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Lee KY, Schlesener CL, Aly SS, Huang BC, Li X, Atwill ER, Weimer BC. Whole genome sequence analysis reveals high genomic diversity and potential host-driven adaptations among multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from pre-weaned dairy calves. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1420300. [PMID: 39296303 PMCID: PMC11409426 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1420300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Food-producing animals such as dairy cattle are potential reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms such as Escherichia coli observed in higher frequency in young calves compared to older cattle. In this study, we characterized the genomes of enteric MDR E. coli from pre-weaned dairy calves with and without diarrhea and evaluated the influence of host-level factors on genomic composition. Whole genome sequence comparative analysis of E. coli (n = 43) revealed substantial genomic diversity that primarily clustered by sequence type and was minimally driven by calf diarrheal disease status (healthy, diarrheic, or recovered), antimicrobial exposure, and dietary zinc supplementation. Diverse AMR genes (ARGs)-including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes and quinolone resistance determinants-were identified (n = 40), with unique sets of ARGs co-occurring in gene clusters with large AMR plasmids IncA/C2 and IncFIB(AP001918). Zinc supplementation was not significantly associated with the selection of individual ARGs in E. coli, however analysis of ARG and metal resistance gene pairs identified positive associations between certain aminoglycoside, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, and trimethoprim ARGs with acid, tellurium and mercury resistance genes. Although E. coli in this study lacked the typical virulence factors of diarrheagenic strains, virulence genes overlapping with those in major pathotypes were identified. Among the 103 virulence genes detected, the highest abundance and diversity of genes corresponded to iron acquisition (siderophores and heme uptake). Our findings indicate that the host-level factors evaluated in this study were not key drivers of genomic variability, but that certain accessory genes in enteric MDR E. coli may be enriched. Collectively, this work provides insight into the genomic diversity and host-microbe interface of MDR E. coli from pre-weaned dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Y Lee
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Cory L Schlesener
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sharif S Aly
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Tulare, CA, United States
| | - Bihua C Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Xunde Li
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Edward R Atwill
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bart C Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- 100K Pathogen Genome Project, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Tarabai H, Krejci S, Karyakin I, Bitar I, Literak I, Dolejska M. Clinically relevant antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli from black kites in southwestern Siberia: a genetic and phenotypic investigation. mSphere 2023; 8:e0009923. [PMID: 37310717 PMCID: PMC10449506 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00099-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Wild birds including raptors can act as vectors of clinically relevant bacteria with antibiotic resistance. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in black kites (Milvus migrans) inhabiting localities in proximity to human-influenced environments in southwestern Siberia and investigate their virulence and plasmid contents. A total of 51 E. coli isolates mostly with multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles were obtained from cloacal swabs of 35 (64%, n = 55) kites. Genomic analyses of 36 whole genome sequenced E. coli isolates showed: (i) high prevalence and diversity of their antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and common association with ESBL/AmpC production (27/36, 75%), (ii) carriage of mcr-1 for colistin resistance on IncI2 plasmids in kites residing in proximity of two large cities, (iii) frequent association with class one integrase (IntI1, 22/36, 61%), and (iv) presence of sequence types (STs) linked to avian-pathogenic (APEC) and extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Notably, numerous isolates had significant virulence content. One E. coli with APEC-associated ST354 carried qnrE1 encoding fluoroquinolone resistance on IncHI2-ST3 plasmid, the first detection of such a gene in E. coli from wildlife. Our results implicate black kites in southwestern Siberia as reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant E. coli. It also highlights the existing link between proximity of wildlife to human activities and their carriage of MDR bacteria including pathogenic STs with significant and clinically relevant antibiotic resistance determinants. IMPORTANCE Migratory birds have the potential to acquire and disperse clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and their associated antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through vast geographical regions. The opportunistic feeding behavior associated with some raptors including black kites and the growing anthropogenic influence on their natural habitats increase the transmission risk of multidrug resistance (MDR) and pathogenic bacteria from human and agricultural sources into the environment and wildlife. Thus, monitoring studies investigating antibiotic resistance in raptors may provide essential data that facilitate understanding the fate and evolution of ARB and ARGs in the environment and possible health risks for humans and animals associated with the acquisition of these resistance determinants by wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Tarabai
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Krejci
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ibrahim Bitar
- Biomedical Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, The University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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Fernández M, Casaux ML, Fraga M, Vignoli R, Bado I, Zunino P, Umpiérrez A. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Associated with Calf Mortality in Uruguay. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1704. [PMID: 37512877 PMCID: PMC10383947 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In Uruguay, the mortality of dairy calves due to infectious diseases is high. Escherichia coli is a natural inhabitant of the intestinal microbiota, but can cause several infections. The aim of the work was to characterize E. coli isolates from intestinal and extraintestinal origin of dead newborn calves. Using PCR, virulence gene characteristics of pathogenic E. coli were searched. The pathogenic E. coli were molecularly characterized and the phylogroup, serogroup and the Stx subtype were determined. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes with PCR. Finally, clonal relationships were inferred using PFGE. Gene characteristics of the Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Necrotoxigenic E. coli (NTEC) were identified. The prevalence of the iucD, afa8E, f17, papC, stx1, eae and ehxA genes was high and no f5, f41, saa, sfaDE, cdtIV, lt, sta or stx2 were detected. The prevalence of STEC gene stx1 in the dead calves stood out and was higher compared with previous studies conducted in live calves, and STEC LEE+ (Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)) isolates with stx1/eae/ehxA genotypes were more frequently identified in the intestinal than in the extraintestinal environment. E. coli isolates were assigned to phylogroups A, B1, D and E, and some belonged to the O111 serogroup. stx1a and stx1c subtypes were determined in STEC. A high prevalence of multi-resistance among STEC and qnrB genes was determined. The PFGE showed a high diversity of pathogenic strains with similar genetic profiles. It can be speculated that EHEC (stx1/eae/ehxA) could play an important role in mortality. The afa8E, f17G1 and papC genes could also have a role in calf mortality. Multidrug resistance defies disease treatment and increases the risk of death, while the potential transmissibility of genes to other species constitutes a threat to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magalí Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Ruta 50, Km 11, Colonia 70000, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Vignoli
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Av Alfredo Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Inés Bado
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, UdelaR, Av Alfredo Navarro 3051, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
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Dhaouadi S, Romdhani A, Bouglita W, Chedli S, Chaari S, Soufi L, Cherif A, Mnif W, Abbassi MS, Elandoulsi RB. High Biofilm-Forming Ability and Clonal Dissemination among Colistin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates Recovered from Cows with Mastitis, Diarrheic Calves, and Chickens with Colibacillosis in Tunisia. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020299. [PMID: 36836656 PMCID: PMC9959077 DOI: 10.3390/life13020299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the main etiological agents responsible for bovine mastitis (BM), neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD), and avian colibacillosis (AC). This study aimed to assess resistance and virulence genes content, biofilm-forming ability, phylogenetic groups, and genetic relatedness in E. coli isolates recovered from clinical cases of BM, NCD, and AC. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 120 samples including samples of milk (n = 70) and feces (n = 50) from cows with BM and calves with NCD, respectively, were collected from different farms in Northern Tunisia. Bacterial isolation and identification were performed. Then, E. coli isolates were examined by disk diffusion and broth microdilution method for their antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm-forming ability. PCR was used to detect antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), virulence genes (VGs), phylogenetic groups, and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) for their clonal relationship. RESULTS Among the 120 samples, 67 E. coli isolates (25 from BM, 22 from AC, and 20 from NCD) were collected. Overall, 83.6% of isolates were multidrug resistant. Thirty-six (53.73%) isolates were phenotypically colistin-resistant (CREC), 28.3% (19/67) were ESBL producers (ESBL-EC), and forty-nine (73.1%) formed biofilm. The blaTEM gene was found in 73.7% (14/19) of isolates from the three diseases, whilst the blaCTXM-g-1 gene was detected in 47.3% (9/19) of isolates, all from AC. The most common VG was the fimA gene (26/36, 72.2%), followed by aer (12/36, 33.3%), cnf1 (6/36, 16.6%), papC (4/36, 11.1%), and stx1 and stx2 genes (2/36; 5.5% for each). Phylogenetic analysis showed that isolates belonged to three groups: A (20/36; 55.5%), B2 (7/36; 19.4%), and D (6/36; 16.6%). Molecular typing by ERIC-PCR showed high genetic diversity of CREC and ESBL E. coli isolates from the three animal diseases and gave evidence of their clonal dissemination within farms in Tunisia. CONCLUSION The present study sheds new light on the biofilm-forming ability and clonality within CREC and ESBL-EC isolated from three different animal diseases in Tunisian farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Dhaouadi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Amel Romdhani
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Bouglita
- Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Sidi Thabet, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Salsabil Chedli
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Soufiene Chaari
- MEDIVET, Immeuble les Mimosas, 159 Avenue de l’UMA, La Soukra 2036, Tunisia
| | - Leila Soufi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Ameur Cherif
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
| | - Wissem Mnif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Arts in Balgarn, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 199, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Institute of Veterinary Research of Tunisia, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Bacteriological Research, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Ramzi Boubaker Elandoulsi
- ISBST, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana 2020, Tunisia
- Correspondence: (W.M.); (R.B.E.)
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Bastidas-Caldes C, Romero-Alvarez D, Valdez-Vélez V, Morales RD, Montalvo-Hernández A, Gomes-Dias C, Calvopiña M. Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases Producing Escherichia coli in South America: A Systematic Review with a One Health Perspective. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:5759-5779. [PMID: 36204394 PMCID: PMC9531622 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s371845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Bastidas-Caldes
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Doctoral Program in Public and Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Correspondence: Carlos Bastidas-Caldes, One Health Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, 170124, Ecuador, Tel +593 983 174949, Email
| | - Daniel Romero-Alvarez
- One Health Reserch Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Victor Valdez-Vélez
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Roberto D Morales
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Montalvo-Hernández
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cicero Gomes-Dias
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Manuel Calvopiña
- One Health Reserch Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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Belas A, Marques C, Menezes J, da Gama LT, Cavaco-Silva P, Pomba C. ESBL/ pAmpC-Producing Escherichia coli Causing Urinary Tract Infections in Non-Related Companion Animals and Humans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050559. [PMID: 35625203 PMCID: PMC9137695 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTI) caused by Escherichia coli are frequently diagnosed in humans and companion animals. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)- and cephalosporinase (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are worldwide-disseminated and frequently multidrug-resistant, hence leading to treatment failure and public health concerns. This study aimed to characterize and compare ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli strains causing community-acquired UTI in companion animals and non-related humans. Third-generation cephalosporin (3GC)-resistant E. coli (companion animals n = 35; humans n = 85) isolated from patients with UTI were tested against 14 antimicrobials following CLSI guidelines. PCR-based assays were used to detect the major E. coli phylogenetic groups, pathogenicity associated-islands (PAIs), virulence genes, and ESBLs/pAmpC resistance genes. ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates were typed by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and PCR. E. coli strains from companion animals and humans shared two MDR high-risk clonal lineages: ST131 and ST648. To the best of our knowledge, this study reports the first description of E. coli ST131 clade C1-M27 and the clonal lineage ST131 clade A in humans with community-acquired UTI in Portugal. Considering that companion animals with UTI are generally treated at home by the owners, measures should be implemented to avoid the spread of multidrug-resistant high-risk clones to humans and their household environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Belas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lusófona University, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Juliana Menezes
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Telo da Gama
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Cavaco-Silva
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz, Instituto Universitário Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal;
- Technophage, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Constança Pomba
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal or (A.B.); or (C.M.); (J.M.); (L.T.d.G.)
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Prieto A, López-Novo C, Díaz P, Díaz-Cao JM, López-Lorenzo G, Antón C, Remesar S, García-Dios D, López C, Panadero R, Díez-Baños P, Morrondo P, Fernández G. Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli from Diarrhoeic Neonatal Calves in Spain. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12030264. [PMID: 35158588 PMCID: PMC8833634 DOI: 10.3390/ani12030264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Neonatal calf diarrhoea, a worldwide concern for cattle production, can be caused by viral, bacterial and protozoan enteropathogens: the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the most important. The use of antimicrobials for treating neonatal calf diarrhoea cases is still a common practice among veterinary surgeons, although its use is only justified in bacterial infections evolving towards a systemic disease. Since the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials for treating diarrhoeic calves increases the risk for the appearance of antimicrobial resistances, restrictions on the use of antimicrobials in veterinary practice were implemented. The aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from diarrhoeic calves. Our results are alarming since all ETEC strains were resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials; in addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. Only ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin presented efficacy against most ETEC strains. Thus, empirical treatment of calf scours caused by ETEC is usually ineffective. Our results reveal that performing antimicrobial susceptibility tests in each NCD outbreak is needed for establishing an effective treatment and avoiding the emergence of new resistance mechanisms. Abstract Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is one of the major pathogens involved in neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) causing high economic losses in dairy farms. Antibiotic treatment is common in cases of systemic illness caused by NCD, but antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST) are usually not performed. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility of ETEC strains obtained from calves with diarrhoea between 2018–2020. Faecal samples (n = 420) were analyzed to detect the typical ETEC virulence factors F5 and STa. Positive samples were cultured to identify and isolate ETEC strains (n = 41) and ASTs were performed. Our results are alarming since ETEC strains resistant to three or more families of antimicrobials were detected in all isolates. Only four antibiotics (ceftiofur, cefoperazone, cefquinome and gentamicin) presented efficacy against more than 90% of the ETEC strains, while the other ten antibiotics were effective against less than 40% of the strains. In addition, a high number of strains were resistant to most first-line antimicrobials used in veterinary practice. For this reason, when ETEC infection is suspected, an AST must always be performed to select the most appropriate antimicrobial in each case and to avoid the emergence of new resistance mechanisms.
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Soumastre M, Piccini J, Rodríguez-Gallego L, González L, Rodríguez-Graña L, Calliari D, Piccini C. Spatial and temporal dynamics and potential pathogenicity of fecal coliforms in coastal shallow groundwater wells. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:89. [PMID: 35022848 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Access to water through shallow groundwater wells is a common practice in coastal settlements. This, coupled with a lack of planning for wastewater disposal promotes fecal contamination of groundwater and poses a threat to human health. Here, the spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater fecal contamination was evaluated during summer and winter (2013 and 2014) in a coastal protected area having a high touristic relevance (Cabo Polonio, Uruguay). Fecal coliforms (FC) abundance in groundwater was significantly higher during summer, related to an influx of ~ 1000 tourists per day. A significant spatial autocorrelation was found in 2014, when the abundance of FC in a well was influenced by its three nearest wells (Moran and Geary tests). The applied statistical models (mixed models) indicated that total phosphorus and organic matter were the variables significantly explaining FC abundance. The risk for human health was estimated using groundwater-extracted DNA and qPCR of genes encoding for E. coli virulence factors (stx1, stx2, and eae). Potential Shiga toxin-producing enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic pathotypes were detected, even at FC abundances ≤ 1 CFU (100 mL-1). Moreover, we found that contaminated groundwater reached the beach, being the presence of FC in sand detected even in winter and showing its highest frequency nearby groundwater wells consistently having high FC abundance (hot spots). Altogether, the results show that fecal contamination of shallow groundwater in Cabo Polonio involves a risk for human health that intensifies during summer (associated to a significant increase of tourists). This contamination also impacts the beach, where FC can remain through the whole year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Soumastre
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Juan Piccini
- Instituto de Matemática Rafael Laguardia, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Gallego
- Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de La República, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Leticia González
- Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de La República, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Graña
- Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de La República, Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Danilo Calliari
- Ecología Funcional de Sistemas Acuáticos, Centro Universitario Regional del Este, Universidad de La República, Rocha, Uruguay
- Sección Oceanografía y Ecología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Claudia Piccini
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Avenida Italia 3318, 11600, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Antimicrobial Resistance, Serologic and Molecular Characterization of E. coli Isolated from Calves with Severe or Fatal Enteritis in Bavaria, Germany. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010023. [PMID: 35052900 PMCID: PMC8772957 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) cause neonatal diarrhea and high mortality rates in newborn calves, leading to great economic losses. In Bavaria, Germany, no recent facts are available regarding the prevalence of virulence factors or antimicrobial resistance of ETEC in calves. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 8713 E. coli isolates obtained from 7358 samples of diseased or deceased diarrheic calves were investigated between 2015 to 2019. Considerably high rates of 84.2% multidrug-resistant and 15.8% extensively drug-resistant isolates were detected. The resistance situation of the first, second and third line antimicrobials for the treatment, here amoxicillin-clavulanate, enrofloxacin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, is currently acceptable with mean non-susceptibility rates of 28.1%, 37.9% and 50.0% over the investigated 5-year period. Furthermore, the ETEC serotypes O101:K28, O9:K35, O101:K30, O101:K32, O78:K80, O139:K82, O8:K87, O141:K85 and O147:K89, as well as the virulence factors F17, F41, F5, ST-I and stx1 were identified in a subset of samples collected in 2019 and 2020. The substantially high rates of multi- and extensively drug-resistant isolates underline the necessity of continuous monitoring regarding antimicrobial resistance to provide reliable prognoses and adjust recommendations for the treatment of bacterial infections in animals.
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Alomari MMM, Dec M, Nowaczek A, Puchalski A, Wernicki A, Kowalski C, Urban-Chmiel R. Therapeutic and Prophylactic Effect of the Experimental Bacteriophage Treatment to Control Diarrhea Caused by E. coli in Newborn Calves. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2093-2101. [PMID: 33818076 PMCID: PMC8369487 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The prevalence of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria causing neonatal
diarrhea in calves has become a serious problem in the control of
infection. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, bacteriophages
with probiotics are considered the best alternative. The aim of the
study was to evaluate the use of a suppository containing probiotic
strains of Lactobacillus spp. and bacteriophages
specific for pathogenic E. coli in young calves
with diarrhea. The study evaluated therapeutic and prophylactic effects
(specific and nonspecific humoral response). The study was carried
out on 24 female HF calves, aged 2 to 7 days and weighing from 35
to 46 kg. The calves were divided into four groups (n = 6) as follows: Group 1, healthy control that received no medicine;
Group 2, positive control with diarrhea; Group 3, healthy calves that
received medicine; Group 4, calves with diarrhea that received medicine.
The animals received suppositories containing Lactobacillus spp. and bacteriophages specific for pathogenic E. coli for 5 days. On the first day, the calves received the suppositories
twice—in the morning and 12 h later; subsequently they were
administered once a day. The health status of the calves was observed
for 11 days after the first application of suppositories. A protective
and preventive effect of the experimental therapy was obtained in
the research. The probiotic-phage suppositories reduced the duration
of diarrhea in calves, completely eliminating it within 24–48
h after use. The therapy stimulated the activation of immune mechanisms
in calves, which translated into an enhanced specific and nonspecific
response and increased resistance to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Mijbas M. Alomari
- University of Al Muthanna, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Al Sumawy City Main Street, Al Muthanna 66001, Iraq
| | - Marta Dec
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Nowaczek
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Puchalski
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wernicki
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Cezary Kowalski
- Sub-Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Environmental Protection, Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Urban-Chmiel
- Sub-Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Institute of Biological Basis of Animal Diseases, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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11
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Carter HSM, Renaud DL, Steele MA, Fischer-Tlustos AJ, Costa JHC. A Narrative Review on the Unexplored Potential of Colostrum as a Preventative Treatment and Therapy for Diarrhea in Neonatal Dairy Calves. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2221. [PMID: 34438679 PMCID: PMC8388388 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in pre-weaned dairy calves and, as such, represents a significant animal health and welfare concern. Furthermore, digestive disease early in life is associated with several long-term consequences such as reduced growth rate and decreased milk yield during the first lactation, thus generating severe economic losses. The majority of diarrheic cases in young calves are treated with antimicrobials; however, it is necessary to develop alternative treatments, as excessive antimicrobial usage can lead to antimicrobial resistance and can negatively impact the gut microflora of a calf. Bovine colostrum is abundant in immune and bioactive factors that improve immune function and development. This rich and natural combination of immunoglobulins, natural antimicrobial factors, growth factors, anti-inflammatories and nutrients may be an attractive alternative to antimicrobials in the treatment of diarrhea in young dairy calves. There is evidence that supports the use of colostrum as an early treatment for diarrhea in young calves. Future research should investigate its therapeutic and economic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Havelah S. M. Carter
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - David L. Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Michael A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Amanda J. Fischer-Tlustos
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; (M.A.S.); (A.J.F.-T.)
| | - Joao H. C. Costa
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA;
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12
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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of mcr-1-positive multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli ST93, ST117, ST156, ST10, and ST744 isolated from poultry in Poland. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1597-1609. [PMID: 34114111 PMCID: PMC8324725 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A plasmid-mediated mechanism of bacterial resistance to polymyxin is a serious threat to public health worldwide. The present study aimed to determine the occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes and to conduct the molecular characterization of mcr-positive Escherichia coli strains isolated from Polish poultry. Methods In this study, 318 E. coli strains were characterized by the prevalence of mcr1–mcr5 genes, antimicrobial susceptibility testing by minimal inhibitory concentration method, the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes was screened by PCR, and the biofilm formation ability was tested using the crystal violet staining method. Genetic relatedness of mcr-1-positive E. coli strains was evaluated by multilocus sequence typing method. Results Among the 318 E. coli isolates, 17 (5.35%) harbored the mcr-1 gene. High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed for ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (88.24%), and chloramphenicol (82.35%). All mcr-1-positive E. coli strains were multidrug-resistant, and as many as 88.24% of the isolates contained the blaTEM gene, tetracycline (tetA and tetB), and sulfonamide (sul1, sul2, and sul3) resistance genes. Additionally, 41.18% of multidrug-resistant, mcr-1-positive E. coli isolates were moderate biofilm producers, while the rest of the strains showed weak biofilm production. Nine different sequence types were identified, and the dominant ST was ST93 (29.41%), followed by ST117 (17.65%), ST156 (11.76%), ST 8979 (11.76%), ST744 (5.88%), and ST10 (5.88%). Moreover, the new ST was identified in this study. Conclusions Our results showed a low occurrence of mcr-1-positive E. coli strains isolated from Polish poultry; however, all the isolated strains were resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents and were able to form biofilms at low or medium level.
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13
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Meshref AME, Eldesoukey IE, Alouffi AS, Alrashedi SA, Osman SA, Ahmed AM. Molecular Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance among Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Diarrhoeic Calves in Egypt. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061712. [PMID: 34201226 PMCID: PMC8230277 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bacterial antimicrobial resistance is a serious global health challenge. This study investigated the occurrence of major antimicrobial resistance genes, including integrons, ß-lactamases, and florfenicol in Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from diarrhoeic calves in Egypt. From 120 calves, 149 isolates of bacteria were recovered, identified, and screened phenotypically against 12 antimicrobials, and molecularly for the presence of the resistance determinants of integrons, ß-lactamases and florfenicol. The findings revealed that 24.8% of the isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. Escherichia coli was found to be the most prevalent multidrug resistant species. Class 1 integrons, blaTEM, and floR genes were detected at incidence rates of 18.8%, 24.8%, and 1.3%, respectively, whereas class 2 integrons and blaCTX-M were not detected in any isolates. The higher incidence of the antimicrobial resistance genes indicate the importance of regular monitoring of the antibiotic susceptibilities of isolated bacteria to minimise the risk of human exposure to pathogens that are resistant to antimicrobials. Abstract The present study was designed to investigate the presence of genes that conferred resistance to antimicrobials among Enterobacteriaceae that were isolated from diarrhoeic calves. A total of 120 faecal samples were collected from diarrhoeic calves that were raised in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate, Egypt. The samples were screened for Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 149 isolates of bacteria were recovered and identified; Escherichia coli was found to be the most overwhelming species, followed by Citrobacter diversus, Shigella spp., Serratia spp., Providencia spp., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus spp., Klebsiella oxytoca, and Morganella morganii. All isolates were tested for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials; resistant and intermediately resistant strains were screened by conventional polymerase chain reaction for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Of the 149 isolates, 37 (24.8%) exhibited multidrug resistant phenotypes. The most prevalent multidrug resistant species were E. coli, C. diversus, Serratia spp., K. pneumoniae, Shigella spp., Providencia spp., and K. oxytoca. Class 1 integrons were detected in 28 (18.8%) isolates. All isolates were negative for class 2 integrons. The blaTEM gene was identified in 37 (24.8%) isolates, whereas no isolates carried the blaCTX-M gene. The florfenicol gene (floR) was detected in two bacterial isolates (1.3%). The findings of this study reveal that calves may act as potential reservoirs of multidrug resistant bacteria that can be easily transmitted to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Moamen E. Meshref
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-M.E.M.); (A.M.A.)
| | - Ibrahim E. Eldesoukey
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-M.E.M.); (A.M.A.)
- Correspondence: (I.E.E.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Abdulaziz S. Alouffi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (I.E.E.); (A.S.A.)
| | - Saleh A. Alrashedi
- Central Laboratory at Al Watania Poultry Company, Riyadh 51441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Salama A. Osman
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Ashraf M. Ahmed
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt; (A.-M.E.M.); (A.M.A.)
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14
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Belotindos L, Villanueva M, Miguel J, Bwalya P, Harada T, Kawahara R, Nakajima C, Mingala C, Suzuki Y. Prevalence and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolated from Food-Producing Animals and Animal-Derived Food in the Philippines. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040413. [PMID: 33918946 PMCID: PMC8068814 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance to quinolones, which constitutes a threat to public health, has been increasing worldwide. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of quinolone-resistant determinants in Escherichia coli not susceptible to quinolones and isolated from food-producing animals and food derived from them, in the Philippines. A total of 791 E. coli strains were isolated in 56.4% of 601 beef, chicken, pork, egg, and milk samples, as well as environmental, cloacal, and rectal swab-collected samples from supermarkets, open markets, abattoirs, and poultry, swine, and buffalo farms. Using the disc diffusion method, it was determined that 78.6% and 55.4% of the isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and multiple drugs, respectively. In 141 isolates not susceptible to quinolones, 115 (81.6%) harbored quinolone-resistant determinants and had mutations predominantly in the quinolone-resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA and parC. Plasmid-mediated, quinolone resistance (PMQR) and Qnr family (qnrA1, qnrB4, and qnrS1) genes were detected in all isolates. Forty-eight sequence types were identified in isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes by multilocus sequence typing analysis. Moreover, 26 isolates harboring mutations in QRDR and/or PMQR genes belonged mostly to phylogroup B1 and Enteroaggregative E. coli. In conclusion, a high prevalence of E. coli was found in food-producing animals and products derived from them, which could potentially spread high-risk clones harboring quinolone-resistance determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Belotindos
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Marvin Villanueva
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
| | - Joel Miguel
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Precious Bwalya
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
| | - Tetsuya Harada
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Ryuji Kawahara
- Division of Microbiology, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan; (R.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - Claro Mingala
- Biosafety and Environment Section, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines; (M.V.); (C.M.)
- Livestock Biotechnology Center, Philippine Carabao Center, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija 3120, Philippines;
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan; (L.B.); (P.B.); (C.N.)
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-011-706-7315; Fax: +81-0-706-7310
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15
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Coppola N, Freire B, Umpiérrez A, Cordeiro NF, Ávila P, Trenchi G, Castro G, Casaux ML, Fraga M, Zunino P, Bado I, Vignoli R. Transferable Resistance to Highest Priority Critically Important Antibiotics for Human Health in Escherichia coli Strains Obtained From Livestock Feces in Uruguay. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:588919. [PMID: 33330715 PMCID: PMC7717973 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.588919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to detect Escherichia coli isolates displaying resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins, quinolones, and colistin in feces from livestock in Uruguay. During 2016-2019, fecal samples from 132 broiler and layer chicken flocks, 100 calves, and 50 pigs, were studied in Uruguay. Samples were cultured on MacConkey Agar plates supplemented with ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, or colistin. E. coli isolates were identified by mass spectrometry and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion agar method and colistin agar test. Antibiotic resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. The most frequently detected resistance gene was qnrB19, recovered from 87 animals. Regarding plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, qnrS1 was the second in prevalence (23 animals) followed by qnrE1, found in 6 chickens and two calves. Regarding resistance to oxyimino-cephalosporins, 8 different β-lactamase genes were detected: bla CTX-M-8 and bla CMY-2 were found in 23 and 19 animals, respectively; next, bla CTX-M-2 and bla SHV-12 in 7 animals each, followed by bla CTX-M-14 in 5, bla CTX-M-15 and bla SHV2a in 2, and bla CTX-M-55 in a single animal. Finally, the mcr-1 gene was detected only in 8 pigs from a single farm, and in a chicken. Isolates carrying bla CMY-2 and bla SHV-12 were also found in these animals, including two isolates featuring the bla CMY-2/mcr-1 genotype. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work in which the search for transferable resistance to highest priority critically important antibiotics for human health is carried out in chickens and pigs chains of production animals in Uruguay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Coppola
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bibiana Freire
- Unidad Académica Animales de Granja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nicolás F. Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Ávila
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | | | - Gustavo Castro
- Unidad Académica Animales de Granja, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Laura Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Bado
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Vignoli
- Departamento de Bacteriología y Virología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Umpiérrez A, Ernst D, Fernández M, Oliver M, Casaux ML, Caffarena RD, Schild C, Giannitti F, Fraga M, Zunino P. Virulence genes of Escherichia coli in diarrheic and healthy calves. Rev Argent Microbiol 2020; 53:34-38. [PMID: 32553726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli ETEC, EPEC, NTEC and STEC/EHEC pathotypes are often isolated from bovine feces. The objective of this study was to detect 21 E. coli virulence genes in feces from 252 dairy calves in Uruguay (149 with neonatal diarrhea - NCD - and 103 asymptomatic). Genes iucD, f17A, afa8E, papC, clpG and f17G(II) were the most prevalent (81.3%; 48.4%; 37.3%; 35.7%; 34.1%; 31.3%, respectively). Genes eae, stx1and stx2 were poorly represented; 13/252 animals harbored one or a combination of these genes. The prevalence of the cnf gene was 4.4%, while that of cdt-IV and cdt-III genes was 24.2% and 12.7% respectively. This study reports updated data about the virulence profiles of E. coli in dairy calves in Uruguay. A large number of adhesins and toxin genes were detected. Our results demonstrate that E. coli from bovine feces has diarrheagenic and extraintestinal profiles although other NCD risks factors may contribute to the disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Umpiérrez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Déborah Ernst
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Magalí Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Martín Oliver
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María L Casaux
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Rubén D Caffarena
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay; Departamento de Patología y Clínica de Rumiantes y Suinos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Schild
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Federico Giannitti
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Martín Fraga
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Zunino
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Dafale NA, Srivastava S, Purohit HJ. Zoonosis: An Emerging Link to Antibiotic Resistance Under "One Health Approach". Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:139-152. [PMID: 32255846 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Current scenario in communicable diseases has generated new era that identifies the "One health" approach to understand the sharing and management of etiological agents with its impact on ecosystem. Under this context the relevance of zoonotic diseases generates major concern. The indiscriminate and higher use of antibiotics in animal husbandry creates substantial pressure on the gut microbiome for development of resistance due to shorter generation time and high density. Thus, gut works as a bioreactor for the breeding of ARBs in this scenario and are continuously released in different niches. These ARBs transfer resistance genes among native flora through horizontal gene transfer events, vectors and quorum sensing. About 60% of infectious diseases in human are caused by zoonotic pathogens have potential to carry ARGs which could be transmitted to humans. The well documented zoonotic diseases are anthrax cause by Bacillus anthracis, bovine tuberculosis by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, brucellosis by Brucella abortus, and hemorrhagic colitis by Escherichia coli. Similarly, most of the antibiotics are not completely metabolized and released in unmetabolized forms which enters the food chain and affect various ecological niches through bioaccumulation. The persistence period of antibiotics ranges from < 1 to 3466 days in environment. The consequences of misusing the antibiotic in livestock and their fate in various ecological niches have been discussed in this review. Further the light sheds on antibiotics persistence and it biodegradation through different abiotic and biotic approaches in environment. The knowledge on personnel hygiene and strong surveillance system for zoonotic disease including ARBs transmission, prevention and control measures should be established to regulate the spread of AMR in the environment and subsequently to the human being through a food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant A Dafale
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 020 India
| | - Shweta Srivastava
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 020 India
| | - Hemant J Purohit
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440 020 India
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18
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First three Escherichia coli isolates harbouring mcr-1 in Uruguay. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020; 20:187-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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19
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Smulski S, Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Wylandowska A, Włodarek J. Non-antibiotic Possibilities in Prevention and Treatment of Calf Diarrhoea. J Vet Res 2020; 64:119-126. [PMID: 32258808 PMCID: PMC7105995 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2020-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to increasing bacterial antibiotic resistance and the consumers' tendency to choose organic products, cattle farmers are interested in alternative methods of calf diarrhoea treatment. This is a major challenge for veterinarians. Few methods of non-antibiotic treatment that bring satisfactory results have been reported in the related literature so far. In this article, the authors compare different non-antibiotic methods of diarrhoea prevention and treatment in calves. Among the alternatives discussed are herbs, probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics, lactoferrin, and bacteriophages. It was found that the best results could be achieved through the use of pro-, pre- and synbiotics. However, the authors would like to point out that with the expansion of knowledge about the practical use of broad-scale bacteriophages, they could be the best alternative to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanna Turlewicz-Podbielska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Wylandowska
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Włodarek
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637Poznań, Poland
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20
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Mendes Oliveira VR, Paiva MC, Lima WG. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Latin America and Caribbean: A systematic review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2019; 31:101459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2019.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Tamaki H. Cultivation Renaissance in the Post-Metagenomics Era: Combining the New and Old. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:117-120. [PMID: 31243255 PMCID: PMC6594738 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me3402rh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Tamaki
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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22
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Davin-Regli A, Guerin-Faublée V, Pagès JM. Modification of outer membrane permeability and alteration of LPS in veterinary enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:321-327. [PMID: 31035220 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a worrying cause of diarrhoea in calves and the drug multiresistance phenotype concerning various antibiotic families are of concern. Resistance mechanisms associated with envelope changes (porin expression, efflux pump overexpression, lipolysaccahride (LPS) modification) were studied in 14 ETEC isolates selected for their resistance. We performed determinations of (i) antimicrobials Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations with or without the efflux pump inhibitor phenylalanine arginine β-naphthylamide; (ii) colistin and polymyxin MICs with and without EDTA, (iii) intracellular accumulation of chloramphenicol in presence of an energy uncoupler of pump energy, (iv) and immunodetection of porins and evaluation of porin trimers thermostability. Results indicated that 9 strains presented significant efflux mechanisms overexpression, among them 8 were resistant to colistin and polymyxin B due to a modification of LPS structure as evidenced by EDTA effect and silver staining electrophoresis. The high resistant strains to colistin and polymyxin exhibited identical LPS patterns. Studies of E. coli porins indicated that the majority of strains didn't show modification in their amount, however analysis of porin thermostability showed that porin trimers of some resistant strains were relatively heat-labile, suggesting a misassembly of the functional trimer. The multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotypes detected in these selected ETEC corresponded to association of LPS modifications, abordive assembly of porin trimers and active efflux which drastically alter the antibiotic activity currently used to combat enteric infections caused by this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Davin-Regli
- UMR_MD1, U-1261, Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France..
| | - Véronique Guerin-Faublée
- UMR Vet-Agro-Sup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, Département de santé publique vétérinaire, Marcy l'Etoile, France..
| | - Jean-Marie Pagès
- UMR_MD1, U-1261, Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, SSA, IRBA, MCT, Marseille, France
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23
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Ishii S. Ecology of Pathogens and Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria in Environments: Challenges and Opportunities. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:1-4. [PMID: 30930405 PMCID: PMC6440737 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me3401rh] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ishii
- Department of Soil, Water, and Climate, University of Minnesota.,BioTechnology Institute, University of Minnesota
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24
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González Pasayo RA, Sanz ME, Padola NL, Moreira AR. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic calves in Argentina. Open Vet J 2019; 9:65-73. [PMID: 31086769 PMCID: PMC6500866 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v9i1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the most common and global cause of neonatal calf diarrhea, but there is a little information regarding calf ETEC strains in Argentina. In this study, five ETEC isolates from diarrheic dairy calves (2–10 d old) from Buenos Aires and Cordoba, Argentina were characterized on the basis of virulence gene (VG) pattern, O:H serotyping, hemolytic phenotype, phylogenetic group affiliation, antimicrobial (AM) resistance profile, and presence of integron class 1 and 2. The five isolates were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of 18 bovine VGs and showed the following genotypes: F5+/F41+/sta+ (D242), F5+/sta+ (D158), F5+/sta+ (D157), F5+ (D151-9), and F5+/iucD+ (D151-5). These VGs confer pathogenic potential and most of them are associated with the ETEC pathotype. The five isolates showed a non-hemolytic phenotype, belonged to five different serotypes: O101:H−, O141:H−, O60:H−, ONT:H10, and ONT:H−, and were assigned to the phylogenetic group A by the quadruplex Clermont PCR method. The AM resistance of the three isolates D242, D157, and D151-5 was determined by agar disk diffusion method for 24 AMs and they exhibited a multi-resistance phenotype (resistance to four different AM classes: Cephalosporins, Penicillins, Macrolides, and Ansamycins). In addition, class 1 integrons were found in the isolate D151-5 containing the dfrA17-aadA5 gene cassette and in the bovine ETEC reference strain FV10191 containing the dfrA1-aadA1 gene cassette. The present study revealed for the first time the occurrence of multi-resistant ETEC associated with neonatal diarrhea in dairy calves in Argentina. This finding may be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón A González Pasayo
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, EEA INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Marcelo E Sanz
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Nora L Padola
- Laboratorio de Inmunoquímica y Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Ana R Moreira
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Laboratorio de Bacteriología, EEA INTA Balcarce, Balcarce, Argentina
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25
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Characterization of the first blaCTX-M-14/ermB-carrying IncI1 plasmid from Latin America. Plasmid 2019; 102:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Shen C, Feng S, Chen H, Dai M, Paterson DL, Zheng X, Wu X, Zhong LL, Liu Y, Xia Y, Ma R, Huang X, Tian GB. Transmission ofmcr-1-Producing Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Public Transportation in Guangzhou, China. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 67:S217-S224. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Shen
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Siyuan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Min Dai
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, China
| | - David L Paterson
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiaobin Zheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Xingui Wu
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University
| | - Lan-Lan Zhong
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Laboratory, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Rui Ma
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Xi Huang
- Program of Pathobiology and Immunology, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Department of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control (Sun Yat-sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou
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