1
|
Edmonston D, Grabner A, Wolf M. FGF23 and klotho at the intersection of kidney and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:11-24. [PMID: 37443358 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00903-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). As CKD progresses, CKD-specific risk factors, such as disordered mineral homeostasis, amplify traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) regulates mineral homeostasis by activating complexes of FGF receptors and transmembrane klotho co-receptors. A soluble form of klotho also acts as a 'portable' FGF23 co-receptor in tissues that do not express klotho. In progressive CKD, rising circulating FGF23 levels in combination with decreasing kidney expression of klotho results in klotho-independent effects of FGF23 on the heart that promote left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and death. Emerging data suggest that soluble klotho might mitigate some of these effects via several candidate mechanisms. More research is needed to investigate FGF23 excess and klotho deficiency in specific cardiovascular complications of CKD, but the pathophysiological primacy of FGF23 excess versus klotho deficiency might never be precisely resolved, given the entangled feedback loops that they share. Therefore, randomized trials should prioritize clinical practicality over scientific certainty by targeting disordered mineral homeostasis holistically in an effort to improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Edmonston
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alexander Grabner
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Myles Wolf
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sugita S, Naito Y, Zhou L, He H, Hao Q, Sakamoto A, Lee JW. Hyaluronic acid restored protein permeability across injured human lung microvascular endothelial cells. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:619-631. [PMID: 36089980 PMCID: PMC9447422 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2022-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelial permeability is a key pathological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Hyaluronic acid (HA), a major component of the glycocalyx layer on the endothelium, is generated by HA synthase (HAS) during inflammation and injury and is critical for repair. We hypothesized that administration of exogenous high molecular weight (HMW) HA would restore protein permeability across human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC) injured by an inflammatory insult via upregulation of HAS by binding to CD44. A transwell coculture system was used to study the effects of HA on protein permeability across HLMVEC injured by cytomix, a mixture of IL‐1β, TNFα, and IFNγ, with or without HMW or low molecular weight (LMW) HA. Coincubation with HMW HA, but not LMW HA, improved protein permeability following injury at 24 h. Fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that exogenous HMW HA partially prevented the increase in “actin stress fiber” formation. HMW HA also increased the synthesis of HAS2 mRNA expression and intracellular HMW HA levels in HLMVEC following injury. Pretreatment with an anti‐CD44 antibody or 4‐methylumbelliferone, a HAS inhibitor, blocked the therapeutic effects. In conclusion, exogenous HMW HA restored protein permeability across HLMVEC injured by an inflammatory insult in part through upregulation of HAS2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sugita
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Yoshifumi Naito
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Hongli He
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Qi Hao
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| | - Atsuhiro Sakamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Jae W. Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology University of California, San Francisco San Francisco California USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wen X, Li S, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Xi X, Zhang S, Li Y. Recombinant human klotho protects against hydrogen peroxide-mediated injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cells via the PI3K/Akt-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11767-11781. [PMID: 35543385 PMCID: PMC9275962 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2071023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common irreversible ophthalmopathy. Oxidative stress of retinal pigment epithelial cells is involved in AMD occurrence and development. Klotho is an anti-aging protein with antioxidant properties. We investigated the protective properties of Klotho on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced injury of retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and its associated pathomechanisms. We found that Klotho pretreatment for 24 h could up-regulate Bcl-2 levels, decrease the cleaved-caspase-3 and Bax levels, inhibit H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cell apoptosis, and promote cell proliferation. Klotho pretreatment inhibited the H2O2-mediated elevations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in ARPE-19 cells. It enhanced antioxidant activities of the cells and restored the glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD2), catalase (CAT), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) levels to close to the normal level. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a reactive oxygen scavenger, could reverse the harmful effects of H2O2 on proliferation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress of ARPE-19 cells. Further, Klotho pretreatment enhanced Akt phosphorylation and expression as well as nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in H2O2-treated ARPE-19 cells. This indicates that Klotho protects cells from oxidative stress by activating phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)-nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Klotho is, therefore, a potential preventive or treatment option for AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Song Li
- Department of Sport Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiaoting Xi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Shuyuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu X, Zhang M, Li Y, He W, Lu G, Wang Q, Wang Q. Effects of Levistilide A on Hemorheology and Endothelial Cell Injury in Rats with Blood Stasis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:6595383. [PMID: 34899955 PMCID: PMC8660196 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6595383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial cell injury is not only the initiating factor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases but also the essence of blood stasis. Levistilide A (LA), a natural component isolated from the traditional Chinese herb, Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort, has traditional effects on improving blood circulation and removing stasis. In this study, the effects and potential mechanisms of LA in the rat model of blood stasis and the mechanism in endothelial cell injury have been explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this experiment, the effects of LA on the model of acute blood stasis in rats were explored. The blood samples were collected for the measurement of coagulation and hemorheological indices, and the carotid arteries were also excised from rats for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemistry (IHC). In addition, the improvement effects of LA on the H2O2-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) injury model were evaluated. And the cell viability detection was conducted by the CCK8 assay, and the pathway-related protein expressions were detected by western blotting. RESULTS In vivo, compared with the model group, the treatment of LA (10 mg/kg) could reduce the FIB (fibrinogen) content (P < 0.01), increase the INR (international normalized ratio) and PT (prothrombin time) (P < 0.01), and reduce the plasma viscosity (P < 0.05) and whole blood viscosities of low, medium, and high shear rates in the blood of blood stasis model rats (P < 0.01). In vitro, the cell viability in the LA-pretreated group was higher than that of the model group (P < 0.05). The expression levels of PI3K, AKT, and eNOs in the LA-pretreated group were increased (P < 0.01) as compared to the model group. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrated that LA has the ability to improve blood hypercoagulation and blood viscosity, and enhance the viability of cells. It is more likely that it exerts a protective effect on the endothelial cell through the PI3K-AKT-eNOs pathway. These results indicate LA will be a potential candidate to cure blood stasis with endothelial cell injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- XiaoTong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University (SWMU), Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - MiJia Zhang
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - YuJiao Li
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - WenLu He
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - GuangHua Lu
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Sino-Portugal TCM International Cooperation Center, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing 100193, China
| | - QiaoZhi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University (SWMU), Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pathare G, Raju S, Mashru M, Shah V, Shalia K. Gene expression of klotho & antioxidative enzymes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of essential hypertension patients in Indian population. Indian J Med Res 2021; 152:607-613. [PMID: 34145100 PMCID: PMC8224152 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2112_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Oxidative stress is known to have a causal role in hypertension. Klotho has emerged as a novel anti-aging molecule to inhibit oxidative stress at cellular level. This study aimed at evaluating the gene expression of klotho and antioxidative enzymes, manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and catalase, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of essential hypertensive patients as compared to normotensive healthy controls. Methods: Ninety-nine newly diagnosed hypertensives and 103 age- and BMI-matched controls were recruited. The participants were non-diabetic and not on any medication. Soluble α-klotho levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: Soluble α-klotho levels were significantly lower (27%, P=0.001) in patients as compared to controls. The trend remained same when compared against 44 out of 103 controls considered for gene expression analysis. Relative gene expression of klotho and catalase were 3-fold and 1.25-fold lower in patients as compared to controls, respectively. ΔCt value-based gene expression were also significantly lower for both genes (P=0.001). A decreasing but non-significant trend was observed for Mn-SOD gene expression. ΔCt value-based gene expression of catalase positively correlated with that of Mn-SOD in patient (rs=0.448) and control (rs=0.547) groups (P<0.001). In patients, the gene expression of Klotho positively correlated with that of catalase (rs=0.498, P=0.001), but not Mn-SOD (rs=0.155, P=0.126). Interpretation & conclusions: In the present study on newly diagnosed hypertensives, klotho and catalase gene expression were found to be significantly lower as compared to controls, indicating the role of oxidative stress in this patient group. In addition, a significant correlation between Klotho and catalase gene expression suggests a role for klotho in essential hypertension with respect to antioxidant defence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gauri Pathare
- Department of Biochemistry, Sir H.N. Medical Research Society, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunila Raju
- Department of Biochemistry, Sir H.N. Medical Research Society, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Mashru
- Department of Cardiology, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinod Shah
- Department of Cardiology, Sir H.N. Reliance Foundation Hospital & Research Center, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kavita Shalia
- Department of Biochemistry, Sir H.N. Medical Research Society, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xue Z, Ding W, Ge L, Zhang Q. Klotho alleviates chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced genioglossus myocyte apoptosis by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:708. [PMID: 34007317 PMCID: PMC8120644 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) has been shown to induce cell apoptosis in multiple organs of the human body. The present study aimed to assess the effects of exogenous klotho on CIH-induced genioglossus muscle injury, as well as the involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in this process. A total of 36 adult C57BL/6 male mice were assigned to normoxia control (NC), CIH and CIH + klotho groups (n=12 mice/group). ELISA was performed to detect the level of klotho protein in the serum and in the genioglossus muscle tissue samples. Apoptosis was evaluated using the TUNEL assay. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were quantified using a dihydroethidium assay kit, and the protein and mRNA levels of ERS-associated proteins (namely, glucoseregulated protein 78, C/EBP homologous protein, cleaved caspase-12 and cleaved caspase-3) in genioglossus samples were assessed using immunoblot assay and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, respectively. Compared with the NC group, the quantities of klotho protein in the serum and genioglossus muscle tissue samples in the CIH group were significantly decreased, whereas the apoptotic rate, ROS levels and protein and mRNA levels of the ERS-associated proteins in the genioglossus muscle were significantly increased. Following supplementation with exogenous klotho protein, the klotho protein levels in the serum and genioglossus muscle tissue of mice were found to be markedly increased, and the apoptotic rate, ROS levels and protein and mRNA levels of the ERS-associated proteins in the genioglossus muscle were decreased compared with those in the CIH group. Taken together, the results of the present study have demonstrated that exogenous klotho may inhibit apoptosis of genioglossus myocytes in mice by inhibiting ROS-associated ERS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xue
- Department of ENT & HN Surgery, Lishui District People's Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211200, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiao Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Luyao Ge
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital Affiliated to Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
do Monte FA, Ahuja N, Awad KR, Pan Z, Young S, Kim HKW, Aswath P, Brotto M, Varanasi VG. Silicon Oxynitrophosphide Nanoscale Coating Enhances Antioxidant Marker-Induced Angiogenesis During in vivo Cranial Bone-Defect Healing. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10425. [PMID: 33869985 PMCID: PMC8046063 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical-sized bone defects are challenging to heal because of the sudden and large volume of lost bone. Fixative plates are often used to stabilize defects, yet oxidative stress and delayed angiogenesis are contributing factors to poor biocompatibility and delayed bone healing. This study tests the angiogenic and antioxidant properties of amorphous silicon oxynitrophosphide (SiONPx) nanoscale-coating material on endothelial cells to regenerate vascular tissue in vitro and in bone defects. in vitro studies evaluate the effect of silicon oxynitride (SiONx) and two different SiONPx compositions on human endothelial cells exposed to ROS (eg, hydrogen peroxide) that simulates oxidative stress conditions. in vivo studies using adult male Sprague Dawley rats (approximately 450 g) were performed to compare a bare plate, a SiONPx-coated implant plate, and a sham control group using a rat standard-sized calvarial defect. Results from this study showed that plates coated with SiONPx significantly reduced cell death, and enhanced vascular tubule formation and matrix deposition by upregulating angiogenic and antioxidant expression (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor A, angiopoetin-1, superoxide dismutase 1, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, and catalase 1). Moreover, endothelial cell markers (CD31) showed a significant tubular structure in the SiONPx coating group compared with an empty and uncoated plate group. This reveals that atomic doping of phosphate into the nanoscale coating of SiONx produced markedly elevated levels of antioxidant and angiogenic markers that enhance vascular tissue regeneration. This study found that SiONPx or SiONx nanoscale-coated materials enhance antioxidant expression, angiogenic marker expression, and reduce ROS levels needed for accelerating vascular tissue regeneration. These results further suggest that SiONPx nanoscale coating could be a promising candidate for titanium plate for rapid and enhanced cranial bone-defect healing. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A do Monte
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Center for Excellence in Hip DisordersTexas Scottish Rite HospitalDallasTXUSA
| | - Neelam Ahuja
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Kamal R Awad
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Zui Pan
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Simon Young
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryThe University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of DentistryHoustonTXUSA
| | - Harry KW Kim
- Center for Excellence in Hip DisordersTexas Scottish Rite HospitalDallasTXUSA
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Pranesh Aswath
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Marco Brotto
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| | - Venu G Varanasi
- Bone‐Muscle Research CenterUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlingtonTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hu J, Su B, Li X, Li Y, Zhao J. Klotho overexpression suppresses apoptosis by regulating the Hsp70/Akt/Bad pathway in H9c2(2-1) cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:486. [PMID: 33790995 PMCID: PMC8005687 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Early reperfusion is the most effective and important treatment for acute myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion therapy often leads to a certain degree of myocardial damage. The aim of the present study was to identify the role of klotho, and the molecular mechanism underlying its effects, in myocardial damage using a model of myocardial hypoxia injury. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) was used to mimic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. The expression and distribution of klotho in H9c2(2-1) cells was observed by fluorogenic scanning, and the apoptotic rate was determined by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide dual staining. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay, and caspase-3, cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax, heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 and Akt levels were assessed by western blotting. A lactate dehydrogenase test was performed to determine the degree of H9c2(2-1) cell damage. The results revealed that klotho was primarily located in the cytoplasm of H9c2(2-1) cells. Klotho overexpression markedly suppressed H/R-induced H9c2(2-1) cell apoptosis. Furthermore, cell viability increased, and injury decreased in response to klotho. Klotho also suppressed the activation of caspase-3, upregulated Bcl2 and decreased Bax levels following H/R injury, as well as alleviating H/R injury by upregulating the expression of Hsp70 and increasing the levels of phosphorylated (p-)Akt and Bad. In conclusion, these results indicate that klotho suppressed H/R-induced H9c2(2-1) cell apoptosis by regulating the levels of Hsp70, p-Akt and p-Bad, which suggest that klotho could be a novel agent for the treatment of coronary disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinpeng Hu
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China.,Department of Geriatric Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Bin Su
- Ministry of Research, Characteristic Medical Center of The Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Xuewen Li
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| | - Yuming Li
- Angiocardiopathy Institute of Characteristic Medical Center of PAP, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China.,TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China
| | - Jihong Zhao
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300162, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Roumeliotis S, Mallamaci F, Zoccali C. Endothelial Dysfunction in Chronic Kidney Disease, from Biology to Clinical Outcomes: A 2020 Update. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082359. [PMID: 32718053 PMCID: PMC7465707 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is a dynamic, functionally complex organ, modulating multiple biological processes, including vascular tone and permeability, inflammatory responses, thrombosis, and angiogenesis. Endothelial dysfunction is a threat to the integrity of the vascular system, and it is pivotal in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a hallmark of chronic kidney disease (CKD), with this disturbance being almost universal in patients who reach the most advanced phase of CKD, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Low NO bioavailability in CKD depends on several mechanisms affecting the expression and the activity of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Accumulation of endogenous inhibitors of eNOS, inflammation and oxidative stress, advanced glycosylation products (AGEs), bone mineral balance disorders encompassing hyperphosphatemia, high levels of the phosphaturic hormone fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), and low levels of the active form of vitamin D (1,25 vitamin D) and the anti-ageing vasculoprotective factor Klotho all impinge upon NO bioavailability and are critical to endothelial dysfunction in CKD. Wide-ranging multivariate interventions are needed to counter endothelial dysfunction in CKD, an alteration triggering arterial disease and cardiovascular complications in this high-risk population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Roumeliotis
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, 1st Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Francesca Mallamaci
- CNR-IFC (National Research Council of Italy, Centre of Clinical Physiology, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, Reggio Cal., c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 89124 Reggio Cal, Italy;
| | - Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IFC (National Research Council of Italy, Centre of Clinical Physiology, Clinical Epidemiology of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Unit, Reggio Cal., c/o Ospedali Riuniti, 89124 Reggio Cal, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-340-73540-62
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Recombinant α-Klotho Protein Alleviated Acute Cardiorenal Injury in a Mouse Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Septic Cardiorenal Syndrome Type 5. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:5853426. [PMID: 31309036 PMCID: PMC6594328 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5853426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Klotho is an aging-suppressor gene mainly expressed in the renal tubules. The klotho gene encodes the α-klotho protein, which has many functions. Previous studies have found that α-klotho protein has a cardiorenal protective function. α-Klotho deficiency renders the kidney more susceptible to injury and results in cardiovascular calcification and left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease. However, the role of α-klotho in acute heart injury and acute kidney injury with sepsis remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of α-klotho in septic cardiorenal injury. Methods Male 8-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to the control group, lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg/kg) group, LPS (10 mg/kg)+α-klotho (0.01 mg/kg) group, and LPS (10 mg/kg)+α-klotho (0.02 mg/kg) group. Recombinant α-klotho was intraperitoneally injected an hour before LPS injection. Mice were euthanized at 24 h after LPS injection. The serum troponin, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and creatinine levels were measured in all groups at 24 h. Biomarkers of mice heart apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, such as caspase-3, interleukin 1 (IL-1), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), were also measured. Results α-Klotho was mainly expressed in mice kidneys and was undetectable in the control mice hearts. α-Klotho substantially decreased after LPS injection. In the LPS group, the serum troponin levels significantly increased as early as 6 h (p < 0.05) after LPS injection, while the BNP, NGAL, and creatinine levels significantly increased at 24 h (p < 0.05). Pretreatment with α-klotho significantly ameliorated acute cardiorenal injury. In the LPS+α-klotho (0.01 mg/kg) group, the levels of apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress were decreased, while the level of endoplasmic reticulum stress was elevated. Conclusions α-Klotho significantly alleviates acute cardiorenal injury in LPS-induced septic cardiorenal injury due to the inhibition of apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidation, as well as the regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress levels.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ou HC, Chou WC, Chu PM, Hsieh PL, Hung CH, Tsai KL. Fucoxanthin Protects against oxLDL-Induced Endothelial Damage via Activating the AMPK-Akt-CREB-PGC1α Pathway. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801353. [PMID: 30892786 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent cause of mortality and morbidity. Fucoxanthin (FX) possesses anti-hypertensive and anti-obesity properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effects of FX on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)-induced oxidative injuries in human endothelial cells are still largely unknown. This study aims to test the hypothesis that FX protects against oxLDL-induced oxidative stress by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and to explore the roles of cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). METHODS AND RESULTS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells are treated with oxLDL in the presence or absence of FX. FX significantly increases AMPK phosphorylation. In addition, FX diminishes oxLDL-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activation by inhibiting protein kinase C and subsequently inducing reactive oxygen species generation and impairing the activity of the endogenous antioxidant enzyme superoxidase dismutase. Furthermore, FX restores oxLDL-mediated dephosphorylation of phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt and decreases CREB and PGC-1α expression to nearly normal levels. Moreover, FX ameliorates the oxLDL-mediated suppression of mitochondrial function and apoptosis. CONCLUSION These findings provide new insights into the possible molecular mechanisms by which FX mitigates oxLDL-induced endothelial oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chung Ou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ching Chou
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
| | - Pei-Ming Chu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsia Hung
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701.,Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Ling Tsai
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, 701
| |
Collapse
|