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Moss WJ, Griffin DE. What's going on with measles? J Virol 2024; 98:e0075824. [PMID: 39041786 PMCID: PMC11334507 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00758-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Measles is a highly transmissible systemic viral infection associated with substantial mortality primarily due to secondary infections. Measles induces lifelong immunity to reinfection but loss of immunity to other pathogens. An attenuated live virus vaccine is highly effective, but lapses in delivery have resulted in increasing cases worldwide. Although the primary cause of failure to control measles is failure to vaccinate, waning vaccine-induced immunity and the possible emergence of more virulent virus strains may also contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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2
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Aaby P, Thoma H, Dietz K. Measles in the European Past: Outbreak of Severe Measles in an Isolated German Village, 1861. J Infect 2022; 84:668-674. [PMID: 35182549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined measles mortality in the European past in an outbreak in an isolated German village, Hagelloch, in 1861. METHODS Pfeilsticker's contemporary thesis was used to describe the measles case fatality ratio (CFR) and complications. Data on onset of prodromes and rash was used to determine index cases and secondary cases of measles within the household. The church register provided information on survival in 1862. RESULTS The epidemic affected nearly all children under 14 years of age. The overall CFR was 6.4%(12/187), and 10%(7/70) for children under five years of age; 44% of children were secondary cases (82/187). Secondary cases had higher CFR than index cases (RR=3.03 (95% CI: 0.91-10.07). Boys had higher CFR than girls (RR=4.46 (1.03-19.22)). Boys infected by a girl had higher CFR than boys infected by other boys (RR=6.30 (1.18-85.64)). Children who survived measles virus infection in 1861, did not have higher mortality in the following year compared with those who had not had measles in 1861 (RR=0.24 (0.07-0.82)). CONCLUSIONS Severe measles in the European past had determinants similar to those observed more recently in low-income countries. BRIEF SUMMARY The measles case fatality was 6% in rural Germany in 1861. Mortality was highest for boys infected in the household by a girl. There was no excess mortality after the acute phase of measles infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Aaby
- Bandim Health Project, OPEN, Institute of Clinical Research, 5000 Odense, Denmark.
| | - Heike Thoma
- Tagesklinik Villingen, Vinzenz von Paul Hospital GmbH, Germany
| | - Klaus Dietz
- Medical Faculty, University of Tübingen, Germany
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3
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Bakre AA, Duffy C, Abdullah H, Cosby SL, Tripp RA. Small Non-coding RNA Expression Following Respiratory Syncytial Virus or Measles Virus Infection of Neuronal Cells. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:671852. [PMID: 34539595 PMCID: PMC8446675 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.671852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or measles virus (MeV) infection modifies host responses through small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) expression. We show that RSV or MeV infection of neuronal cells induces sncRNAs including various microRNAs and transfer RNA fragments (tRFs). We show that these tRFs originate from select tRNAs (GCC and CAC for glycine, CTT and AAC for Valine, and CCC and TTT for Lysine). Some of the tRNAs are rarely used by RSV or MeV as indicated by relative synonymous codon usage indices suggesting selective cleavage of the tRNAs occurs in infected neuronal cells. The data implies that differentially expressed sncRNAs may regulate host gene expression via multiple mechanisms in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet A Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Catherine Duffy
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Hani'ah Abdullah
- Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - S Louise Cosby
- Virology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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4
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Coffin CS, Mulrooney-Cousins PM, Michalak TI. Hepadnaviral Lymphotropism and Its Relevance to HBV Persistence and Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695384. [PMID: 34421849 PMCID: PMC8377760 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of hepatitis B virus (HBV) over five decades ago, there have been many independent studies showing presence of HBV genomes in cells of the immune system. However, the nature of HBV lymphotropism and its significance with respect to HBV biology, persistence and the pathogenesis of liver and extrahepatic disorders remains underappreciated. This is in contrast to studies of other viral pathogens in which the capability to infect immune cells is an area of active investigation. Indeed, in some viral infections, lymphotropism may be essential, and even a primary mechanism of viral persistence, and a major contributor to disease pathogenesis. Nevertheless, there are advances in understanding of HBV lymphotropism in recent years due to cumulative evidence showing that: (i) lymphoid cells are a reservoir of replicating HBV, (ii) are a site of HBV-host DNA integration and (iii) virus genomic diversification leading to pathogenic variants, and (iv) they play a role in HBV resistance to antiviral therapy and (v) likely contribute to reactivation of hepatitis B. Further support for HBV lymphotropic nature is provided by studies in a model infection with the closely related woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) naturally infecting susceptible marmots. This animal model faithfully reproduces many aspects of HBV biology, including its replication scheme, tissue tropism, and induction of both symptomatic and silent infections, immunological processes accompanying infection, and progressing liver disease culminating in hepatocellular carcinoma. The most robust evidence came from the ability of WHV to establish persistent infection of the immune system that may not engage the liver when small quantities of virus are experimentally administered or naturally transmitted into virus-naïve animals. Although the concept of HBV lymphotropism is not new, it remains controversial and not accepted by conventional HBV researchers. This review summarizes research advances on HBV and hepadnaviral lymphotropism including the role of immune cells infection in viral persistence and the pathogenesis of HBV-induced liver and extrahepatic diseases. Finally, we discuss the role of immune cells in HBV diagnosis and assessment of antiviral therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla S Coffin
- Liver Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Patricia M Mulrooney-Cousins
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Tomasz I Michalak
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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5
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Hirschenberger M, Hunszinger V, Sparrer KMJ. Implications of Innate Immunity in Post-Acute Sequelae of Non-Persistent Viral Infections. Cells 2021; 10:2134. [PMID: 34440903 PMCID: PMC8391718 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-persistent viruses classically cause transient, acute infections triggering immune responses aimed at the elimination of the pathogen. Successful viruses evolved strategies to manipulate and evade these anti-viral defenses. Symptoms during the acute phase are often linked to dysregulated immune responses that disappear once the patient recovers. In some patients, however, symptoms persist or new symptoms emerge beyond the acute phase. Conditions resulting from previous transient infection are termed post-acute sequelae (PAS) and were reported for a wide range of non-persistent viruses such as rota-, influenza- or polioviruses. Here we provide an overview of non-persistent viral pathogens reported to be associated with diverse PAS, among them chronic fatigue, auto-immune disorders, or neurological complications and highlight known mechanistic details. Recently, the emergence of post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) or long COVID highlighted the impact of PAS. Notably, PAS of non-persistent infections often resemble symptoms of persistent viral infections, defined by chronic inflammation. Inflammation maintained after the acute phase may be a key driver of PAS of non-persistent viruses. Therefore, we explore current insights into aberrant activation of innate immune signaling pathways in the post-acute phase of non-persistent viruses. Finally, conclusions are drawn and future perspectives for treatment and prevention of PAS are discussed.
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6
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Netzband R, Pager CT. Viral Epitranscriptomics. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Bohálová N, Cantara A, Bartas M, Kaura P, Šťastný J, Pečinka P, Fojta M, Mergny JL, Brázda V. Analyses of viral genomes for G-quadruplex forming sequences reveal their correlation with the type of infection. Biochimie 2021; 186:13-27. [PMID: 33839192 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
G-quadruplexes contribute to the regulation of key molecular processes. Their utilization for antiviral therapy is an emerging field of contemporary research. Here we present comprehensive analyses of the presence and localization of putative G-quadruplex forming sequences (PQS) in all viral genomes currently available in the NCBI database (including subviral agents). The G4Hunter algorithm was applied to a pool of 11,000 accessible viral genomes representing 350 Mbp in total. PQS frequencies differ across evolutionary groups of viruses, and are enriched in repeats, replication origins, 5'UTRs and 3'UTRs. Importantly, PQS presence and localization is connected to viral lifecycles and corresponds to the type of viral infection rather than to nucleic acid type; while viruses routinely causing persistent infections in Metazoa hosts are enriched for PQS, viruses causing acute infections are significantly depleted for PQS. The unique localization of PQS identifies the importance of G-quadruplex-based regulation of viral replication and life cycle, providing a tool for potential therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Bohálová
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alessio Cantara
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bartas
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Patrik Kaura
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šťastný
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Informatics, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, Brno, 613 00, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pečinka
- Department of Biology and Ecology/Institute of Environmental Technologies, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, 710 00, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fojta
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Louis Mergny
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic; Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - Václav Brázda
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, Brno, 612 65, Czech Republic.
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8
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Yentür SP, Demirbilek V, Gurses C, Baris S, Kuru U, Ayta S, Yapici Z, Adin-Cinar S, Uysal S, Celik Yilmaz G, Onal E, Cokar O, Saruhan-Direskeneli G. Immune alterations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis reflect an incompetent response to eliminate the measles virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245077. [PMID: 33411786 PMCID: PMC7790413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) the persistence of measles virus (MeV) may be related to the altered immune response. In this study, cytokine responses of lymphocytes and monocytes were evaluated in SSPE compared to controls with non-inflammatory (NICON) and inflammatory (ICON) diseases. Patients with SSPE (n = 120), 78 patients with ICON and 63 patients with NICON were included in this study. Phenotypes of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) have been analyzed by flow cytometry. CD3 and CD28, and S. aureus Cowan strain I (SAC) stimulated and unstimulated cells were cultured and IL-2, IL-10, IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-12p70 and IL-23 were detected in supernatants by ELISA. MeV peptides were used for MeV-specific stimulation and IFN-γ secretion of PBMC was measured by ELISPOT. Spontaneous and stimulated secretions of IL-10 were lower in SSPE compared to both control groups. T cell stimulation induced lower IFN-γ production than ICON group, but higher IL-2 than NICON group in SSPE. Stimulated PBMC produced lower IL-12p70 in SSPE and had decreased CD46 on the cell surface, suggesting the interaction with the virus. IFN-γ responses against MeV peptides were not prominent and similar to NICON patients. The immune response did not reveal an inflammatory activity to eliminate the virus in SSPE patients. Even IL-10 production was diminished implicating that the response is self-limited in controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel P. Yentür
- Department of Physiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Veysi Demirbilek
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Candan Gurses
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Department of Pediatrics, Marmara Medical Faculty, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Kuru
- Department of Pediatrics, Bayrampasa State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Semih Ayta
- Department of Neurology, Haseki State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suzan Adin-Cinar
- Department of Immunology, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Uysal
- Department of Pediatrics, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gulden Celik Yilmaz
- Department of Microbiology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Onal
- Department of Public Health, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Cokar
- Department of Neurology, Haseki State Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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9
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A highly immunogenic and effective measles virus-based Th1-biased COVID-19 vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32657-32666. [PMID: 33257540 PMCID: PMC7768780 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014468117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has already caused over 1 million deaths. Therefore, effective vaccine concepts are urgently needed. In search of such a concept, we have analyzed a measles virus-based vaccine candidate targeting SARS-CoV-2. Using this well-known, safe vaccine backbone, we demonstrate here induction of functional immune responses in both arms of adaptive immunity, yielding antiviral efficacy in vivo with the desired immune bias. Consequently, no immunopathologies became evident during challenge experiments. Moreover, the candidate still induces immunity against the measles, recognized as a looming second menace, when countries are forced to stop routine vaccination campaigns in the face of COVID-19. Thus, a bivalent measles-based COVID-19 vaccine could be the solution for two significant public health threats. The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has spread worldwide, with millions of cases and more than 1 million deaths to date. The gravity of the situation mandates accelerated efforts to identify safe and effective vaccines. Here, we generated measles virus (MeV)-based vaccine candidates expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S). Insertion of the full-length S protein gene in two different MeV genomic positions resulted in modulated S protein expression. The variant with lower S protein expression levels was genetically stable and induced high levels of effective Th1-biased antibody and T cell responses in mice after two immunizations. In addition to neutralizing IgG antibody responses in a protective range, multifunctional CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses with S protein-specific killing activity were detected. Upon challenge using a mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2, virus loads in vaccinated mice were significantly lower, while vaccinated Syrian hamsters revealed protection in a harsh challenge setup using an early-passage human patient isolate. These results are highly encouraging and support further development of MeV-based COVID-19 vaccines.
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10
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Netzband R, Pager CT. Epitranscriptomic marks: Emerging modulators of RNA virus gene expression. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2019; 11:e1576. [PMID: 31694072 PMCID: PMC7169815 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, the study of posttranscriptional chemical moieties placed on RNA, has blossomed in recent years. This is due in part to the emergence of high‐throughput detection methods as well as the burst of discoveries showing biological function of select chemical marks. RNA modifications have been shown to affect RNA structure, localization, and functions such as alternative splicing, stabilizing transcripts, nuclear export, cap‐dependent and cap‐independent translation, microRNA biogenesis and binding, RNA degradation, and immune regulation. As such, the deposition of chemical marks on RNA has the unique capability to spatially and temporally regulate gene expression. The goal of this article is to present the exciting convergence of the epitranscriptomic and virology fields, specifically the deposition and biological impact of N7‐methylguanosine, ribose 2′‐O‐methylation, pseudouridine, inosine, N6‐methyladenosine, and 5‐methylcytosine epitranscriptomic marks on gene expression of RNA viruses. This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Netzband
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York
| | - Cara T Pager
- Department of Biological Sciences, The RNA Institute, University at Albany-SUNY, Albany, New York
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11
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Talotta R, Sarzi-Puttini P, Laska MJ, Atzeni F. Retrotransposons shuttling genetic and epigenetic information from the nuclear to the mitochondrial compartment: Do they play a pathogenetic role in scleroderma? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 49:42-58. [PMID: 31677967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retroelements are a class of ancient defective viral insertions contained in the genome of host cells, where they account for up to 40% of all DNA. Centuries of co-existence in host genome have led to the development of immunotolerance to endogenous retroelements, most of which are defective and unable to replicate or transcribe functional proteins. However, given their capacity to move across the nuclear and mitochondrial genome and recombine, they could mix phenotypes and give rise to infections that may trigger innate and adaptive immune responses by sensing receptors capable of recognising foreign nucleic acids and proteins. It has recently been suggested that they play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases on the grounds of their partial reactivation or the epigenetic control of host gene transcription. A number of studies have confirmed their contribution to the development of rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus, but there is still a lack of data concerning systemic sclerosis (SSc). Their role in the pathogenesis of SSc can be hypothesised on the basis of mitochondrial and nuclear chromatinic damage, and hyper-activation of the immune pathway involved in antiviral defense. SSc is characterised by genetic and immunological evidence of a viral infection but, as no viral agent has yet been isolated from SSc patients, the hypothesis that partial reactivation of endogenous retroviruses may trigger the disease cannot be excluded and deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Gaetano Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy.
| | - Piercarlo Sarzi-Puttini
- Rheumatology Unit, University Hospital ASST-Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Via G.B Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, University of Messina, Azienda Ospedaliera Gaetano Martino, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98100 Messina, Italy.
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12
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McMahon J, Mackay IM, Lambert SB. Measles Vaccine Virus RNA in Children More Than 100 Days after Vaccination. Viruses 2019; 11:E636. [PMID: 31295941 PMCID: PMC6669751 DOI: 10.3390/v11070636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles vaccines have been in use since the 1960s with excellent safety and effectiveness profiles. Limited data are available on detection of measles vaccine virus (MeVV) RNA in human subjects following vaccination. Available evidence suggests MeVV RNA can be identified up to 14 days after vaccination, with detection beyond this rare. In routine diagnostic testing, we used two real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-rPCR) assays targeting M and F genes to identify measles virus (MeV) and MeVV RNA. Confirmatory testing was performed with an N gene RT-rPCR, followed by sequence confirmation of RT-rPCR positives by semi-nested conventional RT-PCR assays targeting portions of the N, H, and L genes. We report detection and confirmation of MeVV RNA from the respiratory tract of 11 children between 100 and 800 days after most recent receipt of measles-containing vaccine. These novel findings emphasize the importance of genotyping all MeV detections and highlight the need for further work to assess whether persistent MeVV RNA represents viable virus and if transmission to close contacts can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McMahon
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - Ian M Mackay
- Public Health Virology Laboratory, Forensic and Scientific Services, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
| | - Stephen B Lambert
- Child Health Research Centre, The University of Queensland, 62 Graham Street, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia
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Cakmak Genc G, Dursun A, Karakas Celik S, Calik M, Kokturk F, Piskin IE. IL28B, IL29 and micro-RNA 548 in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis as a rare disease. Gene 2018; 678:73-78. [PMID: 30077763 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which affects children and young adults, caused by a persistent infection of defective measles virus. IFN-λs (IL-28A, IL-28B and IL-29) are a group of cytokines mediating antiviral responses. It has been shown that IL-29 levels are significantly higher in infected cells with defective measles virus. IL-29 expression is thought to be regulated at post-transcriptional level and miRNA-548 family targets the 3'UTR of the IFNL1 gene. Impaired immune system has an important role as well as viral factors in SSPE. The aim of our study investigates whether IL-28B, IL-29 levels and gene polymorphisms contribute to the damaged immune response leading to the development of SSPE. Also possible association of miR-548 family with IL-29 and SSPE is explored. Frequencies of rs12979860, rs8099917, rs30461, serum levels of IL-28B, IL-29 and expression levels of miR-548b, miR-548c, miR-548i are determined at 64 SSPE patients and 68 healthy controls. Serum IL-29 levels are statistically significant higher in SSPE patients. Allele frequencies of rs8099917 are statistically significant higher in SSPE patients and resulted G allele is found to increase 2.183-fold risk of SSPE. The expression levels of miR-548b-5p, miR-548c-5p and miR-548i are found to be statistically significant higher in SSPE patients. Dramatically increased level of IL-29 seen in patient group indicates that the elevated miR-548 expression is compensatory result of the over-activated immune system response. Further studies referred to IL28, IL29 and related miRNA's will be enlightened the pathogenesis of SSPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunes Cakmak Genc
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Dursun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevim Karakas Celik
- Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Calik
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Harran University, Sanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Furuzan Kokturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Etem Piskin
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
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14
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Hancox RJ, Zhang X. Early life origins of the Asthma-COPD Overlap Syndrome? Respirology 2018; 23:731-732. [PMID: 29737010 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Hancox
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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