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Ranjbar M, Shab-Bidar S, Mohammadi H, Djafarian K. Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Liver Function Tests: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae070. [PMID: 38917447 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Intermittent fasting (IF) is a diet strategy with alternate intervals of calorie reduction and normal eating. Despite its beneficial effects on weight loss and cardiometabolic risk factors, the effect of IF on liver function tests (LFTs) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of IF on LFTs through a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. DATA SOURCES An electronic search was performed using predefined search terms in databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science until February 2023. DATA EXTRACTION The studies were selected according to PRISMA guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed for the randomized controlled trials. DATA ANALYSIS The results of this study are reported as weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% CIs. Fourteen RCTs were included in the meta-analysis, with a total sample size of 908. IF significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (WMD: -2.88, 95% CI: -4.72 to -1.04, P-value = .002) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels (WMD: -1.67, 95% CI: -3.12 to -0.22, P-value = .024). The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the impact of IF was significant in both the nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the healthy groups for ALT. The effects of IF on the serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) level were significant (WMD: -3.19, 95% CI: -6.00 to -0.39, P-value = .026), but there were no significant changes in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level (WMD: 1.06, 95% CI: -0.23 to 2.34, P-value = .106). Furthermore, no substantial heterogeneity between studies was reported. CONCLUSION IF can improve ALT, AST, and GGT levels but not ALP enzyme levels and may have a benefit on liver function. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration no. CRD42023396211.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Ranjbar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6117, Iran
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 4395-578, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6117, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14155-6117, Iran
- Neuroscience Institute, Sports Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 4395-578, Iran
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Frias H, Murga Valderrama NL, Flores Durand GJ, Cornejo VG, Romani AC, Bardales W, Segura GT, Polveiro RC, Vieira DDS, Ramos Sanchez EM, Lopez Lapa RM, Maicelo Quintana JL. Comparative analysis of fasting effects on the cecum microbiome in three guinea pig breeds: Andina, Inti, and Peru. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1283738. [PMID: 38173670 PMCID: PMC10761435 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1283738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Guinea pigs have historically been used as a food source and are also an important model for studying the human intestines. Fasting is the act of temporarily stopping the intake of food. This process can alter the microbiota of various animals. This study is the first to investigate the impact of fasting on the cecum microbiome of three guinea pig breeds. We investigated the impact of fasting on the microbiome population structure in the cecum of three guinea pig breeds. This was done by sequencing and analyzing the V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene in bacterial communities found in cecum mucosa samples. To achieve this, we established two treatment groups (fasting and fed), for each of the three guinea pig breeds: Andina, Inti, and Peru. The study involved twenty-eight guinea pigs, which were divided into the following groups: Andina-fed (five), Andina-fasting (five), Inti-fed (four), Inti-fasting (five), Peru-fed (five), and Peru-fasting (four). The results indicated a significant difference in beta diversity between the treatment groups for the Peru breed (P-value = 0.049), but not for the treatment groups of the Andina and Inti breeds. The dominant phyla across all groups were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. We observed variations in the abundance of different taxa in the cecum microbiota when comparing the treatment groups for each breed. Additionally, there was a higher number of unique taxa observed in the fasting groups compared to the fed groups. We discovered that the genus Victivallis was the only one present in all fasting groups across all breeds. Despite the findings, the resilience of the gut microbiome was not challenged in all three breeds, which can lead to disruptive changes that may affect the overall maintenance of the cecum microbiome. Based on the observed differences in the treatment groups of the Peru breed, it can be suggested that fasting has a greater impact on this particular breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Frias
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Nilton Luis Murga Valderrama
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Gary J. Flores Durand
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Victor G. Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Ana C. Romani
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - William Bardales
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - G. T. Segura
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Richard C. Polveiro
- Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, Sector of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Public Health, Department of Veterinary, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Dielson da S. Vieira
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Chemistry Department, Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Eduardo M. Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Rainer M. Lopez Lapa
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Jorge Luis Maicelo Quintana
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigación en Ganadería y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Facultad de Ingeniería Zootecnista, Agronegocios y Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza de Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
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Guo M, Wang X, Li Y, Luo A, Zhao Y, Luo X, Li S. Intermittent Fasting on Neurologic Diseases: Potential Role of Gut Microbiota. Nutrients 2023; 15:4915. [PMID: 38068773 PMCID: PMC10707790 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases is surging. These disorders have a multifaceted pathogenesis, entwined with genetic and environmental factors. Emerging research underscores the profound influence of diet on the development and progression of health conditions. Intermittent fasting (IF), a dietary pattern that is increasingly embraced and recommended, has demonstrated potential in improving neurophysiological functions and mitigating pathological injuries with few adverse effects. Although the precise mechanisms of IF's beneficial impact are not yet completely understood, gut microbiota and their metabolites are believed to be pivotal in mediating these effects. This review endeavors to thoroughly examine current studies on the shifts in gut microbiota and metabolite profiles prompted by IF, and their possible consequences for neural health. It also highlights the significance of dietary strategies as a clinical consideration for those with neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xuan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yujuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ailin Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yilin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shiyong Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; (M.G.); (X.W.); (Y.L.); (A.L.); (Y.Z.)
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Guan L, Liu R. The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Metabolic Homeostasis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300100. [PMID: 37142556 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Diet is a pivotal determinant in shaping the structure and function of resident microorganisms in the gut through different food components, nutritive proportion, and calories. The effects of diet on host metabolism and physiology can be mediated through the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota-derived metabolites have been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, energy consumption, and the immune system. On the other hand, emerging evidence indicates that baseline gut microbiota could predict the efficacy of diet intervention, highlighting gut microbiota can be harnessed as a biomarker in personalized nutrition. In this review, the alterations of gut microbiota in different dietary components and dietary patterns, and the potential mechanisms in the diet-microbiota crosstalk are summarized to understand the interactions of diet and gut microbiota on the impact of metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhi Guan
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ruixin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Disease, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the P. R. China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumor, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
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5
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Wang J, Zhao X, Zhou R, Wang M, Xiang W, You Z, Li M, Tang R, Zheng J, Li J, Zhu L, Gao J, Li H, Pang R, Zhang A. Gut microbiota and transcriptome dynamics in every-other-day fasting are associated with neuroprotection in rats with spinal cord injury. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206909. [PMID: 37577426 PMCID: PMC10417830 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Every-other-day fasting (EODF) is a classical intermittent fasting (IF) mode with neuroprotective effects that promotes motor function recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. However, its dynamic effects on the gut microbiota and spinal cord transcriptome remain unknown. Methods In this study, 16S rRNA sequencing and RNA-seq analysis were used to investigate the effects of ad libitum (AL) and EODF dietary modes on the structural characteristics of rat gut microbiota in rats and the spinal cord transcriptome at various time points after SCI induction. Results Our results showed that both dietary modes affected the bacterial community composition in SCI rats, with EODF treatment inducing and suppressing dynamic changes in the abundances of potentially anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory bacteria. Furthermore, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) enriched after EODF intervention in SCI rats were associated with various biological events, including immune inflammatory response, cell differentiation, protein modification, neural growth, and apoptosis. In particular, significant spatiotemporal differences were apparent in the DEGs associated with neuroprotection between the EODF and AL interventions. These DGEs were mainly focused on days 1, 3, and 7 after SCI. The relative abundance of certain genera was significantly correlated with DEGs associated with neuroprotective effects in the EODF-SCI group. Discussion Our results showed that EODF treatment may exert neuroprotective effects by modulating the transcriptome expression profile following SCI in rats. Furthermore, gut microbiota may be partially involved in mediating these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Tongliang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Ruihan Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- Rehabilitation and Wellness Care Centre, Tian Fu College of Swufe, Chengdu, China
| | - Wu Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Zilong You
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiling Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingqi Zheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiayu Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxin Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huaqiang Li
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Rizhao Pang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Tongliang District, Chongqing, China
| | - Anren Zhang
- School of Health Preservation and Rehabilitation, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wang L, Wang F, Xiong L, Song H, Ren B, Shen X. A nexus of dietary restriction and gut microbiota: Recent insights into metabolic health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-23. [PMID: 37154021 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2202750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, dietary restriction (DR) has received considerable attention for its promising effects on metabolism and longevity. Previous studies on DR have mainly focused on the health benefits produced by different restriction patterns, whereas comprehensive reviews of the role of gut microbiota during DR are limited. In this review, we discuss the effects of caloric restriction, fasting, protein restriction, and amino acid restriction from a microbiome perspective. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms by which DR affects metabolic health by regulating intestinal homeostasis are summarized. Specifically, we reviewed the impacts of different DRs on specific gut microbiota. Additionally, we put forward the limitations of the current research and suggest the development of personalized microbes-directed DR for different populations and corresponding next-generation sequencing technologies for accurate microbiological analysis. DR effectively modulates the composition of the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. In particular, DR markedly affects the rhythmic oscillation of microbes which may be related to the circadian clock system. Moreover, increasing evidence supports that DR profoundly improves metabolic syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and cognitive impairment. To summarize, DR may be an effective and executable dietary manipulation strategy for maintaining metabolic health, however, further investigation is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luanfeng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Haizhao Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Ren
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinchun Shen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, China
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Ducarmon QR, Grundler F, Le Maho Y, Wilhelmi de Toledo F, Zeller G, Habold C, Mesnage R. Remodelling of the intestinal ecosystem during caloric restriction and fasting. Trends Microbiol 2023:S0966-842X(23)00057-4. [PMID: 37031065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Benefits of fasting and caloric restriction on host metabolic health are well established, but less is known about the effects on the gut microbiome and how this impacts renewal of the intestinal mucosa. What has been repeatedly shown during fasting, however, is that bacteria utilising host-derived substrates proliferate at the expense of those relying on dietary substrates. Considering the increased recognition of the gut microbiome's role in maintaining host (metabolic) health, disentangling host-microbe interactions and establishing their physiological relevance in the context of fasting and caloric restriction is crucial. Such insights could aid in moving away from associations of gut bacterial signatures with metabolic diseases consistently reported in observational studies to potentially establishing causality. Therefore, this review aims to summarise what is currently known or still controversial about the interplay between fasting and caloric restriction, the gut microbiome and intestinal tissue physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinten R Ducarmon
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Grundler
- Buchinger Wilhelmi Clinic, Wilhelmi-Beck-Straße 27, 88662 Überlingen, Germany
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR, 7178, Strasbourg, France; Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | | | - Georg Zeller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Caroline Habold
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR, 7178, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Buchinger Wilhelmi Clinic, Wilhelmi-Beck-Straße 27, 88662 Überlingen, Germany; King's College London, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, London, UK.
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Tang D, Tang Q, Huang W, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Fu X. Fasting: From Physiology to Pathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204487. [PMID: 36737846 PMCID: PMC10037992 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition is a risk factor for various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Therefore, targeting overnutrition represents a simple but attractive strategy for the treatment of these increasing public health threats. Fasting as a dietary intervention for combating overnutrition has been extensively studied. Fasting has been practiced for millennia, but only recently have its roles in the molecular clock, gut microbiome, and tissue homeostasis and function emerged. Fasting can slow aging in most species and protect against various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. These centuried and unfading adventures and explorations suggest that fasting has the potential to delay aging and help prevent and treat diseases while minimizing side effects caused by chronic dietary interventions. In this review, recent animal and human studies concerning the role and underlying mechanism of fasting in physiology and pathology are summarized, the therapeutic potential of fasting is highlighted, and the combination of pharmacological intervention and fasting is discussed as a new treatment regimen for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Qiuyan Tang
- Neurology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Clinical MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduSichuan610075China
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Centre of Excellence for PancreatitisInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineWest China‐Liverpool Biomedical Research CentreWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yan Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
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9
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Santos AL, Sinha S. Ageing, Metabolic Dysfunction, and the Therapeutic Role of Antioxidants. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:341-435. [PMID: 37120475 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The gradual ageing of the world population has been accompanied by a dramatic increase in the prevalence of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes. The adipose tissue dysfunction associated with ageing and obesity shares many common physiological features, including increased oxidative stress and inflammation. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity may help elucidate the processes that contribute to the metabolic disturbances that occur with ageing. This, in turn, may help identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and age-related metabolic disorders. Because oxidative stress plays a critical role in these pathological processes, antioxidant dietary interventions could be of therapeutic value for the prevention and/or treatment of age-related diseases and obesity and their complications. In this chapter, we review the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which obesity predisposes individuals to accelerated ageing. Additionally, we critically review the potential of antioxidant dietary interventions to counteract obesity and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Santos
- IdISBA - Fundación de Investigación Sanitaria de las Islas Baleares, Palma, Spain.
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Chrononutrition-When We Eat Is of the Essence in Tackling Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235080. [PMID: 36501110 PMCID: PMC9739590 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and relapsing public health problem with an extensive list of associated comorbidities. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled over the last five decades and continues to pose a serious threat to wider society and the wellbeing of future generations. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex but diet plays a key role in the onset and progression of the disease. The human diet has changed drastically across the globe, with an estimate that approximately 72% of the calories consumed today come from foods that were not part of our ancestral diets and are not compatible with our metabolism. Additionally, multiple nutrient-independent factors, e.g., cost, accessibility, behaviours, culture, education, work commitments, knowledge and societal set-up, influence our food choices and eating patterns. Much research has been focused on 'what to eat' or 'how much to eat' to reduce the obesity burden, but increasingly evidence indicates that 'when to eat' is fundamental to human metabolism. Aligning feeding patterns to the 24-h circadian clock that regulates a wide range of physiological and behavioural processes has multiple health-promoting effects with anti-obesity being a major part. This article explores the current understanding of the interactions between the body clocks, bioactive dietary components and the less appreciated role of meal timings in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Deng J, Feng D, Jia X, Zhai S, Liu Y, Gao N, Zhang X, Li M, Lu M, Liu C, Dang S, Shi J. Efficacy and mechanism of intermittent fasting in metabolic associated fatty liver disease based on ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Front Nutr 2022; 9:838091. [PMID: 36451744 PMCID: PMC9704542 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.838091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Drug treatment of metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains lacking. This study analyzes the efficacy and mechanism underlying intermittent fasting combined with lipidomics. METHODS Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into three groups: Normal group, administered a standard diet; MAFLD group, administered a 60% high-fat diet; time-restricted feeding (TRF) group, administered a 60% high-fat diet. Eating was allowed for 6 h per day (16:00-22:00). After 15 weeks, liver lipidomics and other indicators were compared. RESULTS A total of 1,062 metabolites were detected. Compared with the Normal group, the weight, body fat ratio, aspartate aminotransferase, total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, uric acid, and levels of 317 lipids including triglycerides (TG) (17:0-18:1-20:4) were upregulated, whereas the levels of 265 lipids including phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) (17:0-20:5) were downregulated in the MAFLD group (P < 0.05). Compared with the MAFLD group, the weight, body fat ratio, daily food intake, and levels of 253 lipids including TG (17:0-18:1-22:5) were lower in the TRF group. Furthermore, the levels of 82 lipids including phosphatidylcholine (PC) (20:4-22:6) were upregulated in the TRF group (P < 0.05), while serum TG level was increased; however, the increase was not significant (P > 0.05). Enrichment analysis of differential metabolites showed that the pathways associated with the observed changes mainly included metabolic pathways, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, and fat digestion and absorption, while reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction showed that TRF improved the abnormal expression of FAS and PPARα genes in the MAFLD group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that 6 h of TRF can improve MAFLD via reducing food intake by 13% and improving the expression of genes in the PPARα/FAS pathway, thereby providing insights into the prevention and treatment of MAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Deng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoli Jia
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Song Zhai
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yixin Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengnan Lu
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenrui Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuangsuo Dang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juanjuan Shi
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Effect of Intermittent Fasting, Probiotic-Fermented Camel Milk, and Probiotic-Fermented Camel Milk Incorporating Sukkari Date on Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity causes metabolic syndrome disorders that are detrimental to health. The current study examined the effects of intermittent fasting (IF), fermented camel milk (FCM), and fermented camel milk incorporating 10% Sukkari date (FCM-D) on weight loss, blood profile, and antioxidant status in obese rats for 6 weeks. Subsequently, leptin and adiponectin levels and histopathological examination of adipose tissue were carried out. Results showed that IF with FCM or FCM-D decreased body weight by 0.92 and −5.45%, respectively. IF alone lowered non-fasting blood glucose (NFBG) and fasting blood glucose FBG after 6 weeks, whereas adding FCM or FCM-D reduced NFBG after 4 weeks. Intermittently fasting obese rats given FCM or FCM-D had the lowest blood glucose levels (BGL). The hypolipidemic effects of IF, FCM, and FCM-D on obese rats reduced triglycerides (TG), cholesterols (CHO), and their derivatives. FCM-D with IF presented a superior effect on lipid profile. A reduction rate of 40, 37, 66, and 40% for TG, CHO, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-c), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL-c), respectively, and an increase in HDL-C by 34% were noticed. Reductions of 40, 37, 66, and 40% for TG, CHO, LDL-c, and VLDL-c, respectively, and a 34% rise in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) were noted. Combining IF with FCM or FCM-D lowered the atherogenic index (AI) by 42% and 59%, respectively. Remarkably, treating rats with FCM+IF or FCM-D+IF effectively attenuated leptin and adiponectin levels. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly decreased in a type-dependent manner. Implementing FCM-D or FCM with IF significantly attenuated reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), MDA, and catalase (CAT) levels. The most efficient treatment was giving FCM-D with IF. Histopathologically, adipocyte lipolysis increases free fatty acids (FFAs) and promotes inflammation. Only IF+FCM-D indicated no histopathological alteration except for a few focal areas of a few inflammatory cell infiltrations in the parenchyma. In conclusion, combining IF and Probiotic-FCM or Probiotic-FCM-D effectively accelerated weight loss, attenuated metabolic markers, and reversed histopathological alterations. Thus, IF combined with Probiotic-FCM or Probiotic-FCM-D is highly recommended for weight loss, strengthening antioxidative status, and preventing health disorders.
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13
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Hou J, Xiang J, Li D, Liu X, Pan W. Gut microbial response to host metabolic phenotypes. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1019430. [PMID: 36419554 PMCID: PMC9676441 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1019430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies have proved that biological metabolic phenotypes exist objectively and are gradually recognized by humans. Gut microbes affect the host's metabolic phenotype. They directly or indirectly participate in host metabolism, physiology and immunity through changes in population structure, metabolite differences, signal transduction and gene expression. Obtaining comprehensive information and specific identification factors associated with gut microbiota and host metabolic phenotypes has become the focus of research in the field of gut microbes, and it has become possible to find new and effective ways to prevent or treat host metabolic diseases. In the future, precise treatment of gut microbes will become one of the new therapeutic strategies. This article reviews the content of gut microbes and carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid and nucleic acid metabolic phenotypes, including metabolic intermediates, mechanisms of action, latest research findings and treatment strategies, which will help to understand the relationship between gut microbes and host metabolic phenotypes and the current research status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinliang Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguo Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Deliang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinhua Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
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14
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Central and peripheral regulations mediated by short-chain fatty acids on energy homeostasis. Transl Res 2022; 248:128-150. [PMID: 35688319 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota influences obesity, insulin resistance, and the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota digests and ferments nutrients resulting in the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which generate various beneficial metabolic effects on energy and glucose homeostasis. However, their roles in the central nervous system (CNS)-mediated outputs on the metabolism have only been minimally studied. Here, we explore what is known and future directions that may be worth exploring in this emerging area. Specifically, we searched studies or data in English by using PubMed, Google Scholar, and the Human Metabolome Database. Studies were filtered by time from 1978 to March 2022. As a result, 195 studies, 53 reviews, 1 website, and 1 book were included. One hundred and sixty-five of 195 studies describe the production and metabolism of SCFAs or the effects of SCFAs on energy homeostasis, glucose balance, and mental diseases through the gut-brain axis or directly by a central pathway. Thirty of 195 studies show that inappropriate metabolism and excessive of SCFAs are metabolically detrimental. Most studies suggest that SCFAs exert beneficial metabolic effects by acting as the energy substrate in the TCA cycle, regulating the hormones related to satiety regulation and insulin secretion, and modulating immune cells and microglia. These functions have been linked with AMPK signaling, GPCRs-dependent pathways, and inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs). However, the studies focusing on the central effects of SCFAs are still limited. The mechanisms by which central SCFAs regulate appetite, energy expenditure, and blood glucose during different physiological conditions warrant further investigation.
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15
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Caron JP, Kreher MA, Mickle AM, Wu S, Przkora R, Estores IM, Sibille KT. Intermittent Fasting: Potential Utility in the Treatment of Chronic Pain across the Clinical Spectrum. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122536. [PMID: 35745266 PMCID: PMC9228511 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary behavior can have a consequential and wide-ranging influence on human health. Intermittent fasting, which involves intermittent restriction in energy intake, has been shown to have beneficial cellular, physiological, and system-wide effects in animal and human studies. Despite the potential utility in preventing, slowing, and reversing disease processes, the clinical application of intermittent fasting remains limited. The health benefits associated with the simple implementation of a 12 to 16 h fast suggest a promising role in the treatment of chronic pain. A literature review was completed to characterize the physiologic benefits of intermittent fasting and to relate the evidence to the mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Research on different fasting regimens is outlined and an overview of research demonstrating the benefits of intermittent fasting across diverse health conditions is provided. Data on the physiologic effects of intermittent fasting are summarized. The physiology of different pain states is reviewed and the possible implications for intermittent fasting in the treatment of chronic pain through non-invasive management, prehabilitation, and rehabilitation following injury and invasive procedures are presented. Evidence indicates the potential utility of intermittent fasting in the comprehensive management of chronic pain and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P. Caron
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Margaret Ann Kreher
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Angela M. Mickle
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Stanley Wu
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Rene Przkora
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Irene M. Estores
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Kimberly T. Sibille
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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16
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Ratiner K, Shapiro H, Goldenberg K, Elinav E. Time-limited diets and the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic disease. J Diabetes 2022; 14:377-393. [PMID: 35698246 PMCID: PMC9366560 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, intermittent fasting (IF), including periodic fasting and time-restricted feeding (TRF), has been increasingly suggested to constitute a promising treatment for cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). A deliberate daily pause in food consumption influences the gut microbiome and the host circadian clock, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which circadian host-microbiome interactions affect host metabolism and immunity may add a potentially important dimension to effective implementation of IF diets. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence potentially linking compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome with IF impacts on mammalian metabolism and risk of development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and their long-term micro- and macrovascular complications. We highlight the challenges and unknowns in causally linking diurnal bacterial signals with dietary cues and downstream metabolic consequences and means of harnessing these signals toward future microbiome integration into precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Kim Goldenberg
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZHeidelbergGermany
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Malay apple (Syzygium malaccense) promotes changes in lipid metabolism and a hepatoprotective effect in rats fed a high-fat diet. Food Res Int 2022; 155:110994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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18
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Lindholm C, Batakis P, Altimiras J, Lees J. Intermittent fasting induces chronic changes in the hepatic gene expression of Red Jungle Fowl (Gallus gallus). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:304. [PMID: 35421924 PMCID: PMC9009039 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting (IF), the implementation of fasting periods of at least 12 consecutive hours on a daily to weekly basis, has received a lot of attention in recent years for imparting the life-prolonging and health-promoting effects of caloric restriction with no or only moderate actual restriction of caloric intake. IF is also widely practiced in the rearing of broiler breeders, the parent stock of meat-type chickens, who require strict feed restriction regimens to prevent the serious health problems associated with their intense appetites. Although intermittent fasting has been extensively used in this context to reduce feed competition and its resulting stress, the potential of IF in chickens as an alternative and complementary model to rodents has received less investigation. In both mammals and birds, the liver is a key component of the metabolic response to IF, responding to variations in energy balance. Here we use a microarray analysis to examine the liver transcriptomics of wild-type Red Jungle Fowl chickens fed either ad libitum, chronically restricted to around 70% of ad libitum daily or intermittently fasted (IF) on a 2:1 (2 days fed, 1 day fasted) schedule without actual caloric restriction. As red junglefowl are ancestral to domestic chicken breeds, these data serve as a baseline to which existing and future transcriptomic results from farmed birds such as broiler breeders can be compared. Results We find large effects of feeding regimen on liver transcriptomics, with most of the affected genes relating to energy metabolism. A cluster analysis shows that IF is associated with large and reciprocal changes in genes related to lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, but also chronic changes in genes related to amino acid metabolism (generally down-regulated) and cell cycle progression (generally up-regulated). The overall transcription pattern appears to be one of promoting high proliferative plasticity in response to fluctuations in available energy substrates. A small number of inflammation-related genes also show chronically changed expression profiles, as does one circadian rhythm gene. Conclusions The increase in proliferative potential suggested by the gene expression changes reported here indicates that birds and mammals respond similarly to intermittent fasting practices. Our findings therefore suggest that the health benefits of periodic caloric restriction are ubiquitous and not restricted to mammals alone. Whether a common fundamental mechanism, for example involving leptin, underpins these benefits remains to be elucidated. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08533-5.
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19
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Mousavi SN, Rayyani E, Heshmati J, Tavasolian R, Rahimlou M. Effects of Ramadan and Non-ramadan Intermittent Fasting on Gut Microbiome. Front Nutr 2022; 9:860575. [PMID: 35392284 PMCID: PMC8980861 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.860575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn recent years, intermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity in the health and wellness in the world. There are numerous types of IF, all of which involve fasting periods that last longer than an overnight fast and involve limited meal time-windows, with or without calorie restriction. The objective of this review is to summarize the current evidence for the effects of Ramadan and non-Ramadan IF on gut microbiome.MethodsWe explored PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar according to the PRISMA criteria (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis). Animal and human studies were screened and reviewed separately by two researchers.ResultsTwenty-eight studies were selected after screening. Some of the studies were performed on animal models and some on humans. The results of these studies indicate a significant shift in the gut microbiota, especially an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria following fasting diets. The results of some studies also showed an increase in the bacterial diversity, decrease inflammation and increased production of some metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in individuals or samples under fasting diets. Moreover, Ramadan fasting, as a kind of IF, improves health parameters through positive effects on some bacterial strains such as Akkermansia muciniphila and Bacteroide. However, some studies have reported adverse effects of fasting diets on the structure of the microbiome.ConclusionIn general, most studies have seen favorable results following adherence from the fasting diets on the intestinal microbiome. However, because more studies have been done on animal models, more human studies are needed to prove the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Neda Mousavi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- Zanjan Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elham Rayyani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Heshmati
- Songhor Healthcare Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ronia Tavasolian
- Faculty of Clinical Science and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester, United Kingdom
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
- *Correspondence: Mehran Rahimlou,
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20
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Pinto FCS, Silva AAM, Souza SL. Repercussions of intermittent fasting on the intestinal microbiota community and body composition: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:613-628. [PMID: 35020929 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Several therapies have been tested for combating weight gain and obesity-related metabolic diseases, and among these therapies, intermittent fasting (IF) has gained a great deal of interest. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to provide the reader with a current survey of IF protocols and an understanding of the outcomes found to date in terms of the profile of the intestinal microbiota (IM) in obese organisms. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from 4 databases: PubMed, SCOPUS, LILACs, and Web of Science. DATA EXTRACTION Data from studies relating IF protocols to the microbiota and weight loss were extracted using a protocol in START program. DATA ANALYSIS Of the 82 original articles identified from the databases, 35 were eliminated due to duplication, and 32 were excluded due to not meeting the inclusion criteria. Two additional articles found in a new search were added, yielding a total of 17 studies to be included in this review. Among the protocols, alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) were the most common, and they were shown to have different mechanisms of metabolic signaling. TRF influences weight control and biochemical parameters by regulating the circadian system, and improving satiety control systems by acting on leptin secretion. On the other hand, ADF leads to a reduction of ±75% of all energy consumption regardless of dietary composition in addition to promoting hormonal adjustments that promote weight control. Furthermore, both protocols showed the ability to remodel the IM by changing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and increasing the abundance of strains such as Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia m. that have a protective effect on metabolism against the effects of weight gain. CONCLUSION In short, the ADF and TRF protocols have a positive effect on the remodeling of the IM and can possibly be used to control body adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity, and achieve other obesity-related metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaydson C S Pinto
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Amanda A M Silva
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Sandra L Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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21
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Intermittent Fasting Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Cardiomyopathy via Alleviating Lipid Deposition and Apoptosis and Decreasing m6A Methylation in the Heart. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020251. [PMID: 35057432 PMCID: PMC8781965 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) plays an essential role in improving lipid metabolism disorders caused by metabolic cardiomyopathy. Growing evidence revealed that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is related to obesity and lipid metabolic. Our study aimed to assess the beneficial effects of IF on lipid deposition, apoptosis, and m6A methylation in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity cardiomyopathy. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND) or HFD ad libitum for 13 weeks, after which time a subgroup of HFD mice were subjected to IF for 24 h and fed HFD in the other day for 8 weeks. We found that IF intervention significantly improved cardiac functional and structural impairment and serum lipid metabolic disorder induced by HFD. Furthermore, IF intervention decreased the mRNA levels of the fatty acid uptake genes of FABP1, FATP1, and CD36 and the fatty acid synthesis genes of SREBF1, FAS, and ACCα and increased the mRNA levels of the fatty acid catabolism genes of ATGL, HSL, LAL, and LPL in cardiac tissueof HFD-induced obese mice. TUNEL-positive cells, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and Cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression in HFD-induced obese mice hearts was down-regulated by IF intervention. In addition, IF intervention decreased the m6A methylation levels and METTL3 expression and increased FTO expression in HFD-induced obesity cardiomyopathy. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that IF attenuated cardiac lipid deposition and apoptosis, as well as improved cardiac functional and structural impairment in HFD-induced obesity cardiomyopathy, by a mechanism associated with decreased m6A RNA methylation levels.
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22
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Angoorani P, Ejtahed HS, Hasani-Ranjbar S, Siadat SD, Soroush AR, Larijani B. Gut microbiota modulation as a possible mediating mechanism for fasting-induced alleviation of metabolic complications: a systematic review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:105. [PMID: 34906176 PMCID: PMC8670288 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting has been reported to have positive effects on obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and several neurodegenerative diseases through different mechanisms such as alteration in the gut microbiota. This systematic review was conducted with the aim of providing an overview of the existing animal and human literature regarding the gut microbiota alterations in various fasting regimens. METHOD A systematic literature search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases up to May 2021 to find all relevant studies examining the gut microbiota alteration during the fasting. Original researches on animal models or human patients were included in this study. RESULTS The search fulfilled 3072 documents from which 31 studies (20 animal and 11 human studies) were included. Upon fasting, abundance of several beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium shifted significantly. Moreover, some taxa, including Odoribacter which negatively associated with blood pressure bloomed during fasting. Ramadan fasting, as a kind of intermittent fasting, improves health parameters through positive changes in gut microbiota including upregulation of A. muciniphila, B. fragilis, Bacteroides and butyric acid-producing Lachnospiraceae. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that different fasting regimens including alternate-day fasting, calorie- and time-restricted fasting programs and Ramadan fasting could promote health maybe through the modulation of gut microbiome. However, further studies are needed to explore properly the connection between gut microbiota and meal frequency and timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Angoorani
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh-Sadat Ejtahed
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, 1411413137, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Hasani-Ranjbar
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Soroush
- Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, North Kargar Ave, 1411413137, Tehran, Iran
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