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Bachtiar E, Bachtiar BM, Kusumaningrum A, Sunarto H, Soeroso Y, Sulijaya B, Apriyanti E, Theodorea CF, Putra Pratomo I, Yudhistira Y, Efendi D, Lestari W. The utility of salivary CRP and IL-6 as a non-invasive measurement evaluated in patients with COVID-19 with and without diabetes. F1000Res 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38269064 PMCID: PMC10806364 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.130995.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The available evidence suggests that inflammatory responses, in both systemic and oral tissue, contribute to the pathology of COVID-19 disease. Hence, studies of inflammation biomarkers in oral fluids, such as saliva, might be useful to better specify COVID-19 features. Methods In the current study, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to measure salivary levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in saliva obtained from patients diagnosed with mild COVID-19, in a diabetic group (DG; n = 10) and a non-diabetic group (NDG; n = 13). All participants were diagnosed with periodontitis, while six participants with periodontitis but not diagnosed with COVID-19 were included as controls. Results We found increases in salivary total protein levels in both the DG and NDG compared to control patients. In both groups, salivary CRP and IL-6 levels were comparable. Additionally, the levels of salivary CRP were significantly correlated with total proteins, in which a strong and moderate positive correlation was found between DG and NDG, respectively. A linear positive correlation was also noted in the relationship between salivary IL-6 level and total proteins, but the correlation was not significant. Interestingly, the association between salivary CRP and IL-6 levels was positive. However, a moderately significant correlation was only found in COVID-19 patients with diabetes, through which the association was validated by a receiver operating curve. Conclusions These finding suggest that salivary CRP and IL-6 are particularly relevant as potential non-invasive biomarker for predicting diabetes risk in mild cases of COVID-19 accompanied with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endang Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Ardiana Kusumaningrum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia; Clinical Microbiology Medicine Staff Group, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Hari Sunarto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
- Dental Center, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yuniarti Soeroso
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Benso Sulijaya
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Efa Apriyanti
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Citra Fragrantia Theodorea
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Sciences Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Irandi Putra Pratomo
- Department of Pulmonology and Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Yudhistira Yudhistira
- Clinical Pathology Medicine Staff Group,, Universitas Indonesia Hospital., Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Defi Efendi
- Department of Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing Universitas Indonesia, and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Universitas Indonesia Hospital, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Widya Lestari
- Oral Biology Unit, Fundamental Dental and Medical Sciences Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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