1
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Samad SS, Schwartz JM, Francavilla C. Functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases regulates distinct cellular outputs. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 11:1348056. [PMID: 38259512 PMCID: PMC10800419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1348056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional selectivity refers to the activation of differential signalling and cellular outputs downstream of the same membrane-bound receptor when activated by two or more different ligands. Functional selectivity has been described and extensively studied for G-protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs), leading to specific therapeutic options for dysregulated GPCRs functions. However, studies regarding the functional selectivity of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) remain sparse. Here, we will summarize recent data about RTK functional selectivity focusing on how the nature and the amount of RTK ligands and the crosstalk of RTKs with other membrane proteins regulate the specificity of RTK signalling. In addition, we will discuss how structural changes in RTKs upon ligand binding affects selective signalling pathways. Much remains to be known about the integration of different signals affecting RTK signalling specificity to orchestrate long-term cellular outcomes. Recent advancements in omics, specifically quantitative phosphoproteomics, and in systems biology methods to study, model and integrate different types of large-scale omics data have increased our ability to compare several signals affecting RTK functional selectivity in a global, system-wide fashion. We will discuss how such methods facilitate the exploration of important signalling hubs and enable data-driven predictions aiming at improving the efficacy of therapeutics for diseases like cancer, where redundant RTK signalling pathways often compromise treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakim S. Samad
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Marc Schwartz
- Division of Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Francavilla
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Functions, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Section of Protein Science and Biotherapeutics, Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Danish Technical University, Lyngby, Denmark
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2
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Hinsch CL, Venkata JK, Hsu T, Dammai V. Controlled Plasma Membrane Delivery of FGFR1 and Modulation of Signaling by a Novel Regulated Anterograde RTK Transport Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5837. [PMID: 38136383 PMCID: PMC10741464 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
How human FGFR1 localizes to the PM is unknown. Currently, it is assumed that newly synthesized FGFR1 is continuously delivered to the PM. However, evidence indicates that FGFR1 is mostly sequestered in intracellular post-Golgi vesicles (PGVs) under normal conditions. In this report, live-cell imaging and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) were employed to study the dynamics of these FGFR1-positive vesicles. We designed recombinant proteins to target different transport components to and from the FGFR1 vesicles. Mouse embryoid bodies (mEBs) were used as a 3D model system to confirm major findings. Briefly, we found that Rab2a, Rab6a, Rab8a, RalA and caveolins are integral components of FGFR1-positive vesicles, representing a novel compartment. While intracellular sequestration prevented FGFR1 activation, serum starvation and hypoxia stimulated PM localization of FGFR1. Under these conditions, FGFR1 C-terminus acts as a scaffold to assemble proteins to (i) inactivate Rab2a and release sequestration, and (ii) assemble Rab6a for localized activation of Rab8a and RalA-exocyst to deliver the receptor to the PM. This novel pathway is named Regulated Anterograde RTK Transport (RART). This is the first instance of RTK regulated through control of PM delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Leist Hinsch
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA (J.K.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Jagadish Kummetha Venkata
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA (J.K.V.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA
| | - Tien Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 40433, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Dammai
- Aldevron LLC (Danaher Corporation), Fargo, ND 58104, USA
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3
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Wirth D, Özdemir E, Hristova K. Quantification of ligand and mutation-induced bias in EGFR phosphorylation in direct response to ligand binding. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7579. [PMID: 37989743 PMCID: PMC10663608 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42926-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling bias is the ability of a receptor to differentially activate downstream signaling pathways in response to different ligands. Bias investigations have been hindered by inconsistent results in different cellular contexts. Here we introduce a methodology to identify and quantify bias in signal transduction across the plasma membrane without contributions from feedback loops and system bias. We apply the methodology to quantify phosphorylation efficiencies and determine absolute bias coefficients. We show that the signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to EGF and TGFα is biased towards Y1068 and against Y1173 phosphorylation, but has no bias for epiregulin. We further show that the L834R mutation found in non-small-cell lung cancer induces signaling bias as it switches the preferences to Y1173 phosphorylation. The knowledge gained here challenges the current understanding of EGFR signaling in health and disease and opens avenues for the exploration of biased inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wirth
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Ece Özdemir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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4
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Chen L, Fu L, Sun J, Huang Z, Fang M, Zinkle A, Liu X, Lu J, Pan Z, Wang Y, Liang G, Li X, Chen G, Mohammadi M. Structural basis for FGF hormone signalling. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06155-9. [PMID: 37286607 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06155-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
α/βKlotho coreceptors simultaneously engage fibroblast growth factor (FGF) hormones (FGF19, FGF21 and FGF23)1,2 and their cognate cell-surface FGF receptors (FGFR1-4) thereby stabilizing the endocrine FGF-FGFR complex3-6. However, these hormones still require heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan as an additional coreceptor to induce FGFR dimerization/activation and hence elicit their essential metabolic activities6. To reveal the molecular mechanism underpinning the coreceptor role of HS, we solved cryo-electron microscopy structures of three distinct 1:2:1:1 FGF23-FGFR-αKlotho-HS quaternary complexes featuring the 'c' splice isoforms of FGFR1 (FGFR1c), FGFR3 (FGFR3c) or FGFR4 as the receptor component. These structures, supported by cell-based receptor complementation and heterodimerization experiments, reveal that a single HS chain enables FGF23 and its primary FGFR within a 1:1:1 FGF23-FGFR-αKlotho ternary complex to jointly recruit a lone secondary FGFR molecule leading to asymmetric receptor dimerization and activation. However, αKlotho does not directly participate in recruiting the secondary receptor/dimerization. We also show that the asymmetric mode of receptor dimerization is applicable to paracrine FGFs that signal solely in an HS-dependent fashion. Our structural and biochemical data overturn the current symmetric FGFR dimerization paradigm and provide blueprints for rational discovery of modulators of FGF signalling2 as therapeutics for human metabolic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-scale Preparation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jingchuan Sun
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Laboratory of Cell Fate Control, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
| | - Mingzhen Fang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
| | - Allen Zinkle
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
| | - Junliang Lu
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Pan
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Center of Biomedical Physics, Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guang Liang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- State Key Laboratory for Macromolecule Drugs and Large-scale Preparation, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Cell Growth Factor Drugs and Protein Biologics, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Gaozhi Chen
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China.
- Institute of chronic kidney disease, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.
- Institute of Cell Growth Factor, Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision, and Brain Health), Wenzhou, China.
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5
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Gedaj A, Zukowska D, Porebska N, Pozniak M, Krzyscik M, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opalinski L. Short report galectins use N-glycans of FGFs to capture growth factors at the cell surface and fine-tune their signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:122. [PMID: 37231412 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01144-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute complex signaling hubs that are crucial for the development and homeostasis of the human body. Most of FGFs are released by cells using the conventional secretory pathway and are N-glycosylated, yet the role of FGFs glycosylation is largely unknown. Here, we identify N-glycans of FGFs as binding sites for a specific set of extracellular lectins, galectins - 1, -3, -7 and - 8. We demonstrate that galectins attract N-glycosylated FGF4 to the cell surface, forming a reservoir of the growth factor in the extracellular matrix. Furthermore, we show that distinct galectins differentially modulate FGF4 signaling and FGF4-dependent cellular processes. Using engineered variants of galectins with altered valency we demonstrate that multivalency of galectins is critical for the adjustment of FGF4 activity. Summarizing, our data reveal a novel regulatory module within FGF signaling, in which the glyco-code in FGFs provides previously unanticipated information differentially deciphered by multivalent galectins, affecting signal transduction and cell physiology. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Gedaj
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dominika Zukowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porebska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Pozniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Krzyscik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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6
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McFarlane A, Pohler E, Moraga I. Molecular and cellular factors determining the functional pleiotropy of cytokines. FEBS J 2023; 290:2525-2552. [PMID: 35246947 PMCID: PMC10952290 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are soluble factors vital for mammalian physiology. Cytokines elicit highly pleiotropic activities, characterized by their ability to induce a wide spectrum of functional responses in a diverse range of cell subsets, which makes their study very challenging. Cytokines activate signalling via receptor dimerization/oligomerization, triggering activation of the JAK (Janus kinase)/STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) signalling pathway. Given the strong crosstalk and shared usage of key components of cytokine signalling pathways, a long-standing question in the field pertains to how functional diversity is achieved by cytokines. Here, we discuss how biophysical - for example, ligand-receptor binding affinity and topology - and cellular - for example, receptor, JAK and STAT protein levels, endosomal compartment - parameters contribute to the modulation and diversification of cytokine responses. We review how these parameters ultimately converge into a common mechanism to fine-tune cytokine signalling that involves the control of the number of Tyr residues phosphorylated in the receptor intracellular domain upon cytokine stimulation. This results in different kinetics of STAT activation, and induction of specific gene expression programs, ensuring the generation of functional diversity by cytokines using a limited set of signalling intermediaries. We describe how these first principles of cytokine signalling have been exploited using protein engineering to design cytokine variants with more specific and less toxic responses for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison McFarlane
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signalling and ImmunologySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
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7
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Zukowska D, Gedaj A, Porebska N, Pozniak M, Krzyscik M, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opalinski L. Receptor clustering by a precise set of extracellular galectins initiates FGFR signaling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:113. [PMID: 37012400 PMCID: PMC10070233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
FGF/FGFR signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of the human body and imbalanced FGF/FGFR contributes to the progression of severe diseases, including cancers. FGFRs are N-glycosylated, but the role of these modifications is largely unknown. Galectins are extracellular carbohydrate-binding proteins implicated in a plethora of processes in heathy and malignant cells. Here, we identified a precise set of galectins (galectin-1, -3, -7, and -8) that directly interact with N-glycans of FGFRs. We demonstrated that galectins bind N-glycan chains of the membrane-proximal D3 domain of FGFR1 and trigger differential clustering of FGFR1, resulting in activation of the receptor and initiation of downstream signaling cascades. Using engineered galectins with controlled valency, we provide evidence that N-glycosylation-dependent clustering of FGFR1 constitutes a mechanism for FGFR1 stimulation by galectins. We revealed that the consequences of galectin/FGFR signaling for cell physiology are markedly different from the effects induced by canonical FGF/FGFR units, with galectin/FGFR signaling affecting cell viability and metabolic activity. Furthermore, we showed that galectins are capable of activating an FGFR pool inaccessible for FGF1, enhancing the amplitude of transduced signals. Summarizing, our data identify a novel mechanism of FGFR activation, in which the information stored in the N-glycans of FGFRs provides previously unanticipated information about FGFRs' spatial distribution, which is differentially deciphered by distinct multivalent galectins, affecting signal transmission and cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Zukowska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Gedaj
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Porebska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Pozniak
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Krzyscik
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wrocław, Poland.
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Puricelli C, Boggio E, Gigliotti CL, Stoppa I, Sutti S, Giordano M, Dianzani U, Rolla R. Platelets, Protean Cells with All-Around Functions and Multifaceted Pharmacological Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4565. [PMID: 36901997 PMCID: PMC10002540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, traditionally known for their roles in hemostasis and coagulation, are the most prevalent blood component after erythrocytes (150,000-400,000 platelets/μL in healthy humans). However, only 10,000 platelets/μL are needed for vessel wall repair and wound healing. Increased knowledge of the platelet's role in hemostasis has led to many advances in understanding that they are crucial mediators in many other physiological processes, such as innate and adaptive immunity. Due to their multiple functions, platelet dysfunction is involved not only in thrombosis, mediating myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism, but also in several other disorders, such as tumors, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. On the other hand, thanks to their multiple functions, nowadays platelets are therapeutic targets in different pathologies, in addition to atherothrombotic diseases; they can be used as an innovative drug delivery system, and their derivatives, such as platelet lysates and platelet extracellular vesicles (pEVs), can be useful in regenerative medicine and many other fields. The protean role of platelets, from the name of Proteus, a Greek mythological divinity who could take on different shapes or aspects, is precisely the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Puricelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Elena Boggio
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- NOVAICOS s.r.l.s, Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Casimiro Luca Gigliotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- NOVAICOS s.r.l.s, Via Amico Canobio 4/6, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Ian Stoppa
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mara Giordano
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Umberto Dianzani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Roberta Rolla
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Maggiore della Carità University Hospital, Corso Mazzini 18, 28100 Novara, Italy
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9
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De Meyts P, Holly JMP. Editorial: Special 2021 Frontiers in Endocrinology collection for the 100 th anniversary of insulin discovery. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1181524. [PMID: 37020594 PMCID: PMC10068784 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1181524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre De Meyts
- Cell Signalling Pole, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Pierre De Meyts, ; Jeff M. P. Holly,
| | - Jeff M. P. Holly
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Pierre De Meyts, ; Jeff M. P. Holly,
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10
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Fan M, Pan T, Jin W, Sun J, Zhang S, Du Y, Chen X, Chen Q, Xu W, Choo SW, Zhu G, Chen Y, Zhou J. FGF4, A New Potential Regulator in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:827617. [PMID: 35317005 PMCID: PMC8934430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.827617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes, however the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The aim of this study was to find efficient regulator of FGFs in response to the pathogenesis of GDM and explore the role of the FGFs in GDM.Methods: We performed a systematic screening of placental FGFs in GDM patients and further in two different GDM mouse models to investigate their expression changes. Significant changed FGF4 was selected, engineered, purified, and used to treat GDM mice in order to examine whether it can regulate the adverse metabolic phenotypes of the diabetic mice and protect their fetus.Results: We found FGF4 expression was elevated in GDM patients and its level was positively correlated to blood glucose, indicating a physiological relevance of FGF4 with respect to the development of GDM. Recombinant FGF4 (rFGF4) treatment could effectively normalize the adverse metabolic phenotypes in high fat diet induced GDM mice but not in STZ induced GDM mice. However, rFGF4 was highly effective in reduce of neural tube defects (NTDs) of embryos in both the two GDM models. Mechanistically, rFGF4 treatment inhibits pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and neuroepithelial cell apoptosis of both GDM models, which was independent of glucose regulation.Conclusions/interpretation: Our study provides novel insight into the important roles of placental FGF4 and suggests that it may serve as a promising diagnostic factor and therapeutic target for GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaojuan Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Baoji Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Baoji, China
| | - Tongtong Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jian Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yali Du
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qiong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Siew Woh Choo
- College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Zhu, ; Yongping Chen, ; Jie Zhou,
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Zhu, ; Yongping Chen, ; Jie Zhou,
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Zhejiang Provincial Key laboratory of Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Zhu, ; Yongping Chen, ; Jie Zhou,
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12
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Crossman SH, Janovjak H. Light-activated receptor tyrosine kinases: Designs and applications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 63:102197. [PMID: 35245796 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a large and essential membrane receptor family. The molecular mechanisms and physiological consequences of RTK activation depend on, for example, ligand identity, subcellular localization, and developmental or disease stage. In the past few years, genetically-encoded light-activated RTKs (Opto-RTKs) have been developed to dissect these complexities by providing reversible and spatio-temporal control over cell signaling. These methods have very recently matured to include highly-sensitive multi-color actuators. The new ability to regulate RTK activity with high precision has been recently harnessed to gain mechanistic insights in subcellular, tissue, and animal models. Because of their sophisticated engineering, Opto-RTKs may only mirror some aspects of natural activation mechanisms but nevertheless offer unique opportunities to study RTK signaling and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H Crossman
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Sturt Road, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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13
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Zhang W, Zhao S, Lu L, Fan Z, Ye S. Activation of neurotrophin signalling with light‑inducible receptor tyrosine kinases. Mol Med Rep 2022; 25:70. [PMID: 35014690 PMCID: PMC8767455 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2022.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics combined with protein engineering based on natural light-sensitive dimerizing proteins has evolved as a powerful strategy to study cellular functions. The present study focused on tropomyosin kinase receptors (Trks) that have been engineered to be light-sensitive. Trk belongs to the superfamily of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which are single-pass transmembrane receptors that are activated by natural ligands and serve crucial roles in cellular growth, differentiation, metabolism and motility. However, functional variations exist among receptors fused with light-sensitive proteins. The present study proposed a signal transduction model for light-induced receptor activation. This model is based on analysis of previous light-induced Trk receptors reported to date and comparisons to the activation mechanism of natural receptors. In this model, quantitative differences on the dimerization induced from either top-to-bottom or bottom-to-up may lead to the varying amplitude of intracellular signals. We hypothesize that the top-to-bottom propagation is more favourable for activation and yields better results compared with the bottom-to-top direction. The careful delineation of the dimerization mechanisms fine-tuning activation will guide future design for an optimum cellular output with the precision of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Anesthesiology Department, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhao
- School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, P.R. China
| | - Linjie Lu
- Institute of Genetics, Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch 67400, France
| | - Zhimin Fan
- Anesthesiology Department, Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, P.R. China
| | - Shixin Ye
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1195, Bicetre Hospital, Paris‑Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre 94276, France
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14
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Ong SC, Belgi A, Merriman AL, Delaine CA, van Lierop B, Andrikopoulos S, Robinson AJ, Forbes BE. Minimizing Mitogenic Potency of Insulin Analogues Through Modification of a Disulfide Bond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:907864. [PMID: 35832429 PMCID: PMC9271792 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.907864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which insulin activates the insulin receptor to promote metabolic processes and cellular growth are still not clear. Significant advances have been gained from recent structural studies in understanding how insulin binds to its receptor. However, the way in which specific interactions lead to either metabolic or mitogenic signalling remains unknown. Currently there are only a few examples of insulin receptor agonists that have biased signalling properties. Here we use novel insulin analogues that differ only in the chemical composition at the A6-A11 bond, as it has been changed to a rigid, non-reducible C=C linkage (dicarba bond), to reveal mechanisms underlying signaling bias. We show that introduction of an A6-A11 cis-dicarba bond into either native insulin or the basal/long acting insulin glargine results in biased signalling analogues with low mitogenic potency. This can be attributed to reduced insulin receptor activation that prevents effective receptor internalization and mitogenic signalling. Insight gained into the receptor interactions affected by insertion of an A6-A11 cis-dicarba bond will ultimately assist in the development of new insulin analogues for the treatment of diabetes that confer low mitogenic activity and therefore pose minimal risk of promoting cancer with long term use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shee Chee Ong
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Alessia Belgi
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Allanah L. Merriman
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Carlie A. Delaine
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Briony E. Forbes
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University of South Australia, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Briony E. Forbes,
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15
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Liu S, Lin Z. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Mechanosensitive Regulators and Vascular Remodeling. J Vasc Res 2021; 59:90-113. [PMID: 34937033 DOI: 10.1159/000519845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are subjected to mechanical loads of pressure and flow, inducing smooth muscle circumferential and endothelial shear stresses. The perception and response of vascular tissue and living cells to these stresses and the microenvironment they are exposed to are critical to their function and survival. These mechanical stimuli not only cause morphological changes in cells and vessel walls but also can interfere with biochemical homeostasis, leading to vascular remodeling and dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying how these stimuli affect tissue and cellular function, including mechanical stimulation-induced biochemical signaling and mechanical transduction that relies on cytoskeletal integrity, are unclear. This review focuses on signaling pathways that regulate multiple biochemical processes in vascular mesangial smooth muscle cells in response to circumferential stress and are involved in mechanosensitive regulatory molecules in response to mechanotransduction, including ion channels, membrane receptors, integrins, cytoskeletal proteins, nuclear structures, and cascades. Mechanoactivation of these signaling pathways is closely associated with vascular remodeling in physiological or pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangmin Liu
- Ji Hua Institute of Biomedical Engineering Technology, Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China, .,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zhanyi Lin
- Ji Hua Institute of Biomedical Engineering Technology, Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China.,Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Ying L, Wang L, Guo K, Hou Y, Li N, Wang S, Liu X, Zhao Q, Zhou J, Zhao L, Niu J, Chen C, Song L, Hou S, Kong L, Li X, Ren J, Li P, Mohammadi M, Huang Z. Paracrine FGFs target skeletal muscle to exert potent anti-hyperglycemic effects. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7256. [PMID: 34907199 PMCID: PMC8671394 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27584-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several members of the FGF family have been identified as potential regulators of glucose homeostasis. We previously reported that a low threshold of FGF-induced FGF receptor 1c (FGFR1c) dimerization and activity is sufficient to evoke a glucose lowering activity. We therefore reasoned that ligand identity may not matter, and that besides paracrine FGF1 and endocrine FGF21, other cognate paracrine FGFs of FGFR1c might possess such activity. Indeed, via a side-by-side testing of multiple cognate FGFs of FGFR1c in diabetic mice we identified the paracrine FGF4 as a potent anti-hyperglycemic FGF. Importantly, we found that like FGF1, the paracrine FGF4 is also more efficacious than endocrine FGF21 in lowering blood glucose. We show that paracrine FGF4 and FGF1 exert their superior glycemic control by targeting skeletal muscle, which expresses copious FGFR1c but lacks β-klotho (KLB), an obligatory FGF21 co-receptor. Mechanistically, both FGF4 and FGF1 upregulate GLUT4 cell surface abundance in skeletal muscle in an AMPKα-dependent but insulin-independent manner. Chronic treatment with rFGF4 improves insulin resistance and suppresses adipose macrophage infiltration and inflammation. Notably, unlike FGF1 (a pan-FGFR ligand), FGF4, which has more restricted FGFR1c binding specificity, has no apparent effect on food intake. The potent anti-hyperglycemic and anti-inflammatory properties of FGF4 testify to its promising potential for use in the treatment of T2D and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ying
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Kaiwen Guo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yushu Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xingfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qijin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Longwei Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jianlou Niu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Chuchu Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Lintao Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Shaocong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lijuan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.,CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Pingping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,Diabetes Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China. .,CAMS Key Laboratory of Molecular Mechanism and Target Discovery of Metabolic Disorder and Tumorigenesis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
| | - Zhifeng Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
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17
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Jendryczko K, Rzeszotko J, Krzyscik MA, Szymczyk J, Otlewski J, Szlachcic A. Peptibody Based on FGFR1-Binding Peptides From the FGF4 Sequence as a Cancer-Targeting Agent. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:748936. [PMID: 34867353 PMCID: PMC8636100 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.748936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies are a promising alternative to conventional chemotherapy, with an increasing number of therapeutics targeting specific molecular aberrancies in cancer cells. One of the emerging targets for directed cancer treatments is fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), which are known to be involved in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple cancer types, specially in lung, bladder, and breast cancers. Here, we are demonstrating the development of the FGFR1-targeting agent based on the interactome screening approach, based on the isolation of binding regions from ligands interacting with the receptor. The parallel analysis by FGFR1 pull-down of chymotryptic peptides coupled with MS analysis, and PepSpot analysis yielded equivalent peptide sequences from FGF4, one of the FGFR1 ligands. Three sequences served as a basis for peptibody (Fc-fusion) generation, to overcome clinical limitations of peptidic agents, and two of them showed favorable FGFR1-binding in vitro and FGFR1-dependent internalization into cells. To validate if developed FGFR1-targeting peptibodies can be used for drug delivery, similar to the well-established concept of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs), peptibodyF4_1 was successfully conjugated with monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), and has shown significant and specific toxicity toward FGFR1-expressing lung cancer cell lines, with nanomolar EC50 values. Essentially, the development of new effective FGFR1 binders that comprise the naturally occurring FGFR-recognition peptides and Fc region ensuring high plasma stability, and long bloodstream circulation is an interesting strategy expanding targeted anticancer agents’ portfolio. Furthermore, identifying peptides effectively binding the receptor from sequences of its ligands is not limited to FGFRs and is an approach versatile enough to be a basis for a new peptide/peptibodies development strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jendryczko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Rzeszotko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Adam Krzyscik
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Szlachcic
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
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18
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Yamamoto R, Palmer M, Koski H, Curtis-Joseph N, Tatar M. Aging modulated by the Drosophila insulin receptor through distinct structure-defined mechanisms. Genetics 2021; 217:6064149. [PMID: 33724413 PMCID: PMC8045697 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyaa037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Drosophila melanogaster insulin/IGF signaling system slow aging, while also affecting growth and reproduction. To understand this pleiotropy, we produced an allelic series of single codon substitutions in the Drosophila insulin receptor, InR. We generated InR substitutions using homologous recombination and related each to emerging models of receptor tyrosine kinase structure and function. Three mutations when combined as trans-heterozygotes extended lifespan while retarding growth and fecundity. These genotypes reduced insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation, suggesting they impede kinase catalytic domain function. Among these genotypes, longevity was negatively correlated with egg production, consistent with life-history trade-off theory. In contrast, one mutation (InR353) was located in the kinase insert domain, a poorly characterized element found in all receptor tyrosine kinases. Remarkably, wild-type heterozygotes with InR353 robustly extended lifespan without affecting growth or reproduction and retained capacity to fully phosphorylate Akt. The Drosophila insulin receptor kinase insert domain contains a previously unrecognized SH2 binding motif. We propose the kinase insert domain interacts with SH2-associated adapter proteins to affect aging through mechanisms that retain insulin sensitivity and are independent of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochele Yamamoto
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Helen Koski
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Noelle Curtis-Joseph
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marc Tatar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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19
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Poźniak M, Zarzycka W, Porębska N, Knapik A, Marczakiewicz-Perera P, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. FGF1 Fusions with the Fc Fragment of IgG1 for the Assembly of GFPpolygons-Mediated Multivalent Complexes Recognizing FGFRs. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081088. [PMID: 34439755 PMCID: PMC8392455 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
FGFRs are cell surface receptors that, when activated by specific FGFs ligands, transmit signals through the plasma membrane, regulating key cellular processes such as differentiation, division, motility, metabolism and death. We have recently shown that the modulation of the spatial distribution of FGFR1 at the cell surface constitutes an additional mechanism for fine-tuning cellular signaling. Depending on the multivalent, engineered ligand used, the clustering of FGFR1 into diverse supramolecular complexes enhances the efficiency and modifies the mechanism of receptor endocytosis, alters FGFR1 lifetime and modifies receptor signaling, ultimately determining cell fate. Here, we present a novel approach to generate multivalent FGFR1 ligands. We functionalized FGF1 for controlled oligomerization by developing N- and C-terminal fusions of FGF1 with the Fc fragment of human IgG1 (FGF1-Fc and Fc-FGF1). As oligomerization scaffolds, we employed GFPpolygons, engineered GFP variants capable of well-ordered multivalent display, fused to protein G to ensure binding of Fc fragment. The presented strategy allows efficient assembly of oligomeric FGFR1 ligands with up to twelve receptor binding sites. We show that multivalent FGFR1 ligands are biologically active and trigger receptor clustering on the cell surface. Importantly, the approach described in this study can be easily adapted to oligomerize alternative growth factors to control the activity of other cell surface receptors.
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20
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Kirby D, Rothschild J, Smart M, Zilman A. Pleiotropy enables specific and accurate signaling in the presence of ligand cross talk. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:042401. [PMID: 34005921 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.042401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Living cells sense their environment through the binding of extracellular molecular ligands to cell surface receptors. Puzzlingly, vast numbers of signaling pathways exhibit a high degree of cross talk between different signals whereby different ligands act through the same receptor or shared components downstream. It remains unclear how a cell can accurately process information from the environment in such cross-wired pathways. We show that a feature which commonly accompanies cross talk-signaling pleiotropy (the ability of a receptor to produce multiple outputs)-offers a solution to the cross-talk problem. In a minimal model we show that a single pleiotropic receptor can simultaneously identify and accurately sense the concentrations of arbitrary unknown ligands present individually or in a mixture. We calculate the fundamental limits of the signaling specificity and accuracy of such signaling schemes. The model serves as an elementary "building block" toward understanding more complex cross-wired receptor-ligand signaling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan Kirby
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Jeremy Rothschild
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Matthew Smart
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada
| | - Anton Zilman
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A7, Canada.,Institute for Bioengineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
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21
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The biophysical basis of receptor tyrosine kinase ligand functional selectivity: Trk-B case study. Biochem J 2021; 477:4515-4526. [PMID: 33094812 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (Trk-B) belongs to the second largest family of membrane receptors, Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Trk-B is known to interact with three different neurotrophins: Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). All three neurotrophins are involved in survival and proliferation of neuronal cells, but each induces distinct signaling through Trk-B. We hypothesize that the different biological effects correlate with differences in the interactions between the Trk-B receptors, when bound to different ligands, in the plasma membrane. To test this hypothesis, we use quantitative FRET to characterize Trk-B dimerization in response to NT-3 and NT-4 in live cells, and compare it to the previously published data for Trk-B in the absence and presence of BDNF. Our study reveals that the distinct Trk-B signaling outcomes are underpinned by both different configurations and different stabilities of the three ligand-bound Trk-B dimers in the plasma membrane.
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22
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Tatar M. Aging Regulated Through a Stability Model of Insulin/Insulin Growth Factor Receptor Function. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:649880. [PMID: 33776941 PMCID: PMC7991905 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.649880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the insulin-like receptor in Drosophila extend lifespan. New research suggests this receptor operates in two modes. The first extends lifespan while slowing reproduction and reducing growth. The second strongly extends lifespan without impairing growth or reproduction; it confers longevity assurance. The mutation that confers longevity assurance resides in the kinase insert domain, which contains a potential SH2 binding site for substrate proteins. We apply a recent model for the function of receptor tyrosine kinases to propose how insulin receptor structure can modulate aging. This concept hypothesizes that strong insulin-like ligands promote phosphorylation of high threshold substrate binding sites to robustly induce reproduction, which impairs survival as a consequence of trade-offs. Lower levels of receptor stimulation provide less kinase dimer stability, which reduces reproduction and extends lifespan by avoiding reproductive costs. Environmental conditions that favor diapause alter the expression of insulin ligands to further repress the stability of the interacting kinase domains, block phosphorylation of low threshold substrates and thus induce a unique molecular program that confers longevity assurance. Mutations of the insulin receptor that block low-phosphorylation site interactions, such as within the kinase insert domain, can extend lifespan while maintaining overall dimer stability. These flies are long-lived while maintaining reproduction and growth. The kinase insert domain of Drosophila provides a novel avenue from which to seek signaling of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor system of humans that modulate aging without impacting reproduction and growth, or incurring insulin resistance pathology.
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Karl K, Paul MD, Pasquale EB, Hristova K. Ligand bias in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18494-18507. [PMID: 33122191 PMCID: PMC7939482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.015190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand bias is the ability of ligands to differentially activate certain receptor signaling responses compared with others. It reflects differences in the responses of a receptor to specific ligands and has implications for the development of highly specific therapeutics. Whereas ligand bias has been studied primarily for G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), there are also reports of ligand bias for receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). However, the understanding of RTK ligand bias is lagging behind the knowledge of GPCR ligand bias. In this review, we highlight how protocols that were developed to study GPCR signaling can be used to identify and quantify RTK ligand bias. We also introduce an operational model that can provide insights into the biophysical basis of RTK activation and ligand bias. Finally, we discuss possible mechanisms underpinning RTK ligand bias. Thus, this review serves as a primer for researchers interested in investigating ligand bias in RTK signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Karl
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael D Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA.
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for NanoBioTechnology, and Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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24
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Ahmed F, Zapata-Mercado E, Rahman S, Hristova K. The Biased Ligands NGF and NT-3 Differentially Stabilize Trk-A Dimers. Biophys J 2020; 120:55-63. [PMID: 33285113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.2262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trk-A is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) that plays an essential role in the development and functioning of the nervous system. Trk-A is expressed in neurons and signals in response to two ligands, NGF and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), with very different functional consequences. Thus, NGF and NT-3 are "biased" ligands for Trk-A. Because it has been hypothesized that biased RTK ligands induce differential stabilization of RTK dimers, here, we seek to test this hypothesis for NGF and NT-3. In particular, we use Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and fluorescence intensity fluctuation spectroscopy to assess the strength of Trk-A interactions and Trk-A oligomer size in the presence of the two ligands. Although the difference in Trk-A behavior in response to the two ligands has been previously attributed to differences in their binding to Trk-A in the endosomes at low pH, here, we further show differences in the stabilities of the NGF- and NT-3-bound Trk-A dimers in the plasma membrane and at neutral pH. We discuss the biological significance of these new findings and their implications for the design of Trk-A ligands with novel functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fozia Ahmed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elmer Zapata-Mercado
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanim Rahman
- Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kalina Hristova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Program in Molecular Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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25
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Ray AT, Mazot P, Brewer JR, Catela C, Dinsmore CJ, Soriano P. FGF signaling regulates development by processes beyond canonical pathways. Genes Dev 2020; 34:1735-1752. [PMID: 33184218 PMCID: PMC7706708 DOI: 10.1101/gad.342956.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Ray et al. investigated the signaling mechanisms by which FGFs function in development, using cranial neural crest cells and craniofacial development as a readout, and generated an allelic series of knock-in Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 mouse strains carrying point mutations that disrupt binding of signaling effectors, and a kinase-dead allele of Fgfr2 that broadly phenocopies the null mutant. They established combinatorial roles of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in development and uncoupled novel FGFR kinase-dependent cell adhesion properties from canonical intracellular signaling. FGFs are key developmental regulators that engage a signal transduction cascade through receptor tyrosine kinases, prominently engaging ERK1/2 but also other pathways. However, it remains unknown whether all FGF activities depend on this canonical signal transduction cascade. To address this question, we generated allelic series of knock-in Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 mouse strains, carrying point mutations that disrupt binding of signaling effectors, and a kinase dead allele of Fgfr2 that broadly phenocopies the null mutant. When interrogated in cranial neural crest cells, we identified discrete functions for signaling pathways in specific craniofacial contexts, but point mutations, even when combined, failed to recapitulate the single or double null mutant phenotypes. Furthermore, the signaling mutations abrogated established FGF-induced signal transduction pathways, yet FGF functions such as cell–matrix and cell–cell adhesion remained unaffected, though these activities did require FGFR kinase activity. Our studies establish combinatorial roles of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 in development and uncouple novel FGFR kinase-dependent cell adhesion properties from canonical intracellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan T Ray
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Pierre Mazot
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - J Richard Brewer
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Catarina Catela
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Colin J Dinsmore
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Philippe Soriano
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
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26
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Curtailing FGF19's mitogenicity by suppressing its receptor dimerization ability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:29025-29034. [PMID: 33144503 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2010984117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a physiological regulator of bile acid homeostasis, FGF19 is also a potent insulin sensitizer capable of normalizing plasma glucose concentration, improving lipid profile, ameliorating fatty liver disease, and causing weight loss in both diabetic and diet-induced obesity mice. There is therefore a major interest in developing FGF19 as a therapeutic agent for treating type 2 diabetes and cholestatic liver disease. However, the known tumorigenic risk associated with prolonged FGF19 administration is a major hurdle in realizing its clinical potential. Here, we show that nonmitogenic FGF19 variants that retain the full beneficial glucose-lowering and bile acid regulatory activities of WT FGF19 (FGF19WT) can be engineered by diminishing FGF19's ability to induce dimerization of its cognate FGF receptors (FGFR). As proof of principle, we generated three such variants, each with a partial defect in binding affinity to FGFR (FGF19ΔFGFR) and its coreceptors, i.e., βklotho (FGF19ΔKLB) or heparan sulfate (FGF19ΔHBS). Pharmacological assays in WT and db/db mice confirmed that these variants incur a dramatic loss in mitogenic activity, yet are indistinguishable from FGF19WT in eliciting glycemic control and regulating bile acid synthesis. This approach provides a robust framework for the development of safer and more efficacious FGF19 analogs.
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27
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Gudasheva TA, Povarnina PY, Tarasiuk AV, Seredenin SB. Low-molecular mimetics of nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor: Design and pharmacological properties. Med Res Rev 2020; 41:2746-2774. [PMID: 32808322 DOI: 10.1002/med.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the limitations of the clinical use of neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), scientists have been trying to create their low-molecular-weight mimetics having improved pharmacokinetic properties and lacking side effects of full-sized proteins since the 90s of the last century. The efforts of various research groups have led to the production of peptide and nonpeptide mimetics, being agonists or modulators of the corresponding Trk or p75 receptors that reproduced the therapeutic effects of full-sized proteins. This review discusses different strategies and approaches to the design of such compounds. The relationship between the structure of the mimetics obtained and their action mechanisms and pharmacological properties are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the dipeptide mimetics of individual NGF and BDNF loops having different patterns of activation of Trk receptors signal transduction pathways, phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase, which allowed to evaluate the contribution of each pathway to different pharmacological effects. In conclusion, data on therapeutically promising compounds being at different stages of preclinical and clinical studies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana A Gudasheva
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Polina Y Povarnina
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Aleksey V Tarasiuk
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey B Seredenin
- Department of Pharmacogenetics, V. V. Zakusov Research Institute of Pharmacology, Moscow, Russian Federation
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28
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Fibroblast growth factor signalling in osteoarthritis and cartilage repair. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:547-564. [PMID: 32807927 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0469-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Regulated fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling is a prerequisite for the correct development and homeostasis of articular cartilage, as evidenced by the fact that aberrant FGF signalling contributes to the maldevelopment of joints and to the onset and progression of osteoarthritis. Of the four FGF receptors (FGFRs 1-4), FGFR1 and FGFR3 are strongly implicated in osteoarthritis, and FGFR1 antagonists, as well as agonists of FGFR3, have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of spontaneous and surgically induced osteoarthritis. FGF18, a high affinity ligand for FGFR3, is the only FGF-based drug currently in clinical trials for osteoarthritis. This Review covers the latest advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate FGF signalling during normal joint development and in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Strategies for FGF signalling-based treatment of osteoarthritis and for cartilage repair in animal models and clinical trials are also introduced. An improved understanding of FGF signalling from a structural biology perspective, and of its roles in skeletal development and diseases, could unlock new avenues for discovery of modulators of FGF signalling that can slow or stop the progression of osteoarthritis.
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29
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Sochacka M, Opalinski L, Szymczyk J, Zimoch MB, Czyrek A, Krowarsch D, Otlewski J, Zakrzewska M. FHF1 is a bona fide fibroblast growth factor that activates cellular signaling in FGFR-dependent manner. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:69. [PMID: 32357892 PMCID: PMC7193404 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00573-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) via their receptors (FGFRs) transduce signals from the extracellular space to the cell interior, modulating pivotal cellular processes such as cell proliferation, motility, metabolism and death. FGF superfamily includes a group of fibroblast growth factor homologous factors (FHFs), proteins whose function is still largely unknown. Since FHFs lack the signal sequence for secretion and are unable to induce FGFR-dependent cell proliferation, these proteins were considered as intracellular proteins that are not involved in signal transduction via FGFRs. Here we demonstrate for the first time that FHF1 directly interacts with all four major FGFRs. FHF1 binding causes efficient FGFR activation and initiation of receptor-dependent signaling cascades. However, the biological effect of FHF1 differs from the one elicited by canonical FGFs, as extracellular FHF1 protects cells from apoptosis, but is unable to stimulate cell division. Our data define FHF1 as a FGFR ligand, emphasizing much greater similarity between FHFs and canonical FGFs than previously indicated. Video Abstract. (MP4 38460 kb)
Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Sochacka
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Opalinski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Szymczyk
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta B Zimoch
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czyrek
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Krowarsch
- Department of Protein Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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30
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Development: Insights from Drosophila. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010188. [PMID: 31888080 PMCID: PMC6982143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication mediates a plethora of cellular decisions and behaviors that are crucial for the correct and robust development of multicellular organisms. Many of these signals are encoded in secreted hormones or growth factors that bind to and activate cell surface receptors, to transmit the cue intracellularly. One of the major superfamilies of cell surface receptors are the receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). For nearly half a century RTKs have been the focus of intensive study due to their ability to alter fundamental aspects of cell biology, such as cell proliferation, growth, and shape, and because of their central importance in diseases such as cancer. Studies in model organisms such a Drosophila melanogaster have proved invaluable for identifying new conserved RTK pathway components, delineating their contributions, and for the discovery of conserved mechanisms that control RTK-signaling events. Here we provide a brief overview of the RTK superfamily and the general mechanisms used in their regulation. We further highlight the functions of several RTKs that govern distinct cell-fate decisions in Drosophila and explore how their activities are developmentally controlled.
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31
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Martinez-Fabregas J, Wilmes S, Wang L, Hafer M, Pohler E, Lokau J, Garbers C, Cozzani A, Fyfe PK, Piehler J, Kazemian M, Mitra S, Moraga I. Kinetics of cytokine receptor trafficking determine signaling and functional selectivity. eLife 2019; 8:e49314. [PMID: 31774398 PMCID: PMC6914340 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines activate signaling via assembly of cell surface receptors, but it is unclear whether modulation of cytokine-receptor binding parameters can modify biological outcomes. We have engineered IL-6 variants with different affinities to gp130 to investigate how cytokine receptor binding dwell-times influence functional selectivity. Engineered IL-6 variants showed a range of signaling amplitudes and induced biased signaling, with changes in receptor binding dwell-times affecting more profoundly STAT1 than STAT3 phosphorylation. We show that this differential signaling arises from defective translocation of ligand-gp130 complexes to the endosomal compartment and competitive STAT1/STAT3 binding to phospho-tyrosines in gp130, and results in unique patterns of STAT3 binding to chromatin. This leads to a graded gene expression response and differences in ex vivo differentiation of Th17, Th1 and Treg cells. These results provide a molecular understanding of signaling biased by cytokine receptors, and demonstrate that manipulation of signaling thresholds is a useful strategy to decouple cytokine functional pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Martinez-Fabregas
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephan Wilmes
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Luopin Wang
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | | | - Elizabeth Pohler
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical FacultyOtto-von-Guericke-University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
| | - Adeline Cozzani
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Paul K Fyfe
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacob Piehler
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OsnabrückOsnabrückGermany
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department Computer SciencePurdue UniversityWest LafayetteUnited States
| | - Suman Mitra
- INSERM UMR-S-11721, Centre de Recherche Jean-Pierre Aubert (JPARC), Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), Université de LilleLilleFrance
| | - Ignacio Moraga
- Division of Cell Signaling and Immunology, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeUnited Kingdom
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32
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Fan J, Wang HH, Xie S, Wang M, Nie Z. Engineering Cell-Surface Receptors with DNA Nanotechnology for Cell Manipulation. Chembiochem 2019; 21:282-293. [PMID: 31364788 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-surface receptors play pivotal roles in the regulation of cell fate. Molecular engineering of cell-surface receptors enables control of cell signaling and manipulation of cell behavior in a user-defined way. Currently, the development of chemical-biological approaches for non-genetic engineering and regulation of membrane receptors is attracting significant interest. Recent research advances in functional nucleic acids and DNA nanotechnology have made it possible to use DNA as a new and promising molecular toolkit for controlling receptor-mediated signaling and cell fates. In this minireview we summarize the advances in the use of DNA nanotechnology for the spatiotemporal regulation of cell receptors and highlight practical applications in manipulating cell functions including cell adhesion, cell-cell contact, cell migration, and cellular immunity. We also provide a perspective on the potential of and challenges facing DNA-based receptor engineering in future applications of cell manipulation and cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Shiyi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Low Stability of Integrin-Binding Deficient Mutant of FGF1 Restricts Its Biological Activity. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080899. [PMID: 31443196 PMCID: PMC6721657 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 1 (FGF1) has been shown to interact with integrin αvβ3 through a specific binding site, involving Arg35 residue. The FGF1 mutant (R35E) with impaired integrin binding was found to be defective in its proliferative response, although it was still able to interact with FGF receptors (FGFR) and heparin and induce the activation of downstream signaling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the lack of mitogenic potential of R35E mutant is directly caused by its decreased thermodynamic stability and susceptibility to proteolytic degradation. Introduction of three stabilizing mutations into R35E variant compensated the effect of destabilizing R35E mutation and restored the proliferation potential of FGF1. Moreover, the stabilized R35E variant regained both anti-apoptotic and wound healing activities, while remaining defective in binding to integrin αvβ3. Our results suggest that the thermodynamic stability and resistance to degradation, rather than the interaction with integrin are required for mitogenic response of FGF1.
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34
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Kucińska M, Porębska N, Lampart A, Latko M, Knapik A, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Differential regulation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 trafficking and function by extracellular galectins. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:65. [PMID: 31208421 PMCID: PMC6572767 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0371-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) are integral membrane proteins that transmit signals through the plasma membrane. FGFRs signaling needs to be precisely adjusted as aberrant FGFRs function is associated with development of human cancers or severe metabolic diseases. The subcellular localization, trafficking and function of FGFRs rely on the formation of multiprotein complexes. In this study we revealed galectins, lectin family members implicated in cancer development and progression, as novel FGFR1 binding proteins. We demonstrated that galectin-1 and galectin-3 directly bind to the sugar chains of the glycosylated extracellular part of FGFR1. Although both galectins compete for the same binding sites on FGFR1, these proteins elicit different impact on FGFR1 function and cellular trafficking. Galectin-1 mimics fibroblast growth factor as it efficiently activates FGFR1 and receptor-downstream signaling pathways that result in cell proliferation and apoptotic evasion. In contrast, galectin-3 induces extensive clustering of FGFR1 on the cell surface that inhibits constitutive internalization of FGFR1. Our data point on the interplay between extracellular galectins and FGFRs in the regulation of cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Kucińska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Porębska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Lampart
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Latko
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agata Knapik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Protein Engineering, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland.
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35
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Copper (II) Ions Activate Ligand-Independent Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Signaling Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4158415. [PMID: 31218225 PMCID: PMC6537018 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4158415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is activated by its natural ligand, mediating multiple essential biological processes. Copper (II) ions are bioactive ions and are crucial in the regulation of cell signaling pathway. However, the crosstalk between copper (II) ions and RTK-mediated cellular signaling remains unclear. Herein, we reported the effect of copper (II) ions on the ligand-independent RTK cellular signaling pathway. Our results indicate that both EGFR and MET signaling were activated by copper (II) in the absence of the corresponding ligands, EGF and HGF, respectively. Consequently, copper (II) ions initiate two RTK-mediated downstream signal transductions, including AKT and ERK. Moreover, copper (II) significantly increased proliferation and cellular migration. Our study proposes a novel role of copper in RTK-mediated signaling for growth factor-independent cancer cell proliferation and migration, implying that targeting both the copper (II) and growth factor in tumor microenvironments may be necessary for cancer treatment.
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Cross-Talk between Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and Other Cell Surface Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050455. [PMID: 31091809 PMCID: PMC6562592 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors (FGFRs) constitute signaling circuits that transmit signals across the plasma membrane, regulating pivotal cellular processes like differentiation, migration, proliferation, and apoptosis. The malfunction of FGFs/FGFRs signaling axis is observed in numerous developmental and metabolic disorders, and in various tumors. The large diversity of FGFs/FGFRs functions is attributed to a great complexity in the regulation of FGFs/FGFRs-dependent signaling cascades. The function of FGFRs is modulated at several levels, including gene expression, alternative splicing, posttranslational modifications, and protein trafficking. One of the emerging ways to adjust FGFRs activity is through formation of complexes with other integral proteins of the cell membrane. These proteins may act as coreceptors, modulating binding of FGFs to FGFRs and defining specificity of elicited cellular response. FGFRs may interact with other cell surface receptors, like G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). The cross-talk between various receptors modulates the strength and specificity of intracellular signaling and cell fate. At the cell surface FGFRs can assemble into large complexes involving various cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). The interplay between FGFRs and CAMs affects cell–cell interaction and motility and is especially important for development of the central nervous system. This review summarizes current stage of knowledge about the regulation of FGFRs by the plasma membrane-embedded partner proteins and highlights the importance of FGFRs-containing membrane complexes in pathological conditions, including cancer.
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Wang M, He F, Li H, Yang S, Zhang J, Ghosh P, Wang HH, Nie Z. Near-Infrared Light-Activated DNA-Agonist Nanodevice for Nongenetically and Remotely Controlled Cellular Signaling and Behaviors in Live Animals. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2603-2613. [PMID: 30907088 PMCID: PMC6530480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics provides promising tools for the precise control of receptor-mediated cell behaviors in a spatiotemporal manner. Yet, most photoreceptors require extensive genetic manipulation and respond only to ultraviolet or visible light, which are suboptimal for in vivo applications because they do not penetrate thick tissues. Here we report a novel near-infrared light-activated DNA agonist (NIR-DA) nanodevice for nongenetic manipulation of cell signaling and phenotype in deep tissues. This nanodevice is prepared by conjugating a preinactivated DNA agonist onto the gold nanorods (AuNRs). Upon NIR light treatment, the DNA agonist is released through the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based photothermal effect of AuNRs and becomes active. The active DNA agonist dimerizes the DNA-modified chimeric or native receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) on cell surfaces and activates downstream signal transduction in live cells. Such NIR-DA activation of RTK signaling enables the control of cytoskeletal remodeling, cell polarization, and directional migration. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the NIR-DA system can be used in vivo to mediate RTK signaling and skeletal muscle satellite cell migration and myogenesis, which are critical cellular behaviors in the process of skeletal muscle regeneration. Thus, the NIR-DA system offers a powerful and versatile platform for exogenous modulation of deep tissues for purposes such as regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Fang He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Sihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0651, USA
| | - Hong-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Zhou Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecular Chemical Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
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Zinkle A, Mohammadi M. Structural Biology of the FGF7 Subfamily. Front Genet 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30809251 PMCID: PMC6379346 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is intricately regulated via selective binding interactions between 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors (FGFR1–4), three of which (FGFR1–3) are expressed as either epithelial (“b”) or mesenchymal (“c”) splice isoforms. The FGF7 subfamily, consisting of FGF3, FGF7, FGF10, and FGF22, is unique among FGFs in that its members are secreted exclusively by the mesenchyme, and specifically activate the “b” isoforms of FGFR1 (FGFR1b) and FGFR2 (FGFR2b) present in the overlying epithelium. This unidirectional mesenchyme-to-epithelium signaling contributes to the development of essentially all organs, glands, and limbs. Structural analysis has shown that members of the FGF7 subfamily achieve their restricted specificity for FGFR1b/FGFR2b by engaging in specific contacts with two alternatively spliced loop regions in the immunoglobulin-like domain 3 (D3) of these receptors. Weak basal receptor-binding affinity further constrains the FGF7 subfamily’s specificity for FGFR1b/2b. In this review, we elaborate on the structural determinants of FGF7 subfamily receptor-binding specificity, and discuss how affinity differences among the four members for the heparin sulfate (HS) co-receptor contribute to their disparate biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Zinkle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moosa Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Lens differentiation is controlled by the balance between PDGF and FGF signaling. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000133. [PMID: 30716082 PMCID: PMC6375662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
How multiple receptor tyrosine kinases coordinate cell fate determination is yet to be elucidated. We show here that the receptor for platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling recruits the p85 subunit of Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to regulate mammalian lens development. Activation of PI3K signaling not only prevents B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2)-Associated X (Bax)- and BCL2 Antagonist/Killer (Bak)-mediated apoptosis but also promotes Notch signaling to prevent premature cell differentiation. Reducing PI3K activity destabilizes the Notch intracellular domain, while the constitutive activation of Notch reverses the PI3K deficiency phenotype. In contrast, fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) recruit Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Substrate 2 (Frs2) and Rous sarcoma oncogene (Src) Homology Phosphatase 2 (Shp2) to activate Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) signaling, which induces the Notch ligand Jagged 1 (Jag1) and promotes cell differentiation. Inactivation of Shp2 restored the proper timing of differentiation in the p85 mutant lens, demonstrating the antagonistic interaction between FGF-induced MAPK and PDGF-induced PI3K signaling. By selective activation of PI3K and MAPK, PDGF and FGF cooperate with and oppose each other to balance progenitor cell maintenance and differentiation. A central aim in understanding cell signaling is to decode the cellular logic that underlies the functional specificity of growth factors. Although these factors are known to activate a common set of intracellular pathways, they nevertheless play specific roles in development and physiology. Using lens development in mice as a model, we show that fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antagonize each other through their intrinsic biases toward distinct downstream targets. While FGF primarily induces the Ras–Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) axis to promote lens cell differentiation, PDGF preferentially stimulates Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) to enhance Notch signaling, which is necessary for maintaining the lens progenitor cell pool. By revealing the intricate interactions between PDGF, FGF, and Notch, we present a paradigm for how signaling crosstalk enables balanced growth and differentiation in multicellular organisms.
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Monitoring activities of receptor tyrosine kinases using a universal adapter in genetically encoded split TEV assays. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1185-1199. [PMID: 30623207 PMCID: PMC6675780 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-03003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play key roles in various aspects of
cell biology, including cell-to-cell communication, proliferation and
differentiation, survival, and tissue homeostasis, and have been implicated in
various diseases including cancer and neurodevelopmental disorders. Ligand-activated
RTKs recruit adapter proteins through a phosphotyrosine (p-Tyr) motif that is
present on the RTK and a p-Tyr-binding domain, like the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain
found in adapter proteins. Notably, numerous combinations of RTK/adapter
combinations exist, making it challenging to compare receptor activities in
standardised assays. In cell-based assays, a regulated adapter recruitment can be
investigated using genetically encoded protein–protein interaction detection
methods, such as the split TEV biosensor assay. Here, we applied the split TEV
technique to robustly monitor the dynamic recruitment of both naturally occurring
full-length adapters and artificial adapters, which are formed of clustered SH2
domains. The applicability of this approach was tested for RTKs from various
subfamilies including the epidermal growth factor (ERBB) family, the insulin
receptor (INSR) family, and the hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR) family.
Best signal-to-noise ratios of ligand-activated RTK receptor activation was obtained
when clustered SH2 domains derived from GRB2 were used as adapters. The sensitivity
and robustness of the RTK recruitment assays were validated in dose-dependent
inhibition assays using the ERBB family-selective antagonists lapatinib and WZ4002.
The RTK split TEV recruitment assays also qualify for high-throughput screening
approaches, suggesting that the artificial adapter may be used as universal adapter
in cell-based profiling assays within pharmacological intervention studies.
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GPI-anchor signal sequence influences PrPC sorting, shedding and signalling, and impacts on different pathomechanistic aspects of prion disease in mice. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007520. [PMID: 30608982 PMCID: PMC6334958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein (PrPC) is a cell surface glycoprotein attached to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchor and plays a critical role in transmissible, neurodegenerative and fatal prion diseases. Alterations in membrane attachment influence PrPC-associated signaling, and the development of prion disease, yet our knowledge of the role of the GPI-anchor in localization, processing, and function of PrPCin vivo is limited We exchanged the PrPC GPI-anchor signal sequence of for that of Thy-1 (PrPCGPIThy-1) in cells and mice. We show that this modifies the GPI-anchor composition, which then lacks sialic acid, and that PrPCGPIThy-1 is preferentially localized in axons and is less prone to proteolytic shedding when compared to PrPC. Interestingly, after prion infection, mice expressing PrPCGPIThy-1 show a significant delay to terminal disease, a decrease of microglia/astrocyte activation, and altered MAPK signaling when compared to wild-type mice. Our results are the first to demonstrate in vivo, that the GPI-anchor signal sequence plays a fundamental role in the GPI-anchor composition, dictating the subcellular localization of a given protein and, in the case of PrPC, influencing the development of prion disease. The prion protein (PrPC) is a glycoprotein attached to the neuronal surface via a GPI-anchor. When misfolded to PrPSc, it leads to fatal neurodegenerative diseases which propagates from host to host. PrPSc is the principal component of the infectious agent of prion diseases, the “prion”. Misfolding occurs at the plasma membrane, and when PrPC lacks the GPI-anchor, neuropathology and incubation time of prion disease are strongly modified. Moreover, the composition of the PrPC GPI-anchor impacts on the conversion process. To study the role of the GPI-anchor in the pathophysiology of prion diseases in vivo, we have generated transgenic mice where the PrPC GPI-signal sequence (GPI-SS) is replaced for the one of Thy-1, a neuronal protein with a distinct GPI-anchor and membrane localization. We found that the resulting protein, PrPCGPIThy-1, shows a different GPI-anchor composition, increased axonal localization, and reduced enzymatic shedding. After prion infection, disease progression is significantly delayed, and the neuropathology and cellular signaling are changed. The present work demonstrates that the GPI-SS per se determines the GPI-anchor composition and localization of a given protein and it stresses the importance of PrPC membrane anchorage in prion disease.
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Porębska N, Latko M, Kucińska M, Zakrzewska M, Otlewski J, Opaliński Ł. Targeting Cellular Trafficking of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors as a Strategy for Selective Cancer Treatment. J Clin Med 2018; 8:jcm8010007. [PMID: 30577533 PMCID: PMC6352210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) in response to fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) transmit signals across the cell membrane, regulating important cellular processes, like differentiation, division, motility, and death. The aberrant activity of FGFRs is often observed in various diseases, especially in cancer. The uncontrolled FGFRs' function may result from their overproduction, activating mutations, or generation of FGFRs' fusion proteins. Besides their typical subcellular localization on the cell surface, FGFRs are often found inside the cells, in the nucleus and mitochondria. The intracellular pool of FGFRs utilizes different mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell survival and expansion. In this review, we summarize the current stage of knowledge about the role of FGFRs in oncogenic processes. We focused on the mechanisms of FGFRs' cellular trafficking-internalization, nuclear translocation, and mitochondrial targeting, as well as their role in carcinogenesis. The subcellular sorting of FGFRs constitutes an attractive target for anti-cancer therapies. The blocking of FGFRs' nuclear and mitochondrial translocation can lead to the inhibition of cancer invasion. Moreover, the endocytosis of FGFRs can serve as a tool for the efficient and highly selective delivery of drugs into cancer cells overproducing these receptors. Here, we provide up to date examples how the cellular sorting of FGFRs can be hijacked for selective cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Porębska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marta Latko
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Marika Kucińska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Zakrzewska
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Jacek Otlewski
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Opaliński
- Department of Protein Engineering, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland.
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Ndlovu R, Deng LC, Wu J, Li XK, Zhang JS. Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 in Pancreas Development and Pancreatic Cancer. Front Genet 2018; 9:482. [PMID: 30425728 PMCID: PMC6219204 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The tenacious prevalence of human pancreatic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and adenocarcinoma has prompted huge research interest in better understanding of pancreatic organogenesis. The plethora of signaling pathways involved in pancreas development is activated in a highly coordinated manner to assure unmitigated development and morphogenesis in vertebrates. Therefore, a complex mesenchymal-epithelial signaling network has been implicated to play a pivotal role in organogenesis through its interactions with other germ layers, specifically the endoderm. The Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor FGFR2-IIIb splicing isoform (FGFR2b) and its high affinity ligand Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) are expressed in the epithelium and mesenchyme, respectively, and therefore are well positioned to transmit mesenchymal to epithelial signaling. FGF10 is a typical paracrine FGF and chiefly mediates biological responses by activating FGFR2b with heparin/heparan sulfate (HS) as cofactor. A substantial number of studies using genetically engineered mouse models have demonstrated an essential role of FGF10 in the development of many organs and tissues including the pancreas. During mouse embryonic development, FGF10 signaling is crucial for epithelial cell proliferation, maintenance of progenitor cell fate and branching morphogenesis in the pancreas. FGF10 is also implicated in pancreatic cancer, and that overexpression of FGFR2b is associated with metastatic invasion. A thorough understanding of FGF10 signaling machinery and its crosstalk with other pathways in development and pathological states may provide novel opportunities for pancreatic cancer targeted therapy and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrick Ndlovu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lian-Cheng Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jin Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Kun Li, Jin-San Zhang, ;
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Centre for Precision Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiao-Kun Li, Jin-San Zhang, ;
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