock treatment on the survival rate of Lactobacillus acidophilus after freeze-drying. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Jabbar Z, Mukhtar H, Tayyeb A, Manzoor A. Next-generation sequencing to elucidate adaptive stress response and plantaricin genes among Lactobacillus plantarum strains. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:333-348. [PMID: 32286104 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of this study was to identify the genes involved in plantaricin synthesis and adaptive stress response in four Lactobacillus plantarum strains (AS-6, AS-8, AS-9 and AS-10) and one Lactobacillus paraplantarum strain (AS-7) for their usage in medicine and industry. Materials & methods: Whole genomes of these strains were sequenced by a high-throughput sequencing technique known as next-generation sequencing via Ilumina MiSeq platform and the genes were identified by using various bioinformatics tools and software. Results: Plantaricin genes (plnD, plnE, plnF, plnG, plnI) and genes regulating response to temperature, pH, bile salt, osmotic and oxidative stress were identified in all strains. Conclusion: Lactobacilli could be an option to combat antimicrobial resistance and might replace harmful antibiotics in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriat Jabbar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hamid Mukhtar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Asima Tayyeb
- School of Biological Sciences, University of The Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Asma Manzoor
- Institute of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of The Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
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Abstract
Purpose
Recent societal interest in healthful foods has led to the development of functional dairy products that basically provide health benefits in addition to their fundamental nutrients. Yoghurt being most popular fermented milk product due to its healthy image can be an excellent carrier for probiotics. Functional properties of yoghurt can be enhanced with the inclusion of functional ingredients such as probiotics and its conjugate application with prebiotics may be advantageous as it favors probiotic growth. Nutritional and medicinal value of honey coupled with presence of oligosaccharides has projected honey as a functional additive in yoghurt.
Design/methodology/approach
Attempt has been made to review the literature on the biochemical activities of yoghurt cultures and probiotics in presence of honey. Both review and research papers related to biochemical activities and functional properties of yoghurt cultures and probiotics in presence of honey and their health benefits published in diverse journals under Pub Med and Science Direct have been considered. Keywords used for data search included functional foods, yoghurt, probiotic, health benefits, honey, etc.
Findings
Functional properties of yoghurt can be further enhanced with the inclusion of probiotic cultures and honey. Honey can be safely used in association with different probiotic cultures during yoghurt manufacture for augmenting functional properties of yoghurt to extend health benefits. Honey may not be equally a suitable matrix for all yoghurt cultures or probiotic cultures.
Research limitations/implications
Reviewed literature indicated that limited research on animal or human feeding trials with honey containing yoghurt has been done. Clinical trials with honey containing yoghurt are emerging prior to its marketing as functional food.
Originality/value
Application of honey as a functional additive during the manufacture of probiotic yoghurt is suggested to extend the functional properties of normal yoghurt.
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12
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Landry BKU, François ZN, Wang RY, Taicheng Z, Li Y. Viability and Stress Response of Putative Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Strains in Honey Environment. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 10:629-637. [PMID: 29196921 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to problem of preservation of dairy products which serve as a matrix for probiotics, it is challenging to use these probiotics as food supplements in many developing countries. To determine the suitability of the Lactobacillus strains for exploitation as probiotics in honey, we investigated the effect of their storage on the viability, functionality, and the mechanism associated with their protective effect. Three isolates obtained from our laboratory collection were identified through amplification of the 16S rRNA gene. The viability of the strains in honey at different storage conditions was studied. Three genes (hdc, gtf, and clpL) responsible for the resistance of bacteria in acidic environments were screened. SDS-PAGE analysis of total protein was performed to observe protein profile changes of the strains after exposure to honey. All the three isolates, namely, GGU, GLA51, and GLP56, were identified as Lactobacillus plantarum strains. After 28 days of storage in honey at 4 °C, viable cell concentrations of the three strains were higher than 2.04 × 106 CFU/ml. During the same period at room temperature, only the Lactobacillus plantarum GLP56 strain remained viable with a cell concentration of 1.86 × 104 CFU/ml. The clpL gene coding for ATPase was detected in all the three strains. The protein of molecular weight ~ 50 kDa was absent in the protein profile of Lactobacillus plantarum GGU after 60 days of storage in honey at 4 °C. The Lactobacillus plantarum GLP56, Lactobacillus plantarum GLA51, and Lactobacillus plantarum GGU strains exposed to honey can withstand acidic environmental stress but their viability declines over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bemmo Kamdem Ulrich Landry
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition (LABPMAN)-Department of Biochemistry-Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon, P.O. Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Zambou Ngoufack François
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition (LABPMAN)-Department of Biochemistry-Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon, P.O. Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China.
| | - Rui-Yan Wang
- Centre of Excellence for Biotechnology, CoEBIO, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Taicheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microbial, Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
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Exopolysaccharides May Increase Gastrointestinal Stress Tolerance of Lactobacillus reuteri. FOLIA VETERINARIA 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/fv-2018-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study investigated a possible relationship between exopolysaccharides (EPS) production and the resistance to bile salts and low pH in intestinal strains of Lactobacillus reuteri. The strains displayed a mucoid phenotype, when grown in the presence of 10 % sucrose. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed strands of exopolysaccharide linking neighbouring cells. The strains (except L. reuteri B1/1) produced EPS in the range from 15.80 to 650.70 mg.l−1. The strains were tested for tolerance to bile salts (0.15; 0.3 %) and low pH (1.5—2.0—2.5—3.0). The survival rate, after the treatment with artificial gastric and intestinal juices, was determined by flow cytometric analysis. The strains of L. reuteri that produced 121—650 mg.l−1 of EPS showed a significantly higher tolerance (P < 0.001) to the gastric juice at pH 3 and 2.5, throughout the entire exposure time, in comparison to the strains that produced less than 20 mg.l−1 of EPS. L. reuteri L26, with the highest production of EPS, exhibited the highest survival rate (60 %) at pH 2 after the 120 minutes of in-cubation and was able to tolerate pH 1.5 for 30 minutes. Higher production of EPS significantly (P < 0.001) increased the strains’ tolerance against the intestinal juice in the presence of 0.15 and 0.3 % bile salts and was time dependent. L. reuteri L26 showed the highest tolerance (P < 0.001) against 0.3 % bile salts. This investigation revealed a positive correlation between the EPS production and the resistance of intestinal L. reuteri to the stress conditions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).
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Adu KT, Wilson R, Nichols DS, Baker AL, Bowman JP, Britz ML. Proteomic analysis of Lactobacillus casei GCRL163 cell-free extracts reveals a SecB homolog and other biomarkers of prolonged heat stress. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206317. [PMID: 30359441 PMCID: PMC6201924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged heat stress is one of the harsh conditions Lactobacillus casei strains encounter as non-starter lactic acid bacteria in dairy product manufacture. To understand the physiological and molecular mechanisms through which Lb. casei GCRL163 adapts to persistent elevated temperature, label-free quantitative proteomics of cell-free extracts was used to characterize the global responses of the strain cultured anaerobically in bioreactors at 30 to 45°C, pH 6.5, together with GC-MS for fatty acid methyl ester analysis at different growth phases. At higher growth temperatures, repression of energy-consuming metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid, nucleotide and amino acid biosynthesis, was observed, while PTS- and ABC-type transporter systems associated with uptake of nitrogen and carbon sources were up-regulated. Alkaline shock protein Asp23_2 was only detected at 45°C, expressed at high abundance, and presumptive α-L-fucosidase only at 40 and 45°C, with highly increased abundance (log2-fold change of 7) at 45°C. We identified a novel SecB homolog as a protein export chaperone putatively involved in posttranslational translocation systems, which was down-regulated as growth temperature increased and where the modelled 3D-structure shared architectural similarities with the Escherichia coli SecB protein. Membrane lipid analyses revealed temporal changes in fatty acid composition, cyclization of oleic acid to cyclopropane and novel cyclopentenyl moieties, and reduced synthesis of vaccenic acid, at higher temperatures. An 18kDa α-crystallin domain, Hsp20 family heat shock protein was more highly up-regulated in response to heat stress compared to other molecular chaperones, suggesting this protein could be a useful biomarker of prolonged heat stress in Lb. casei GCRL163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayode T. Adu
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Baker
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - John P. Bowman
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Margaret L. Britz
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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15
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Ghazaei C, Line El Helou M. Beyond proteostasis: Roles of type I chaperonins in bacterial pathogenesis. J Med Microbiol 2018; 67:1203-1211. [PMID: 30074472 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all bacterial species express two or more chaperonin genes. Recent data indicate that type I chaperonins may be key players in bacterial infections. This is partly due to the well-known contribution of chaperonins in cellular proteostasis, the latter being compromised during bacterial host infection. In addition to their protein-folding activity, it has been revealed that certain chaperonins also exhibit moonlighting functions that can contribute in different ways to bacterial pathogenicity. Examples range from inducing adhesion molecules in Chlamydophila pneumoniae to supporting intracellular survival in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Leishmania donovani, to inducing cytokines in Helicobacter pylori to promoting antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, amongst others. This article provides a thorough reviews of our current understanding of the different mechanisms involving type I chaperonins during bacteria-host interactions, and suggests new areas to be explored and the potential of finding new targets for fighting bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciamak Ghazaei
- 1Department of Microbiology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
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16
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Palud A, Scornec H, Cavin JF, Licandro H. New Genes Involved in Mild Stress Response Identified by Transposon Mutagenesis in Lactobacillus paracasei. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:535. [PMID: 29662477 PMCID: PMC5890138 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are associated with various plant, animal, and human niches and are also present in many fermented foods and beverages. Thus, they are subjected to several stress conditions and have developed advanced response mechanisms to resist, adapt, and grow. This work aimed to identify the genes involved in some stress adaptation mechanisms in LAB. For this purpose, global reverse genetics was applied by screening a library of 1287 Lactobacillus paracasei transposon mutants for mild monofactorial stresses. This library was submitted independently to heat (52°C, 30 min), ethanol (170 g.L−1, 30 min), salt (NaCl 0.8 M, 24 h), acid (pH 4.5, 24 h), and oxidative (2 mM H2O2, 24 h) perturbations which trigger mild monofactorial stresses compatible with bacterial adaptation. Stress sensitivity of mutants was determined either by evaluating viability using propidium iodide (PI) staining, or by following growth inhibition through turbidity measurement. The screening for heat and ethanol stresses lead respectively to the identification of 63 and 27 genes/putative promoters whose disruption lead to an increased sensitivity. Among them, 14 genes or putative promoters were common for both stresses. For salt, acid and oxidative stresses, respectively 8, 6, and 9 genes or putative promoters were identified as essential for adaptation to these unfavorable conditions, with only three genes common to at least two stresses. Then, RT-qPCR was performed on selected stress response genes identified by mutant screenings in order to evaluate if their expression was modified in response to stresses in the parental strain. Eleven genes (membrane, transposase, chaperone, nucleotide and carbohydrate metabolism, and hypothetical protein genes) were upregulated during stress adaptation for at least two stresses. Seven genes, encoding membrane functions, were upregulated in response to a specific stress and thus could represent potential transcriptomic biomarkers. The results highlights that most of the genes identified by global reverse genetics are specifically required in response to one stress and that they are not differentially transcribed during stress in the parental strain. Most of these genes have not been characterized as stress response genes and provide new insights into the adaptation of lactic acid bacteria to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Palud
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Scornec
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-François Cavin
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
| | - Hélène Licandro
- Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, AgroSup Dijon, PAM UMR A 02.102, Dijon, France
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17
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Chen MJ, Tang HY, Chiang ML. Effects of heat, cold, acid and bile salt adaptations on the stress tolerance and protein expression of kefir-isolated probiotic Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1. Food Microbiol 2017; 66:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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18
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Sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin triggers the expression of aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia, chaperons and biofilm related genes in Lactobacillus plantarum MCC 3011. Res Microbiol 2017; 168:722-731. [PMID: 28684253 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to analyze the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin on the expressions of high level aminoglycoside resistant (HLAR) bifunctional aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia, biofilm and chaperone genes in Lactobacillus plantarum. The analysis of the biofilm formation in five isolates obtained from chicken sausages indicated their role in exhibiting phenotypic resistance based on the varied MIC values despite carrying the bifunctional gene. The biofilm formation significantly increased when L. plantarum MCC 3011 was grown in sub-inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin (4 μg/ml), kanamycin (8 μg/ml) and streptomycin (2 μg/ml). Thirty day gentamicin selection increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 4 to 64 and 2 to 256 fold for gentamicin and kanamycin, respectively when compared to the parental cultures. Expression studies revealed that constant exposure to gentamicin had induced chaperon [groEL] and the bifunctional gene, aac(6')Ie-aph(2″)Ia upto nine fold. Induction of groEL, groES and lamC genes in gentamicin (4 μg/ml) preincubated MCC 3011 indicated their significant role in aminoglycoside mediated response. Our study indicates that constant exposure to sub inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin allows L. plantarum to adapt against higher doses of aminoglycosides. This highlights the risks and food safety issues associated with the use of aminoglycosides in livestock and consumption of farm oriented fermented food products.
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19
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Park H, Lee K, Yeo S, Shin H, Holzapfel WH. Autoinducer-2 Quorum Sensing Influences Viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under Osmotic and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1077. [PMID: 28659895 PMCID: PMC5468425 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use autoinducer molecules to communicate both at intra-species and inter-species levels by quorum sensing. One such cell density-dependent signaling system is the luxS-mediated universal quorum sensing using autoinducer-2 (AI-2). Virulence of several pathogens is determined by an AI-2 system and is related to colonization and infection of the host. From this concept, numerous papers have suggested that AI-2 inhibition is an important strategy toward designing of new antimicrobial agents. However, recent studies indicate that the AI-2 system is also involved in adaptation and survival under environmental stress conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that interaction between quorum sensing and environmental conditions may be critical in influencing predicted results in a control and when combating of target pathogens. We investigated the growth of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) and its luxS-deficient (non AI-2 producing) mutant strain under various stress conditions, and found significant differences in the growth rate under osmotic stress. Moreover, we could also show the impact of the AI-2 molecule on viability in the gastrointestinal tract model representing a complex environmental condition. Differences in vital responses of the strains suggest that AI-2 quorum sensing has a significant influence on the viability of EHEC under environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Park
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Kyuyeon Lee
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Yeo
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National UniversityPyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Heuynkil Shin
- School of Life Science, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
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20
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Cytoplasmic expression of a thermostable invertase from Thermotoga maritima in Lactococcus lactis. Biotechnol Lett 2017; 39:759-765. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-017-2295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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21
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Park H, Lee K, Yeo S, Shin H, Holzapfel WH. Autoinducer-2 Quorum Sensing Influences Viability of Escherichia coli O157:H7 under Osmotic and In Vitro Gastrointestinal Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017. [PMID: 28659895 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01077/bibtex] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria use autoinducer molecules to communicate both at intra-species and inter-species levels by quorum sensing. One such cell density-dependent signaling system is the luxS-mediated universal quorum sensing using autoinducer-2 (AI-2). Virulence of several pathogens is determined by an AI-2 system and is related to colonization and infection of the host. From this concept, numerous papers have suggested that AI-2 inhibition is an important strategy toward designing of new antimicrobial agents. However, recent studies indicate that the AI-2 system is also involved in adaptation and survival under environmental stress conditions. Therefore, we hypothesized that interaction between quorum sensing and environmental conditions may be critical in influencing predicted results in a control and when combating of target pathogens. We investigated the growth of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (EHEC) and its luxS-deficient (non AI-2 producing) mutant strain under various stress conditions, and found significant differences in the growth rate under osmotic stress. Moreover, we could also show the impact of the AI-2 molecule on viability in the gastrointestinal tract model representing a complex environmental condition. Differences in vital responses of the strains suggest that AI-2 quorum sensing has a significant influence on the viability of EHEC under environmental stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjoon Park
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Kyuyeon Lee
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Soyoung Yeo
- Research Institute of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National UniversityPyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Heuynkil Shin
- School of Life Science, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
| | - Wilhelm H Holzapfel
- Department of Advanced Green Energy and Environment, Handong Global UniversityPohang, South Korea
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22
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Margalef-Català M, Araque I, Bordons A, Reguant C, Bautista-Gallego J. Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of Oenococcus oeni Adaptation to Wine Stress Conditions. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1554. [PMID: 27746771 PMCID: PMC5044463 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oenococcus oeni, the main lactic acid bacteria responsible for malolactic fermentation in wine, has to adapt to stressful conditions, such as low pH and high ethanol content. In this study, the changes in the transcriptome and the proteome of O. oeni PSU-1 during the adaptation period before MLF start have been studied. DNA microarrays were used for the transcriptomic analysis and two complementary proteomic techniques, 2-D DIGE and iTRAQ labeling were used to analyze the proteomic response. One of the most influenced functions in PSU-1 due to inoculation into wine-like medium (WLM) was translation, showing the over-expression of certain ribosomal genes and the corresponding proteins. Amino acid metabolism and transport was also altered and several peptidases were up regulated both at gene and protein level. Certain proteins involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism showed an increased abundance revealing the key role of nitrogen uptake under stressful conditions. A strong transcriptional inhibition of carbohydrate metabolism related genes was observed. On the other hand, the transcriptional up-regulation of malate transport and citrate consumption was indicative of the use of L-malate and citrate associated to stress response and as an alternative energy source to sugar metabolism. Regarding the stress mechanisms, our results support the relevance of the thioredoxin and glutathione systems in the adaptation of O. oeni to wine related stress. Genes and proteins related to cell wall showed also significant changes indicating the relevance of the cell envelop as protective barrier to environmental stress. The differences found between transcriptomic and proteomic data suggested the relevance of post-transcriptional mechanisms and the complexity of the stress response in O. oeni adaptation. Further research should deepen into the metabolisms mostly altered due to wine conditions to elucidate the role of each mechanism in the O. oeni ability to develop MLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Margalef-Català
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain
| | - Isabel Araque
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain
| | - Albert Bordons
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reguant
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Bautista-Gallego
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Facultat d'Enologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Tarragona, Spain
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23
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Cano-Garrido O, Céspedes MV, Unzueta U, Saccardo P, Roldán M, Sánchez-Chardi A, Cubarsi R, Vázquez E, Mangues R, García-Fruitós E, Villaverde A. CXCR4(+)-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in the food-grade bacterium Lactococcus lactis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2387-98. [PMID: 27529439 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Lactococcus lactis is a Gram-positive (endotoxin-free) food-grade bacteria exploited as alternative to Escherichia coli for recombinant protein production. We have explored here for the first time the ability of this platform as producer of complex, self-assembling protein materials. MATERIALS & METHODS Biophysical properties, cell penetrability and in vivo biodistribution upon systemic administration of tumor-targeted protein nanoparticles produced in L. lactis have been compared with the equivalent material produced in E. coli. RESULTS Protein nanoparticles have been efficiently produced in L. lactis, showing the desired size, internalization properties and biodistribution. CONCLUSION In vitro and in vivo data confirm the potential and robustness of the production platform, pointing out L. lactis as a fascinating cell factory for the biofabrication of protein materials intended for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cano-Garrido
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - María Virtudes Céspedes
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Oncogenesis & Antitumor Drug Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugutz Unzueta
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Oncogenesis & Antitumor Drug Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paolo Saccardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Mònica Roldán
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sánchez-Chardi
- Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Cubarsi
- Departament de Matemàtica Aplicada IV. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Jordi Girona 1-3. 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Vázquez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ramon Mangues
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Oncogenesis & Antitumor Drug Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena García-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Antonio Villaverde
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are important starter, commensal, or pathogenic microorganisms. The stress physiology of LAB has been studied in depth for over 2 decades, fueled mostly by the technological implications of LAB robustness in the food industry. Survival of probiotic LAB in the host and the potential relatedness of LAB virulence to their stress resilience have intensified interest in the field. Thus, a wealth of information concerning stress responses exists today for strains as diverse as starter (e.g., Lactococcus lactis), probiotic (e.g., several Lactobacillus spp.), and pathogenic (e.g., Enterococcus and Streptococcus spp.) LAB. Here we present the state of the art for LAB stress behavior. We describe the multitude of stresses that LAB are confronted with, and we present the experimental context used to study the stress responses of LAB, focusing on adaptation, habituation, and cross-protection as well as on self-induced multistress resistance in stationary phase, biofilms, and dormancy. We also consider stress responses at the population and single-cell levels. Subsequently, we concentrate on the stress defense mechanisms that have been reported to date, grouping them according to their direct participation in preserving cell energy, defending macromolecules, and protecting the cell envelope. Stress-induced responses of probiotic LAB and commensal/pathogenic LAB are highlighted separately due to the complexity of the peculiar multistress conditions to which these bacteria are subjected in their hosts. Induction of prophages under environmental stresses is then discussed. Finally, we present systems-based strategies to characterize the "stressome" of LAB and to engineer new food-related and probiotic LAB with improved stress tolerance.
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25
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Medeiros JD, Cantão ME, Cesar DE, Nicolás MF, Diniz CG, Silva VL, Vasconcelos ATRD, Coelho CM. Comparative metagenome of a stream impacted by the urbanization phenomenon. Braz J Microbiol 2016; 47:835-845. [PMID: 27522532 PMCID: PMC5052392 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Rivers and streams are important reservoirs of freshwater for human consumption. These ecosystems are threatened by increasing urbanization, because raw sewage discharged into them alters their nutrient content and may affect the composition of their microbial community. In the present study, we investigate the taxonomic and functional profile of the microbial community in an urban lotic environment. Samples of running water were collected at two points in the São Pedro stream: an upstream preserved and non-urbanized area, and a polluted urbanized area with discharged sewage. The metagenomic DNA was sequenced by pyrosequencing. Differences were observed in the community composition at the two sites. The non-urbanized area was overrepresented by genera of ubiquitous microbes that act in the maintenance of environments. In contrast, the urbanized metagenome was rich in genera pathogenic to humans. The functional profile indicated that the microbes act on the metabolism of methane, nitrogen and sulfur, especially in the urbanized area. It was also found that virulence/defense (antibiotic resistance and metal resistance) and stress response-related genes were disseminated in the urbanized environment. The structure of the microbial community was altered by uncontrolled anthropic interference, highlighting the selective pressure imposed by high loads of urban sewage discharged into freshwater environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julliane Dutra Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Cláudio Galuppo Diniz
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Silva
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Cíntia Marques Coelho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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26
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Yu H, Meng X, Aflakpui FWK, Luo L. A salt-induced butA gene of Tetragenococcus halophilus confers salt tolerance to Escherichia coli by heterologous expression of its dual copies. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1160-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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27
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Growth of Lactobacillus rhamnosus 64 in whey permeate and study of the effect of mild stresses on survival to spray drying. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2015.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Arita-Morioka KI, Yamanaka K, Mizunoe Y, Ogura T, Sugimoto S. Novel strategy for biofilm inhibition by using small molecules targeting molecular chaperone DnaK. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:633-41. [PMID: 25403660 PMCID: PMC4291377 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04465-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that attach to surfaces and are embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix. Since these cells acquire increased tolerance against antimicrobial agents and host immune systems, biofilm-associated infectious diseases tend to become chronic. We show here that the molecular chaperone DnaK is important for biofilm formation and that chemical inhibition of DnaK cellular functions is effective in preventing biofilm development. Genetic, microbial, and microscopic analyses revealed that deletion of the dnaK gene markedly reduced the production of the extracellular functional amyloid curli, which contributes to the robustness of Escherichia coli biofilms. We tested the ability of DnaK inhibitors myricetin (Myr), telmisartan, pancuronium bromide, and zafirlukast to prevent biofilm formation of E. coli. Only Myr, a flavonol widely distributed in plants, inhibited biofilm formation in a concentration-dependent manner (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 46.2 μM); however, it did not affect growth. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that Myr inhibited the production of curli. Phenotypic analyses of thermosensitivity, cell division, intracellular level of RNA polymerase sigma factor RpoH, and vulnerability to vancomycin revealed that Myr altered the phenotype of E. coli wild-type cells to make them resemble those of the isogenic dnaK deletion mutant, indicating that Myr inhibits cellular functions of DnaK. These findings provide insights into the significance of DnaK in curli-dependent biofilm formation and indicate that DnaK is an ideal target for antibiofilm drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Arita-Morioka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Yamanaka
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Mizunoe
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teru Ogura
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shinya Sugimoto
- Department of Bacteriology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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HASLIA MARGARETA, ZAENAL MUSTOPA APON, RATNO BUDIARTO BUGI, WIDYASTUTI UTUT. Characterization of chaperone-like activity of small heat shock protein (sHSP) isolated from Indonesian Traditional Food (Tempoyak ) Lactobacillus plantarum U10. MICROBIOLOGY INDONESIA 2014. [DOI: 10.5454/mi.8.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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30
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Aakko J, Sánchez B, Gueimonde M, Salminen S. Assessment of stress tolerance acquisition in the heat-tolerant derivative strains of Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp. lactis
BB-12 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus
GG. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:239-48. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Aakko
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Food Chemistry and Food Development; Department of Biochemistry; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; IPLA-CSIC; Villaviciosa Asturias Spain
| | - B. Sánchez
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; IPLA-CSIC; Villaviciosa Asturias Spain
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group; Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry; Food Science and Technology Faculty; University of Vigo - Ourense Campus; Ourense Spain
| | - M. Gueimonde
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry of Dairy Products; IPLA-CSIC; Villaviciosa Asturias Spain
| | - S. Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum; University of Turku; Turku Finland
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31
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Butler È, Alsterfjord M, Olofsson TC, Karlsson C, Malmström J, Vásquez A. Proteins of novel lactic acid bacteria from Apis mellifera mellifera: an insight into the production of known extra-cellular proteins during microbial stress. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:235. [PMID: 24148670 PMCID: PMC4015849 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has been considered a beneficial bacterial group, found as part of the microbiota of diverse hosts, including humans and various animals. However, the mechanisms of how hosts and LAB interact are still poorly understood. Previous work demonstrates that 13 species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium from the honey crop in bees function symbiotically with the honeybee. They protect each other, their hosts, and the surrounding environment against severe bee pathogens, bacteria, and yeasts. Therefore, we hypothesized that these LAB under stress, i.e. in their natural niche in the honey crop, are likely to produce bioactive substances with antimicrobial activity. RESULTS The genomic analysis of the LAB demonstrated varying genome sizes ranging from 1.5 to 2.2 mega-base pairs (Mbps) which points out a clear difference within the protein gene content, as well as specialized functions in the honeybee microbiota and their adaptation to their host. We demonstrate a clear variation between the secreted proteins of the symbiotic LAB when subjected to microbial stressors. We have identified that 10 of the 13 LAB produced extra-cellular proteins of known or unknown function in which some are arranged in interesting putative operons that may be involved in antimicrobial action, host interaction, or biofilm formation. The most common known extra-cellular proteins secreted were enzymes, DNA chaperones, S-layer proteins, bacteriocins, and lysozymes. A new bacteriocin may have been identified in one of the LAB symbionts while many proteins with unknown functions were produced which must be investigated further. CONCLUSIONS The 13 LAB symbionts likely play different roles in their natural environment defending their niche and their host and participating in the honeybee's food production. These roles are partly played through producing extracellular proteins on exposure to microbial stressors widely found in natural occurring flowers. Many of these secreted proteins may have a putative antimicrobial function. In the future, understanding these processes in this complicated environment may lead to novel applications of honey crop LAB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Èile Butler
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Magnus Alsterfjord
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Tobias C Olofsson
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
| | - Christofer Karlsson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University BMC D13, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, BMC, B14, Lund 221 84, Sweden
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University BMC D13, Lund SE-221 84, Sweden
| | - Alejandra Vásquez
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Sölvegatan 23, Lund SE-223 62, Sweden
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Lactobacillus plantarum passage through an oro-gastro-intestinal tract simulator: Carrier matrix effect and transcriptional analysis of genes associated to stress and probiosis. Microbiol Res 2013; 168:351-359. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mrvčić J, Butorac A, Solić E, Stanzer D, Bačun-Družina V, Cindrić M, Stehlik-Tomas V. Characterization of Lactobacillus brevis L62 strain, highly tolerant to copper ions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 29:75-85. [PMID: 22927032 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as starter culture in food industry must be suitable for large-scale industrial production and possess the ability to survive in unfavorable processes and storage conditions. Approaches taken to address these problems include the selection of stress-resistant strains. In food industry, LAB are often exposed to metal ions induced stress. The interactions between LAB and metal ions are very poorly investigated. Because of that, the influence of non-toxic, toxic and antioxidant metal ions (Zn, Cu, and Mn) on growth, acid production, metal ions binding capacity of wild and adapted species of Leuconostoc mesenteroides L3, Lactobacillus brevis L62 and Lactobacillus plantarum L73 were investigated. The proteomic approach was applied to clarify how the LAB cells, especially the adapted ones, protect themselves and tolerate high concentrations of toxic metal ions. Results have shown that Zn and Mn addition into MRS medium in the investigated concentrations did not have effect on the bacterial growth and acid production, while copper ions were highly toxic, especially in static conditions. Leuc. mesenteroides L3 was the most efficient in Zn binding processes among the chosen LAB species, while L. plantarum L73 accumulated the highest concentration of Mn. L. brevis L62 was the most copper resistant species. Adaptation had a positive effect on growth and acid production of all species in the presence of copper. However, the adapted species incorporated less metal ions than the wild species. The exception was adapted L. brevis L62 that accumulated high concentration of copper ions in static conditions. The obtained results showed that L. brevis L62 is highly tolerant to copper ions, which allows its use as starter culture in fermentative processes in media with high concentration of copper ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Mrvčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Fermentation and Yeast Technology, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Guzzo J. Biotechnical applications of small heat shock proteins from bacteria. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 44:1698-705. [PMID: 22706478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The stress responses of most bacteria are thought to involve the upregulation of small heat shock proteins. We describe here some of the most pertinent aspects of small heat shock proteins, to highlight their potential for use in various applications. Bacterial species have between one and 13 genes encoding small heat shock proteins, the precise number depending on the species considered. Major efforts have recently been made to characterize the protein protection and membrane stabilization mechanisms involving small heat shock proteins in bacteria. These proteins seem to be involved in the acquisition of cellular heat tolerance. They could therefore potentially be used to maintain cell viability under unfavorable conditions, such as heat shock or chemical treatments. This review highlights the potential roles of applications of small heat shock proteins in stabilizing overproduced heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli, purified bacterial small heat shock proteins in protein biochip technology, proteomic analysis and food technology and the potential impact of these proteins on some diseases. This article is part of a Directed Issue entitled: Small HSPs in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guzzo
- UMR A PAM Université de Bourgogne/Agrosup Dijon Equipe Valmis Institut Jules Guyot, 1 Rue Claude Ladrey, BP27877, 21078 Dijon, France.
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Gene expression profile of probiotic Lactobacillus casei Zhang during the late stage of milk fermentation. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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The effects of pH oscillation on Lactobacillus rhamnosus batch cultivation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1265-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-3946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Mills S, Stanton C, Fitzgerald GF, Ross RP. Enhancing the stress responses of probiotics for a lifestyle from gut to product and back again. Microb Cell Fact 2011; 10 Suppl 1:S19. [PMID: 21995734 PMCID: PMC3231925 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-10-s1-s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Before a probiotic bacterium can even begin to fulfill its biological role, it must survive a battery of environmental stresses imposed during food processing and passage through the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Food processing stresses include extremes in temperature, as well as osmotic, oxidative and food matrix stresses. Passage through the GIT is a hazardous journey for any bacteria with deleterious lows in pH encountered in the stomach to the detergent-like properties of bile in the duodenum. However, bacteria are equipped with an array of defense mechanisms to counteract intracellular damage or to enhance the robustness of the cell to withstand lethal external environments. Understanding these mechanisms in probiotic bacteria and indeed other bacterial groups has resulted in the development of a molecular toolbox to augment the technological and gastrointestinal performance of probiotics. This has been greatly aided by studies which examine the global cellular responses to stress highlighting distinct regulatory networks and which also identify novel mechanisms used by cells to cope with hazardous environments. This review highlights the latest studies which have exploited the bacterial stress response with a view to producing next-generation probiotic cultures and highlights the significance of studies which view the global bacterial stress response from an integrative systems biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mills
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co, Cork, Ireland
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The hsp 16 gene of the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus is differently regulated by salt, high temperature and acidic stresses, as revealed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5390-405. [PMID: 21954366 PMCID: PMC3179173 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHsps) are ubiquitous conserved chaperone-like proteins involved in cellular proteins protection under stressful conditions. In this study, a reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) procedure was developed and used to quantify the transcript level of a small heat shock gene (shs) in the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM, under stress conditions such as heat (45 °C and 53 °C), bile (0.3% w/v), hyperosmosis (1 M and 2.5 M NaCl), and low pH value (pH 4). The shs gene of L. acidophilus NCFM was induced by salt, high temperature and acidic stress, while repression was observed upon bile stress. Analysis of the 5′ noncoding region of the hsp16 gene reveals the presence of an inverted repeat (IR) sequence (TTAGCACTC-N9-GAGTGCTAA) homologue to the controlling IR of chaperone expression (CIRCE) elements found in the upstream regulatory region of Gram-positive heat shock operons, suggesting that the hsp16 gene of L. acidophilus might be transcriptionally controlled by HrcA. In addition, the alignment of several small heat shock proteins identified so far in lactic acid bacteria, reveals that the Hsp16 of L. acidophilus exhibits a strong evolutionary relationship with members of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group.
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In silico evidence for the horizontal transfer of gsiB, a σ(B)-regulated gene in gram-positive bacteria, to lactic acid bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:3526-31. [PMID: 21421783 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02569-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
gsiB, coding for glucose starvation-inducible protein B, is a characteristic member of the σ(Β) stress regulon of Bacillus subtilis and several other Gram-positive bacteria. Here we provide in silico evidence for the horizontal transfer of gsiB in lactic acid bacteria that are devoid of the σ(Β) factor.
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Adaptation to cold and proteomic responses of the psychrotrophic biopreservative Lactococcus piscium strain CNCM I-4031. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:8011-8. [PMID: 20935127 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01331-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the use of psychrotrophic bacteria for food biopreservation and in the understanding of cold adaptation mechanisms. The psychrotrophic biopreservative Lactococcus piscium strain CNCM I-4031 was studied for its growth behavior and proteomic responses after cold shock and during cold acclimation. Growth kinetics highlighted the absence of growth latency after cold shock, suggesting a very high promptness in cold adaptation, a behavior that has never been described before for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A comparative proteomic analysis was applied with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE), and upregulated proteins were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Both cold shock and cold acclimation triggered the upregulation of proteins involved in general and oxidative stress responses and fatty acid and energetic metabolism. However, 2-DE profiles and upregulated proteins were different under both conditions, suggesting a sequence of steps in cold adaptation. In addition, the major 7-kDa Csp protein was identified in the L. piscium CNCM I-4031 genome but was not cold regulated. The implication of the identified cold shock proteins and cold acclimation proteins in efficient cold adaptation, the possible regulation of a histidyl phosphocarrier protein, and the roles of a constitutive major 7-kDa Csp are discussed.
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Simões C, Alakomi H, Maukonen J, Saarela M. Expression of clpL1 and clpL2 genes in Lactobacillus rhamnosus VTT E-97800 after exposure to acid and heat stress treatments or to freeze-drying. Benef Microbes 2010; 1:253-7. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2010.0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of utilising the information on expression levels of selected stress genes in assessing the quality of probiotic products. For this purpose RT-qPCR methods were developed to study the expression of clpL1 and clpL2 stress genes in Lactobacillus rhamnosus VTT E-97800 (E800) cells after exposure to processing-related stress conditions or to freeze-drying. Heat treatments in laboratory scale were performed with E800 cells incubated at 47 °C or 50 °C for 60 min. Acid treatments were performed both at laboratory and fermenter scale. At laboratory scale E800 cells were inoculated into General Edible Medium (GEM) adjusted to pH 4.0 and pH 3.5 and incubated at 37 °C for 180 min, whereas fermenter-grown cells were exposed to pH 4.0 for 60 min at the end of the fermentation. RNA from fresh cells and freeze-dried powders was reverse transcribed after isolation, quantification and standardisation. clpL1 and clpL2 transcripts were analysed by RT-qPCR with SYBR Green I. clpL1 was induced in L. rhamnosus E800 cells exposed to 50 °C and to a much lesser extent to 47 °C. No induction was observed for clpL2 in E800 cells during either acid or heat treatment, in any of the conditions applied. RNA isolation from freeze-dried powders was unsuccessful although several attempts were made with high quality products. In conclusion, our results suggest that developing quality indicators for probiotic products based on differences in the expression of stress genes is a challenging task for several reasons: at least with some genes (like in the present study with clpL) quite harsh conditions are needed to detect differences in the gene expression; mRNA isolation from freeze-dried powders was unsuccessful which hampers the quality analysis of large proportion of probiotic products; and furthermore RT-qPCR proved to be a too laborious procedure for routine use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Simões
- Department of Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - H. Alakomi
- Department of Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - J. Maukonen
- Department of Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - M. Saarela
- Department of Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. box 1000, 02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
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Improvement of multiple-stress tolerance and lactic acid production in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 under conditions of thermal stress by heterologous expression of Escherichia coli DnaK. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4277-85. [PMID: 20453133 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02878-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of nisin-induced dnaK expression in Lactococcus lactis were examined, and this expression was shown to improve stress tolerance and lactic acid fermentation efficiency. Using a nisin-inducible expression system, DnaK proteins from L. lactis (DnaK(Lla)) and Escherichia coli (DnaK(Eco)) were produced in L. lactis NZ9000. In comparison to a strain harboring the empty vector pNZ8048 (designated NZ-Vector) and one expressing dnaK(Lla) (designated NZ-LDnaK), the dnaK(Eco)-expressing strain, named NZ-EDnaK, exhibited more tolerance to heat stress at 40 degrees C in GM17 liquid medium. The cell viability of NZ-Vector was reduced 4.6-fold after 6 h of heat treatment. However, NZ-EDnaK showed 13.5-fold increased viability under these conditions, with a very low concentration of DnaK(Eco) production. Although the heterologous expression of dnaK(Eco) did not effect DnaK(Lla) production, heat treatment increased the DnaK(Lla) level 3.5- and 3.6-fold in NZ-Vector and NZ-EDnaK, respectively. Moreover, NZ-EDnaK showed tolerance to multiple stresses, including 3% NaCl, 5% ethanol, and 0.5% lactic acid (pH 5.47). In CMG medium, the lactate yield and the maximum lactate productivity of NZ-EDnaK were higher than the corresponding values for NZ-Vector at 30 degrees C. Interestingly, at 40 degrees C, these values of NZ-EDnaK were not significantly different from the corresponding values for the control strain at 30 degrees C. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was also found to be stable at 40 degrees C in the presence of DnaK(Eco). These findings suggest that the heterologous expression of dnaK(Eco) enhances the quality control of proteins and enzymes, resulting in improved growth and lactic acid fermentation at high temperature.
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Sun Z, Liu W, Gao W, Yang M, Zhang J, Wu L, Wang J, Menghe B, Sun T, Zhang H. Identification and characterization of the dominant lactic acid bacteria from kurut: The naturally fermented yak milk in Qinghai, China. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2010; 56:1-10. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Sun Z, Liu W, Zhang J, Yu J, Zhang W, Cai C, Menghe B, Sun T, Zhang H. Identification and characterization of the dominant lactobacilli isolated from koumiss in China. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2010; 56:257-65. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.56.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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45
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Immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, but Not IgA or IgM, antibodies to peptides of the Porphyromonas gingivalis chaperone HtpG predict health in subjects with periodontitis by a fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2009; 16:1766-73. [PMID: 19793900 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00272-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Chaperones are molecules found in all cells and are critical in stabilization of synthesized proteins, in repair/removal of defective proteins, and as immunodominant antigens in innate and adaptive immunity. Subjects with gingivitis colonized by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis previously demonstrated levels of anti-human chaperone Hsp90 that were highest in individuals with the best oral health. We hypothesized that similar antibodies to pathogen chaperones might be protective in periodontitis. This study examined the relationship between antibodies to P. gingivalis HtpG and clinical statuses of healthy and periodontitis-susceptible subjects. We measured the humoral responses (immunoglobulin G [IgG], IgA, and IgM) to peptides of a unique insert (P18) found in Bacteroidaceae HtpG by using a high-throughput, quantitative fluorescence enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Indeed, higher levels of IgG class anti-P. gingivalis HtpG P18 peptide (P < 0.05) and P18alpha, consisting of the N-terminal 16 amino acids of P18 (P < 0.05), were associated with better oral health; these results were opposite of those found with anti-P. gingivalis whole-cell antibodies and levels of the bacterium in the subgingival biofilm. When we examined the same sera for IgA and IgM class antibodies, we found no significant relationship to subject clinical status. The relationship between anti-P18 levels and clinical populations and individual subjects was found to be improved when we normalized the anti-P18alpha values to those for anti-P18gamma (the central 16 amino acids of P18). That same ratio correlated with the improvement in tissue attachment gain after treatment (P < 0.05). We suggest that anti-P. gingivalis HtpG P18alpha antibodies are protective in periodontal disease and may have prognostic value for guidance of individual patient treatment.
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Cecconi D, Milli A, Rinalducci S, Zolla L, Zapparoli G. Proteomic analysis ofOenococcus oenifreeze-dried culture to assess the importance of cell acclimation to conduct malolactic fermentation in wine. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2988-2995. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Vrancken G, Rimaux T, Wouters D, Leroy F, De Vuyst L. The arginine deiminase pathway of Lactobacillus fermentum IMDO 130101 responds to growth under stress conditions of both temperature and salt. Food Microbiol 2009; 26:720-7. [PMID: 19747605 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway is a means by which certain sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB) convert arginine into ornithine via citrulline while producing ammonia and ATP, thereby coping with acid stress and gaining an energetic advantage. Lactobacillus fermentum IMDO 130101, an isolate from a spontaneous laboratory rye sourdough, possesses an ADI pathway which is modulated by environmental pH. In the present study, a broader view of the activity of the ADI pathway in response to growth under two other commonly encountered stress factors, temperature and added salt, was obtained. In both cases, an increase in ornithine production was observed as a response to growth under both temperature and salt stress conditions. Biokinetic parameters were obtained to describe the kinetics of the ADI pathway as a function of temperature and added salt. The arginine conversion rate increased as a function of added NaCl concentrations but was hardly affected by temperature. In addition, arginine-into-citrulline conversion rate was not affected by temperature but increased with increasing NaCl concentrations. Citrulline-into-ornithine conversion rate increased with increasing temperature, while it dropped to zero with added salt. These findings suggest a more pronounced adaptation of the strain through the ADI pathway to added salt, as compared with different constant temperatures. Furthermore, these results suggest that the ADI pathway in L. fermentum IMDO 130101 is active in adapting to non-optimal growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vrancken
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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