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Nava-Quiroz KJ, López-Flores LA, Pérez-Rubio G, Rojas-Serrano J, Falfán-Valencia R. Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases in Chronic Diseases: A Focus on Rheumatoid Arthritis and Interstitial Lung Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2829. [PMID: 38132149 PMCID: PMC10741699 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein citrullination is accomplished by a broad enzyme family named Peptidyl Arginine Deiminases (PADs), which makes this post-translational modification in many proteins that perform physiological and pathologic mechanisms in the body. Due to these modifications, citrullination has become a significant topic in the study of pathological processes. It has been related to some chronic and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), interstitial lung diseases (ILD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and certain types of cancer, among others. Antibody production against different targets, including filaggrin, vimentin, and collagen, results in an immune response if they are citrullinated, which triggers a continuous inflammatory process characteristic of autoimmune and certain chronic diseases. PAD coding genes (PADI1 to PADI4 and PADI6) harbor variations that can be important in these enzymes' folding, activity, function, and half-life. However, few studies have considered these genetic factors in the context of chronic diseases. Exploring PAD pathways and their role in autoimmune and chronic diseases is a major topic in developing new pharmacological targets and valuable biomarkers to improve diagnosis and prevention. The present review addresses and highlights genetic, molecular, biochemical, and physiopathological factors where PAD enzymes perform a major role in autoimmune and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Luis A. López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
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Nava-Quiroz KJ, Rojas-Serrano J, Pérez-Rubio G, Buendia-Roldan I, Mejía M, Fernández-López JC, Rodríguez-Henríquez P, Ayala-Alcantar N, Ramos-Martínez E, López-Flores LA, Del Ángel-Pablo AD, Falfán-Valencia R. Molecular Factors in PAD2 ( PADI2) and PAD4 ( PADI4) Are Associated with Interstitial Lung Disease Susceptibility in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:2235. [PMID: 37759458 PMCID: PMC10527441 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 50% of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show some extra-articular manifestation, with the lung a usually affected organ; in addition, the presence of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) is a common feature, which is caused by protein citrullination modifications, catalyzed by the peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD) enzymes. We aimed to identify single nucleotide variants (SNV) in PADI2 and PADI4 genes (PAD2 and PAD4 proteins, respectively) associated with susceptibility to interstitial lung disease (ILD) in RA patients and the PAD2 and PAD4 levels. Material and methods: 867 subjects were included: 118 RA-ILD patients, 133 RA patients, and 616 clinically healthy subjects (CHS). Allelic discrimination was performed in eight SNVs using qPCR, four in PADI2 and four in PADI4. The ELISA technique determined PAD2 and PAD4 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples, and the population structure was evaluated using 14 informative ancestry markers. Results: The rs1005753-GG (OR = 4.9) in PADI2 and rs11203366-AA (OR = 3.08), rs11203367-GG (OR = 2.4) in PADI4 are associated with genetic susceptibility to RA-ILD as well as the ACTC haplotype (OR = 2.64). In addition, the PAD4 protein is increased in RA-ILD individuals harboring the minor allele homozygous genotype in PADI4 SNVs. Moreover, rs1748033 in PADI4, rs2057094, and rs2076615 in PADI2 are associated with RA susceptibility. In conclusion, in RA patients, single nucleotide variants in PADI4 and PADI2 are associated with ILD susceptibility. The rs1748033 in PADI4 and two different SNVs in PADI2 are associated with RA development but not ILD. PAD4 serum levels are increased in RA-ILD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol J. Nava-Quiroz
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
- Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Ciencias Médicas Odontológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City 04100, Mexico
| | - Jorge Rojas-Serrano
- Rheumatology Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Ivette Buendia-Roldan
- Translational Research Laboratory on Aging and Pulmonary Fibrosis, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mayra Mejía
- Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Fernández-López
- Consorcio de Genómica Computacional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Pedro Rodríguez-Henríquez
- Department of Rheumatology, Hospital General Dr. Manuel Gea González, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Noé Ayala-Alcantar
- Banco de Sangre, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Espiridión Ramos-Martínez
- Experimental Medicine Research Unit, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
| | - Luis Alberto López-Flores
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Alma D. Del Ángel-Pablo
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- HLA Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico; (K.J.N.-Q.); (G.P.-R.)
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Mukhtar M, Sheikh N, Batool A, Khawar MB, Fatima N, Mehmood R. Novel functional polymorphism on PADI-4 gene and its association with arthritis onset. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:1227-1233. [PMID: 35197789 PMCID: PMC8847927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Citrullinated proteins formed by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs) deimination of arginine residues in proteins are of particular interest in arthritis pathogenesis. Polymorphisms on the PADI-4 gene lead to the malfunctioning of PADIs leading to the onset of arthritis. Objective The present study was conducted to determine the polymorphisms on the PADI-4 gene and their association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as Osteoarthritis (OA). Methodology To achieve the above-mentioned objective a case-control study was conducted. Blood samples were collected from RA, OA, and control subjects. DNA was extracted from each blood sample by modified organic method and was quantified as well as qualified by DNA gel electrophoresis and Nanodrop. Patients were tested for rs874881, rs11203366, rs11203367, rs2240336, rs2240337, rs2240339, rs1748033 and rs2240340 polymorphic sites by amplifying targeted regions through PCR with site-specific primers. Genotyping was performed by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism and direct sequencing method. Mutations were identified by analyzing sequences on BioEdit software. Allelic, genetic, and multiple site analysis were performed by SHEsis and PLINK software. Change in the amino acid sequence was identified by MEGA 6.0 software. Results Polymorphisms were identified on all targeted polymorphic sites except rs2240337 in both RA and OA individuals. In addition, two novel mutations were also identified in exon 4 identified i-e SCV000804840: c.218T > C and SCV000807675: c.241G > T. All the SNPs except rs11203366 were found to be significantly associated with RA at an allelic level whereas all SNP’s have been significant risk factors in the onset of OA. At genotypic level rs874881, rs11203366, rs2240339, SCV000804840 and SCV000807675 were significantly associated to RA development whereas rs874881, rs11203366, rs11203367, rs2240339, SCV000804840 and SCV000807675 were genetic risk factors in OA onset. Haplotype analysis indicated that GACCACGCC and GACCACGCT were highly significant in disease development. Polymorphisms identified altered the functioning of PADIs by altering their amino acid sequence. Conclusion In conclusion, it was found that PADI-4 gene polymorphism was not only involved in the onset of RA but was also found to be a significant risk factor in OA onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mukhtar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Rhumatology Domain, Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Department of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Batool
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab (UCP), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Naz Fatima
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Cell and Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Issilbayeva A, Kushugulova A, Meiramova A, Kozhakhmetov S, Akhmetova Z, Nurgaziyev M, Chulenbayeva L, Babenko D, Kunz J, Ainabekova B. Epidemiological Trends of Rheumatoid Arthritis and PADI4, PTPN22, and HLA-DRB9 Genes Distribution in the Kazakhstan Population. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is 1% in the global population. The lack of epidemiological studies in developing countries makes it difficult to obtain a complete global epidemiological picture of RA. RA develops due to the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental factors, though the contribution of these factors to the various disease occurrence seen in different populations is unclear.
AIM: The aim of our study was to analyze the dynamics of the general prevalence and incidence of RA among the population of Kazakhstan in 2017–2019 as well as to investigate the three most common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of RA in the Kazakhstan population.
METHODS: The analysis of statistical data on Form 12 “On the health of the people and the health care system” was carried out. Prevalence and incidence rates were calculated according to generally accepted rules. Demographic data for the Republic of Kazakhstan were obtained from the official website stat.gov.kz. Our study included 70 RA patients and 113 control subjects. Blood samples were collected and genotyped for peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4), protein tyrosine phosphatase 22, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB9 SNPs by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS: The prevalence of RA in Kazakhstan in 2017–2019 was 0.36–0.38%, with an incidence rate of 0.085–0.087%, which can be comparable to data of other countries in Central Asia. The allele and genotypes frequency analyses were carried out between patients and controls. The HLA-DRB9 showed significant association of the G allele odds ratio (OR) 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.252–3.081), p= 0.0025 and G/G genotype OR = 3.67 (95% CI: 1.58–8.54), p = 0.00162 with RA in our sample. Strong association between anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) profile and PADI4 (OR 12.19 [95% CI: 2.19–67.94], p = 0.00115) was found.
CONCLUSION: There was an increase in RA prevalence with age among females and a higher crude prevalence and incidence of RA in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. HLA-DRB9 prevailed in Kazakhstani patients with RA, PADI4 showed association with ACPA-positive RA. Further studies on larger samples are required to confirm our obtained results.
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Martinez-Prat L, Palterer B, Vitiello G, Parronchi P, Robinson WH, Mahler M. Autoantibodies to protein-arginine deiminase (PAD) 4 in rheumatoid arthritis: immunological and clinical significance, and potential for precision medicine. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 15:1073-1087. [DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2020.1668778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Martinez-Prat
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Experimental Science, Francisco de Vitoria University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Boaz Palterer
- specialist in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Vitiello
- resident in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Paola Parronchi
- (Allergy and Clinical Immunology), Laboratory Head, Experimental and Clinical Medicine Department, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - William H. Robinson
- (Immunology and Rheumatology), Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical [GRECC] Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Michael Mahler
- Research and Development, Inova Diagnostics, San Diego, CA, USA
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Lan Y, Wang Y, Liu Y. CCR5 silencing reduces inflammatory response, inhibits viability, and promotes apoptosis of synovial cells in rat models of rheumatoid arthritis through the MAPK signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:18748-18762. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- You‐Yu Lan
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - You‐Qiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University Luzhou China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Hu X, Tang J, Zeng G, Hu X, Bao P, Wu J, Liang Y, Deng W, Tang Y. RGS1 silencing inhibits the inflammatory response and angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis rats through the inactivation of Toll‐like receptor signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20432-20442. [PMID: 31012109 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xumin Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Tang
- Department of Orthopedics The People's Hospital of Gaozhou Gaozhou P.R. China
| | - Gang Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xuyun Hu
- Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Children's Hospital Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health Beijing P.R. China
| | - Peng Bao
- Medical Department of Hospital of Stomatology Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Jionglin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Weixi Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Yong Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Sun Yat‐Sen Memorial Hospital Sun Yat‐Sen University Guangzhou P.R. China
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Aghchelli A, Yazdani Y, Bazzazi H, Aghaei M. Association Assessment of Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 (PADI4) rs1748033 polymorphism and susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Gorgan, Northeast of Iran. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND BASIC RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/jcbr.2.2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Baños-Hernández CJ, Navarro-Zarza JE, Parra-Rojas I, Vázquez-Villamar M, Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez J, Valle Y, Reyes-Castillo Z, Magdalena Torres-Carrillo N, García-Arellano S, Brennan-Bourdon LM, Muñoz-Valle JF. PADI4 polymorphisms and the functional haplotype are associated with increased rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility: A replication study in a Southern Mexican population. Hum Immunol 2017; 78:553-558. [PMID: 28551357 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common autoimmune disease with a complex genetic background. The peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) gene has been associated with RA susceptibility in several populations. We addressed the relationship between three exonic PADI4 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) PADI4_89 (rs11203366), PADI4_90 (rs11203367) and PADI4_92 (rs874881) and related haplotypes with RA in a population from Southern México. This study included 200 RA patients and 200 control subjects. The SNPs were evaluated using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment-length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique, and antibodies to cyclic citrullinated peptides (anti-CCP) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In this population, the minor alleles of PADI4_89∗G, PADI4_90∗T and PADI4_92∗G gene polymorphisms were associated with RA susceptibility (OR=1.34, p=0.04; OR=1.35, p=0.03; OR=1.34, p=0.04; respectively). The GTG haplotype was also significantly associated with RA (OR=2.27 95%CI=1.18-4.41; p=0.008), but did not show association with levels of anti-CCP antibodies and clinical parameters. In conclusion, our replication study in a Southern Mexican population suggests that PADI4 individual polymorphisms and the related susceptibility haplotype (GTG) are also genetic risk markers for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Johana Baños-Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - José Eduardo Navarro-Zarza
- Departamento de Medicina Interna-Reumatología, Hospital General de Chilpancingo "Dr. Raymundo Abarca Alarcón", Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Villamar
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jorge Ramón Padilla-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yeminia Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Samuel García-Arellano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Lorena Michele Brennan-Bourdon
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Comisión para la Protección contra Riesgos Sanitarios del Estado de Jalisco, (COPRISJAL), Secretaria de Salud, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Fan L, Zong M, Gong R, He D, Li N, Sun LS, Ye Q, Yu S. PADI4 Epigenetically Suppresses p21 Transcription and Inhibits Cell Apoptosis in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:358-366. [PMID: 28367100 PMCID: PMC5370443 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial lining hyperplasia, which involves abnormal growth of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). This study aimed to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) in FLSs isolated from RA patients (RA-FLSs). FLSs were isolated from RA patients and transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or PADI4 overexpression plasmid. FLSs were treated by Adriamycin (ADR) to induce apoptosis, and apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of PADI4, p53 and p21 was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The recruitment of PADI4 and histone H3 arginine modifications to p21 promoter was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results showed that knockdown of PADI4 promoted the apoptosis of RA-FLSs and the expression of p53 and p21. Ectopic expression of PADI4 inhibited ADR-induced apoptosis of RA-FLSs, and down-regulated the expression of p53 and p21. In RA-FLSs, global H3 citrullination (CitH3) and H3 arginine 17 methylation levels were dynamically changed by PADI4 and ADR treatment. PADI4 and H3 could bind p21 promoter region to regulate p21 expression. In conclusion, PADI4 contributes to the pathogenesis of RA by protecting FLSs from apoptosis. PADI4 suppresses p21 transcription through altering histone H3 arginine modifications on p21 promoter region. Our study provides new insight into the anti-apoptotic role of PADI4 in RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieying Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Ruhan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, 540 Xin Hua Road, Shanghai 200052, PR China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Li Shan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
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Koushik S, Joshi N, Nagaraju S, Mahmood S, Mudeenahally K, Padmavathy R, Jegatheesan SK, Mullangi R, Rajagopal S. PAD4: pathophysiology, current therapeutics and future perspective in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:433-447. [PMID: 28281906 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1294160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is an enzyme that plays an important role in gene expression, turning out genetic code into functional products in the body. It is involved in a key post translational modification, which involves the conversion of arginine to citrulline. It regulates various processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and pluripotency, while its dysregulation has a great impact on the genesis of various diseases. Over the last few years PAD4 has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Areas covered: In this review, we discuss the basic structure and function of PAD4, along with the role of altered PAD4 activity in the onset of RA and other maladies. We also elucidate the role of PAD4 variants in etiology of RA among several ethnic groups and the current pre-clinical inhibitors to regulate PAD4. Expert opinion: Citrullination has a crucial role in RA and several other disorders. Since PAD4 is an initiator of the citrullination, it is an important therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases. Therefore, an in depth knowledge of the roles and activity of PAD4 is required to explore more effective ways to conquer PAD4 related ailments, especially RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhu Koushik
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | - Nivedita Joshi
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
| | | | - Sameer Mahmood
- a Bioinformatics , Jubilant Biosys Ltd ., Bangalore , India
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Bawadekar M, Shim D, Johnson CJ, Warner TF, Rebernick R, Damgaard D, Nielsen CH, Pruijn GJM, Nett JE, Shelef MA. Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 is required for tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced citrullination and arthritis, but not neutrophil extracellular trap formation. J Autoimmun 2017; 80:39-47. [PMID: 28188029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational conversion of arginines to citrullines, may contribute to rheumatoid arthritis development given the generation of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs). However, it is not known which peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) catalyzes the citrullination seen in inflammation. PAD4 exacerbates inflammatory arthritis and is critical for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs display citrullinated antigens targeted by ACPAs and thus may be a source of citrullinated protein. However, PAD4 is not required for citrullination in inflamed lungs. PAD2 is important for citrullination in healthy tissues and is present in NETs, but its role in citrullination in the inflamed joint, NETosis and inflammatory arthritis is unknown. Here we use mice with TNFα-induced inflammatory arthritis, a model of rheumatoid arthritis, to identify the roles of PAD2 and PAD4 in citrullination, NETosis, and arthritis. In mice with TNFα-induced arthritis, citrullination in the inflamed ankle was increased as determined by western blot. This increase was unchanged in the ankles of mice that lack PAD4. In contrast, citrullination was nearly absent in the ankles of PAD2-deficient mice. Interestingly, PAD2 was not required for NET formation as assessed by immunofluorescence or for killing of Candida albicans as determined by viability assay. Finally, plasma cell numbers as assessed by flow cytometry, IgG levels quantified by ELISA, and inflammatory arthritis as determined by clinical and pathological scoring were all reduced in the absence of PAD2. Thus, PAD2 contributes to TNFα-induced citrullination and arthritis, but is not required for NETosis. In contrast, PAD4, which is critical for NETosis, is dispensable for generalized citrullination supporting the possibility that NETs may not be a major source of citrullinated protein in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandar Bawadekar
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daeun Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chad J Johnson
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Thomas F Warner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan Rebernick
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dres Damgaard
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus H Nielsen
- Institute for Inflammation Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ger J M Pruijn
- Institute for Molecules and Materials and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeniel E Nett
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Miriam A Shelef
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Association between susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and PADI4 polymorphisms: a meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:961-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3098-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Yang XK, Liu J, Liu J, Liang Y, Xu WD, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Associations Between PADI4 Gene Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Updated Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:317-25. [PMID: 26043831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies investigating the association between the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reported conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and RA. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 34 studies from 28 articles involving 19859 patients with RA and 25771 healthy controls were included. Significant association of PADI4-94G/A polymorphism and RA was observed (OR = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.833-0.954, p = 0.001) in the overall study population and in the Asian populations (OR = 0.824, 95% CI = 0.759-0.894, p = 0.000) respectively. For the -92C/G polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 1.481, 95% CI = 1.166-1.882, p = 0.001) in Africans. For the -90C/T polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 0.576, 95% CI = 0.381-0.872, p = 0.009) in the Latin American population. The pooled estimates for the other polymorphisms were not statistically significantly associated with RA (PADI4-104C/T, -89A/G, -96T/C). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that PADI4-94G/A polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to RA in the overall population and in the Asian population. The PADI4 -92C/G polymorphism confers susceptibility to RA in Africans and the PADI4-90C/T polymorphism was associated with RA in the Latin American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of unknown aetiology resulting in inflammation of the synovium, cartilage and bone. The disease has a heterogeneous character, consisting of clinical subsets of anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive and APCA-negative disease. Although, the pathogenesis of RA is incompletely understood, genetic factors play a vital role in susceptibility to RA as the heritability of RA is between 50 and 60%, with the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus accounting for at least 30% of overall genetic risk. Non-HLA genes, i.e. tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) within the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) have also been investigated for association with RA. Although, some contradictory results have originated from several studies on TNF-α gene, the data published so far indicate the possible existence of TNF-α gene promoter variants that act as markers for disease severity and response to treatment in RA. The correlation of HLA and non-HLA genes within MHC region is apparently interpreted. A considerable number of confirmed associations with RA and other autoimmune disease susceptibility loci including peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4), protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT4), cluster of differentiation 244 (CD244) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), located outside the MHC have been reported recently. In this review, we aim to give an update on recent progress in RA genetics, the importance of the combination of HLA-DRB1 alleles, non-HLA gene polymorphism, its detection and autoantibodies as susceptibility markers for early RA disease.
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Chang X, Xia Y, Pan J, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Yan X. PADI2 is significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81259. [PMID: 24339914 PMCID: PMC3855321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, a posttranslational modification of peptidyl arginine to citrulline, plays an essential role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullination is catalyzed by a group of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) including PADI 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Many studies have indicated that the gene encoding PADI4 is a factor in susceptibility to RA. Some studies have detected PADI2 expression in RA synovial tissues, suggesting that PADI2 also plays an important role in the disease. This study evaluated the possible association between the PADI2-encoding gene and RA. Seventeen tag SNPs across the PAD locus were genotyped using a custom-designed Illumina 96-SNP VeraCode microarray. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with RA (n = 267), ankylosing spondylitis (AS, n = 51) and healthy controls (n = 160). The results of genotyping were verified using Sequenom MassARRAY in an independent cohort of 307 patients with RA, 324 patients with AS and 509 healthy controls. A western blot analysis was performed using synovial tissue from patients with RA (n = 7), osteoarthritis (OA, n = 7) and AS (n = 5) to determine the levels of expression of PADI2. A microarray analysis revealed a significant association between three selected PADI2 SNPs (rs2235926, rs2057094, rs2076616) and the presence of RA. The increased susceptibility to RA associated with rs2235926 (OR = 1.706733, 95% CI = [1.576366–1.866587], p = 0.000839) and rs2057094 (OR = 1.360432, 95% CI = [1.065483–1.869482], p = 0.003291) was further confirmed by the Sequenom MassARRAY. No tag SNPs in the PADI2 locus showed a significant association with AS. Increased expression of PADI2 was detected in RA synovial tissues compared with samples from patients with OA and AS. PADI2 is significantly associated with RA and may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yifang Xia
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Meng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Yan
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:398-409. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e3283604218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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