1
|
Poirier BF, Soares G, Neufeld HT, Hedges J, Sethi S, Jamieson L. Conceptualising the relationships between food sovereignty, food security and oral health among global Indigenous Communities: a scoping review. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e147. [PMID: 38804085 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024001198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Invasive colonial influences and continuing neoliberal policies have a detrimental impact on Land, health, food and culture for Indigenous Communities. Food security and sovereignty have significant impacts on Indigenous well-being and, specifically, oral health. Aspects relating to food security, such as availability of nutritious foods, are a common risk factor of oral diseases. This scoping review aimed to collate existing evidence regarding the relationship between food sovereignty and/or food security and oral health for Indigenous Communities, globally. DESIGN Four databases were searched using keywords related to 'Food security' or 'Food sovereignty,' 'Indigenous Peoples' and 'Oral health.' Duplicates were removed, and two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts to identify articles for full-text review. Extracted data were summarised narratively, presenting a conceptual model which illustrates the findings and relationships between food security and/or food sovereignty and oral health. RESULTS The search identified 369 articles, with forty-one suitable for full-text review and a final nine that met inclusion criteria. The impact of food security and food sovereignty on oral health was discussed across different populations and sample sizes, ranging from eighteen Kichwa families in Brazil to 533 First Nations and Metis households in Canada. Pathways of influence between food sovereignty and/or food security are explored clinically, quantitatively and qualitatively across oral health outcomes, including early childhood caries, dental caries and oral health-related quality of life for Indigenous Communities. CONCLUSIONS Innovative strategies underpinned by concepts of Indigenous food sovereignty are needed to promote oral health equity for Indigenous Communities. The nexus between oral health and Indigenous food sovereignty remains largely unexplored, but has immense potential for empowering Indigenous rights to self-determination of health that honour Indigenous ways of knowing, being and doing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Faye Poirier
- Indigenous Oral Health Unit, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - Gustavo Soares
- Indigenous Oral Health Unit, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - Hannah Tait Neufeld
- School of Public Health Sciences, The University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Joanne Hedges
- Indigenous Oral Health Unit, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - Sneha Sethi
- Indigenous Oral Health Unit, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide5000, Australia
| | - Lisa Jamieson
- Indigenous Oral Health Unit, Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide5000, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meza-Rios A, López-Villalobos EF, Anguiano-Sevilla LA, Ruiz-Quezada SL, Velazquez-Juarez G, López-Roa RI, Marin-Molina AL, Zepeda-Morales ASM. Effects of Foods of Mesoamerican Origin in Adipose Tissue and Liver-Related Metabolism. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1907. [PMID: 38003956 PMCID: PMC10672752 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59111907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue and liver metabolism play a key role in maintaining body homeostasis; therefore, their impairment conduces a pathological state. Nowadays, occidental lifestyle is a common etiological issue among a variety of chronic diseases, while diet is a unique strategy to prevent obesity and liver metabolism impairment and is a powerful player in the treatment of metabolic-related diseases. Mesoamerican foods are rich in bioactive molecules that enhance and improve adipose tissue and liver performance and represent a prophylactic and therapeutic alternative for disorders related to the loss of homeostasis in the metabolism of these two important tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Meza-Rios
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos y Bacteriológicos (Vinculación), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (E.F.L.-V.); (A.L.M.-M.)
| | - Erika Fabiola López-Villalobos
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos y Bacteriológicos (Vinculación), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (E.F.L.-V.); (A.L.M.-M.)
| | - Luis Alberto Anguiano-Sevilla
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (L.A.A.-S.); (S.L.R.-Q.)
| | - Sandra Luz Ruiz-Quezada
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (L.A.A.-S.); (S.L.R.-Q.)
| | - Gilberto Velazquez-Juarez
- Laboratorio de Análisis Fisicoquímicos Externos, Departamento de Química, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Rocío Ivette López-Roa
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo Farmacéutico, Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico;
| | - Ana Laura Marin-Molina
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos y Bacteriológicos (Vinculación), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (E.F.L.-V.); (A.L.M.-M.)
| | - Adelaida Sara Minia Zepeda-Morales
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos y Bacteriológicos (Vinculación), Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías (CUCEI), Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, No. 1421, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (A.M.-R.); (E.F.L.-V.); (A.L.M.-M.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaplin-Kramer R, Chappell MJ, Bennett EM. Un-yielding: Evidence for the agriculture transformation we need. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2023; 1520:89-104. [PMID: 36576483 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
There has been a seismic shift in the center of gravity of scientific writing and thinking about agriculture over the past decades, from a prevailing focus on maximizing yields toward a goal of balancing trade-offs and ensuring the delivery of multiple ecosystem services. Maximizing crop yields often results in a system where most benefits accrue to very few (in the form of profits), alongside irreparable environmental harm to agricultural ecosystems, landscapes, and people. Here, we present evidence that an un-yielding, which we define as de-emphasizing the importance of yields alone, is necessary to achieve the goal of a more Food secure, Agrobiodiverse, Regenerative, Equitable and just (FARE) agriculture. Focusing on yields places the emphasis on one particular outcome of agriculture, which is only an intermediate means to the true endpoint of human well-being. Using yields as a placeholder for this outcome ignores the many other benefits of agriculture that people also care about, like health, livelihoods, and a sense of place. Shifting the emphasis to these multiple benefits rather than merely yields, and to their equitable delivery to all people, we find clear scientific evidence of win-wins for people and nature through four strategies that foster FARE agriculture: reduced disturbance, systems reintegration, diversity, and justice (in the form of securing rights to land and other resources). Through a broad review of the current state of agriculture, desired futures, and the possible pathways to reach them, we argue that while trade-offs between some ecosystem services in agriculture are unavoidable, the same need not be true of the end benefits we desire from them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.,Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - M Jahi Chappell
- Center for Regional Food Systems, Department of Community Sustainability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Centre for Agroecology, Water and Resilience, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Elena M Bennett
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences and Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhai J, Wang L, Liu Y, Wang C, Mao X. Assessing the effects of China's Three-North Shelter Forest Program over 40 years. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159354. [PMID: 36240929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Forests provide vital ecosystem services such as soil and water conservation, climate regulation, and carbon storage. Large-scale afforestation programs are being attempted in many countries to improve environmental conditions in deteriorated or unfavorable locations. China's Three Northern Protected Forest Program (TNSFP), accounting for 42.40 % of China's total land area, is the world's largest afforestation program to date. The TNSFP has continued providing critical ecosystem services to humans over 73 years (1978-2050) with a total investment of CNY 93.3 billion. To facilitate understanding of the TNSFP's contribution, the effects of the TNSFP for last 43 years were comprehensively evaluated by using integrated review of structured literature, bibliometric analysis, and thematic analysis. We incorporated and expanded the direct ecosystem services evidence of the TNSFP from wind and sand control, soil erosion control and carbon sequestration to indirect economic benefits, e.g. increasing crop yield and promoting economic development. We found that over the past 40 years of TNSFP construction, wind and sand hazards and soil erosion in China's Three-North areas have been effectively controlled, and forest carbon sequestration, grain production and economic output have steadily increased. The ecosystem services provided by the TNSFP are highly consistent with the thrust of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, and the TNSFP has contributed to the realization of SDG2, SDG8, SDG13, and SDG15. Although achieving tremendous ecological, economic, and social benefits, the TNSFP still has knowledge gaps in its scientific basis. And the limited local engagement and insufficient investment highly hinder the TNSFP from playing its multiple functions. We suggest several urgent actions and directions to address these limitations. This review could help researchers gain insight into key areas of ecological restoration in the TNSFP, providing a reference for future research in the TNSFP construction in China and other regions of the world embarking on similar journeys.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhai
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Chengyuan Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuegang Mao
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
van Zutphen KG, van den Berg S, Gavin-Smith B, Imbo E, Kraemer K, Monroy-Gomez J, Pannatier M, Prytherch H, Six J, Thoennissen C, Winter S, Barjolle D. Nutrition as a driver and outcome of agroecology. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:990-996. [PMID: 37118296 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The principles of agroecology do not explicitly state a link with nutrition. Yet, we argue that among them, input reduction, biodiversity, economic diversification, social values and diets, fairness, connectivity and participation are directly linked to nutrition. Nutrition can serve as a critical outcome and driver of agroecological practices and can drive transformative change across the food system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie van den Berg
- Group of Sustainable Agroecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Elizabeth Imbo
- Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life Foundation, Basel, Switzerland
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Marnie Pannatier
- Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helen Prytherch
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johan Six
- Group of Sustainable Agroecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Simon Winter
- Syngenta Foundation for Sustainable Agriculture, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Barjolle
- Group of Sustainable Agroecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Geography and Sustainability, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gutierrez C, Glascoe CAV, Bertran M, Calderon N, Villada-Canela M, Leyva JC. The Kumiai traditional food system: Reconnecting nature, food and health through ancestral knowledge. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.824264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional foods, once central to the diets of different cultures, are losing relevance as knowledge about food and its natural ecosystem deteriorates. This qualitative study describes the traditional food system of a Kumiai community in Baja California, and the ways in which the Kumiai have continually adapted their use and management of wild food resources to different food culture influences, demographic changes and contemporary food preferences. Present-day Kumiai recognize that their traditional diet was more nutritious and more connected with nature than their current diet, and express concern over transmitting existing knowledge about it to younger generations. We conclude that the characteristics of the Kumiai traditional food system not only strengthen their cultural identity and community economies, but also present potential solutions to the problem of food system sustainability by way of wild food resource management, as well as containing elements of a strategy for improving the health of community members.
Collapse
|
7
|
Guzmán Luna A, Bacon CM, Méndez VE, Flores Gómez ME, Anderzén J, Mier y Terán Giménez Cacho M, Hernández Jonapá R, Rivas M, Duarte Canales HA, Benavides González ÁN. Toward Food Sovereignty: Transformative Agroecology and Participatory Action Research With Coffee Smallholder Cooperatives in Mexico and Nicaragua. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.810840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges that coffee smallholder livelihoods face suggest the need to move beyond incremental changes in production. Transformative agroecology offers a potential approach to guide systemic change to achieve food sovereignty among coffee smallholders and cooperatives. This work aims to understand the extent to which diversification practices among coffee smallholders can contribute to a transformative agroecology, and to what extent, participatory action research (PAR) projects may support related transformative processes. The PAR projects described in this paper took place over 3 years with participants associated with two smallholder cooperatives in Mexico, and Nicaragua. After establishing long-term partnerships among cooperatives and universities, we used a PAR approach to guide a mixed methods study that included 338 household surveys, 96 interviews, 44 focus group discussions, and participant observation during farmer-to-farmers exchanges. We found that, although coffee-producing households in both study sites report several diversification activities, more than 50% still face some period of food scarcity each year. In our reflections with farmers and staff from the participating cooperatives, that are also included as co-authors in this study, we conclude that coffee smallholders and cooperatives in both locations are in the early stages of developing a transformative agroecology, as a path toward food sovereignty. Several leverage points to achieve this include land access, native seed conservation, cultural attachment to certain diversification practices, and traditional diets. Some of the more significant challenges to advancing a more transformative agroecology are the prioritization of coffee as a crop (i.e., coffee specialization), and dependency on coffee income. Our PAR project also aimed to contribute to achieving change in the prevailing system through 1) capacity building with community facilitators/promoters, 2) co-creation of questions and knowledge relevant to the strategic planning by coffee cooperatives, 3) sharing farmer-to-farmer pedagogies across territories, and 4) the co-production of popular education material. We conclude that diversification remains an important agroecological strategy for smallholder commodity producers, as a way of achieving food sovereignty. Most of all, we find that achieving diversification is not a linear process, as there are many trade-offs, feedback loops, obstacles and opportunities that should be considered through long-term and collective approaches.
Collapse
|
8
|
Marrero A, Anderson E, de la Vega C, Beltran V, Haneuse S, Golden C, Mattei J. An integrated assessment of environmental sustainability and nutrient availability of food consumption patterns in Latin America and the Caribbean. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1265-1277. [PMID: 35948281 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Latin America and the Caribbean, historical shifts away from traditional, plant-sourced food production and consumption patterns may undermine both nutritional status and environmental sustainability. Although agricultural intensification and increasingly animal-centric dietary preferences in the region are well-documented, their influence on environmental degradation remains unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to 1) characterize the environmental impacts of current food consumption patterns in South America, Central America, and the Caribbean and 2) identify food groups that minimize impact while maintaining adequate nutrient availability. DESIGN Apparent regional food consumption was derived using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization's Food Balance Sheets on per capita food availability and levels of imported vs. local food production. Region-specific life cycle assessment data on greenhouse gas emissions, land use, and freshwater consumption were leveraged to estimate total, food group-level, and nutrient-specific environmental impacts. RESULTS Annual overall emissions were highest in Caribbean food consumption patterns (2521.2 kg/capita), largely derived from meat (26.7%) and fruit (23.8%) production. Land use (1941.0 m2/capita) and water consumption (2060.8 m3/capita), in contrast, were highest for the South American pattern, due to high consumption of meat and dairy. Across the regions, meat constituted 7.5-12.7% of food consumption yet accounted for as much as 73.1% of greenhouse gas emissions, 56.6% of land use, and 54.2% of water consumption. In contrast, legumes and seeds, cereals, roots, and vegetables demonstrated overall low environmental impacts, particularly relative to their contributions to dietary protein, iron, and zinc availability. CONCLUSIONS Findings point to the capacity of plant-sourced food consumption to minimize environmental harm without necessarily jeopardizing nutrient availability in Latin America and the Caribbean. Local agriculture can contribute to food system sustainability by producing diversified plant-sourced foods, cornerstones of many traditional food customs, and mitigating the impacts of industrialized livestock operations and imported, animal-centric dietary habits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrania Marrero
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Emma Anderson
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Vanessa Beltran
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sebastien Haneuse
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher Golden
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josiemer Mattei
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blue Bird Jernigan V, Maudrie TL, Nikolaus CJ, Benally T, Johnson S, Teague T, Mayes M, Jacob T, Taniguchi T. Food Sovereignty Indicators for Indigenous Community Capacity Building and Health. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.704750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity, defined as a lack of stable access to sufficient and nutritious food, is a global public health priority due to its relationships with diminished mental and physical human health. Indigenous communities experience disproportionality high rates of food insecurity as a byproduct of settler-colonial activities, which included forced relocation to rural reservation lands and degradation of traditional subsistence patterns. Many Indigenous communities have worked to revitalize their local food systems by pursuing food sovereignty, regularly expressed as the right and responsibility of people to have access to healthy and culturally appropriate foods, while defining their own food systems. Food sovereignty is a promising approach for improving health. However, limited literature is available that identifies the diverse practices of food sovereignty or strategies communities can implement to strengthen their food sovereignty efforts. This article reviews the scientific literature and highlights key indicators that may support community capacity building for food sovereignty and health. The seven indicators are: (1) access to resources, (2) production, (3) trade, (4) food consumption, (5) policy, (6) community involvement, and (7) culture. A total of 25 sub-indicators are outlined to allow communities to understand how an indicator is operationalized as well as explore their own community's progress within each indicator. It is not expected that every indicator and their subcategories will apply fully to any given Indigenous community, and the application of these indicators must be adapted for each community's local context, however the indicators may provide support for building and assessing efforts to create more sustainable Indigenous food systems.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fischer J, Bergsten A, Dorresteijn I, Hanspach J, Hylander K, Jiren TS, Manlosa AO, Rodrigues P, Schultner J, Senbeta F, Shumi G. A social-ecological assessment of food security and biodiversity conservation in Ethiopia. ECOSYSTEMS AND PEOPLE (ABINGDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 17:400-410. [PMID: 34396139 PMCID: PMC8352376 DOI: 10.1080/26395916.2021.1952306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied food security and biodiversity conservation from a social-ecological perspective in southwestern Ethiopia. Specialist tree, bird, and mammal species required large, undisturbed forest, supporting the notion of 'land sparing' for conservation. However, our findings also suggest that forest areas should be embedded within a multifunctional landscape matrix (i.e. 'land sharing'), because farmland also supported many species and ecosystem services and was the basis of diversified livelihoods. Diversified livelihoods improved smallholder food security, while lack of access to capital assets and crop raiding by wild forest animals negatively influenced food security. Food and biodiversity governance lacked coordination and was strongly hierarchical, with relatively few stakeholders being highly powerful. Our study shows that issues of livelihoods, access to resources, governance and equity are central when resolving challenges around food security and biodiversity. A multi-facetted, social-ecological approach is better able to capture such complexity than the conventional, two-dimensional land sparing versus sharing framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Arvid Bergsten
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Ine Dorresteijn
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Hanspach
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tolera S. Jiren
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Aisa O. Manlosa
- Social Sciences Department, Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT), Bremen, Germany
| | - Patricia Rodrigues
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Schultner
- Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feyera Senbeta
- Center for Environment and Development Studies, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Shumi
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Daum T. Farm robots: ecological utopia or dystopia? Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:774-777. [PMID: 34272072 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Farm robots may lead to an ecological utopia where swarms of small robots help in overcoming the yield penalties and labor requirements associated with agroecological farming - or a dystopia with large robots cultivating monocultures. Societal discussions and policy action are needed to harness the potential of robots to serve people and the planet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Daum
- Hans-Ruthenberg-Institute of Agricultural Science in the Tropics, University of Hohenheim, Wollgrasweg 43, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany. @uni-hohenheim.de
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Heindorf C, Reyes-Agüero JA, van't Hooft A. Local Markets: Agrobiodiversity Reservoirs and Access Points for Farmers' Plant Propagation Materials. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.597822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Local markets are access points to local agrobiodiversity and to part of the informal seed systems on which most small-scale farmers worldwide depend. With the urgent need for more sustainable food systems, detailed studies of the food plant diversity in local markets contribute to a better understanding of the role of local markets in a functioning rural food system. In particular, the products that farmers trade and also use for plant propagation are of interest, i.e., seeds and other propagules such as cuttings, pseudostems, rhizomes, or tubers purposes, since they represent our genetic capital for food production. This study aims to show the role of local markets as access points for plant propagation materials and their contribution to regional in situ conservation of local food plant resources. We analyzed the inter- and intra-specific food plant diversity of the products from local merchants in 10 markets in the agrobiodiversity rich region of the Huasteca Potosina, Mexico. We recorded 275 different food plants consisting of 99 plant species, which have a high intraspecific richness of 210 variants. The list includes 58 species that are useful for propagation. The average number of variants suitable for propagation at each market is 58.4. The results show that the different richness parameters vary within and between the inventoried markets. They correlate partially to different factors like market size and origin. We conclude that local markets in the Huasteca Potosina are important components of the rural food system by providing access to a great variety of local food plants, as well as to seeds and other propagation materials for farming. However, diversity may be threatened, because of the high average proportion of unique and rare food plants (63.5%) in the markets. Also, almost half (45.1%) of the total richness is present in <1% of the inventoried stands. Political actions are needed to maintain and promote the use and conservation of this diversity in the future.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
Abstract Family farming plays a vital role in the global food supply. The mobility restriction measures adopted internationally to contain Covid-19 are necessary to control the pandemic progress. However, they can impair food production and distribution. This paper aims to discuss the effects of the Covid-19 containment measures on the production and distribution of family farming food, and strategies to strengthen this sector. Sanitary and social distancing requirements, the interruption of supply to institutional markets, the closure of local farmers’ markets, or people’s declining food demand are hampering family farming food production’s flow and shrinking family farmers’ income. This situation can jeopardize the food sovereignty and nutritional security of the population in the medium and long term. Access to Personal Protective Equipment, the reorganization of local farmers’ markets, investment in new technologies for direct commercialization, guarantee of minimum income, and the strengthening/expansion of institutional food purchases are some of the strategies that can contribute to overcome the new challenges imposed on family farming as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. We conclude the article by arguing that the support to and enhancement of the family farming sector are strategic to ensure food supply and to strengthen food and nutrition sovereignty and security.
Collapse
|
14
|
Pringle S, Chiweshe N, Steward PR, Mundy PJ, Dallimer M. Rapid redistribution of agricultural land alters avian richness, abundance, and functional diversity. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:12259-12271. [PMID: 31832158 PMCID: PMC6854327 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of natural, or seminatural, habitats to agricultural land and changes in agricultural land use are significant drivers of biodiversity loss. Within the context of land-sharing versus land-sparing debates, large-scale commercial agriculture is known to be detrimental to biodiversity, but the effects of small-scale subsistence farming on biodiversity are disputed. This poses a problem for sustainable land-use management in the Global South, where approximately 30% of farmland is small-scale. Following a rapid land redistribution program in Zimbabwe, we evaluated changes in avian biodiversity by examining richness, abundance, and functional diversity. Rapid land redistribution has, in the near term, resulted in increased avian abundance in newly farmed areas containing miombo woodland and open habitat. Conversion of seminatural ranched land to small-scale farms had a negative impact on larger-bodied birds, but species richness increased, and birds in some feeding guilds maintained or increased abundance. We found evidence that land-use change caused a shift in the functional traits of the communities present. However, functional analyses may not have adequately reflected the trait filtering effect of land redistribution on large species. Whether newly farmed landscapes in Zimbabwe can deliver multiple benefits in terms of food production and habitat for biodiversity in the longer term is an open question. When managing agricultural land transitions, relying on taxonomic measures of diversity, or abundance-weighted measures of function diversity, may obscure important information. If the value of smallholder-farmed land for birds is to be maintained or improved, it will be essential to ensure that a wide array of habitat types is retained alongside efforts to reduce hunting and persecution of large bird species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Pringle
- Durrell Institute of Conservation and EcologyUniversity of KentCanterburyUK
| | - Ngoni Chiweshe
- Forest Resources and Wildlife ManagementNational University of Science and TechnologyBulawayoZimbabwe
| | - Peter R. Steward
- Sustainability Research InstituteSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Peter J. Mundy
- Forest Resources and Wildlife ManagementNational University of Science and TechnologyBulawayoZimbabwe
| | - Martin Dallimer
- Sustainability Research InstituteSchool of Earth and EnvironmentUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Schwerz F, Medeiros SLP, Elli EF, Eloy E, Sgarbossa J, Caron BO. Plant growth, radiation use efficiency and yield of sugarcane cultivated in agroforestry systems: An alternative for threatened ecosystems. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3265-3283. [PMID: 30517214 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820160806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L.) monocropping has had a great socio-economic and environmental impact in Brazil, and agroforestry systems have been considered as an alternative for more sustainable production; however, there is a lack of field research under such conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth rates, radiation use efficiency and yield traits in sugarcane cultivated in the understory of Aleurites fordii, in two agroforestry arrangements and monocropping systems. A field experiment was conducted from July 2015 to June 2016 in the city of Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The radiation use efficiency, assimilate partitioning, leaf area index, absolute growth rate, net assimilation rate, number of tillers, plant height, % of intercepted solar radiation, extinction coefficient, and yield in each system was evaluated. In agroforestry systems, the dynamic interactions between multiple plant species change with the time and can result in unique microclimates. The use of agroforestry systems in 12 x 12m arrangements should be prioritized because it enables greater yields and radiation availability in the understory. This study sought to provide new sustainable alternatives for farmers in order to increase the diversification of the rural property and maintain the preservation of existing agroecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Schwerz
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Avenida Páduas Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro L P Medeiros
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima, 1000, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Elvis F Elli
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz/ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo/USP, Avenida Páduas Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Elder Eloy
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 97105-900 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Sgarbossa
- Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 97105-900 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| | - Braulio O Caron
- Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus de Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 97105-900 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Combined effect of matrix quality and spatial heterogeneity on biodiversity decline. ECOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecocom.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
17
|
Caron BO, Sgarbossa J, Schwerz F, Elli EF, Eloy E, Behling A. Dynamics of solar radiation and soybean yield in agroforestry systems. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:3799-3812. [PMID: 30379268 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820180282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max L.) monocropping have had a great socio-economic and environmental impact on the world and agroforestry systems has been considered an alternative for more sustainable production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different arrangements of agroforestry systems of the species E. urophylla x E. grandis and P. dubium and the pruning of the trees on the dynamics of solar radiation and soybean yield. A field experiment was conducted in Southern Brazil. In order to achieve the objective of the study, the solar radiation transmissivity and the productive performance of the soybean were evaluated. In this study, the soybean yield was determined by the arrangement of the agroforestry system and forest species utilized. The soybean crop cultivated in the understory of the P. dubium trees showed the highest yield response. The use of silvicultural practices for the management of forest species should be considered to generate the balance of the productive system. In this context, tree pruning is a viable side for agroforestry systems, as it promotes an increase in the incidence of solar radiation in the understory, resulting in an increase in soybean yield, especially when integrated with P. dubium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Braulio O Caron
- Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 98400-000 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Sgarbossa
- Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 98400-000 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Schwerz
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis F Elli
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Elder Eloy
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Linha Sete de Setembro, s/n, BR 386, Km 40, 98400-000 Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Behling
- Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Avenida Prefeito Lothário Meissner, 900, Jardim Botânico, 80060-000 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
More than Yield: Ecosystem Services of Traditional versus Modern Crop Varieties Revisited. SUSTAINABILITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/su10082834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural intensification with modern plant breeding focuses on few high-yielding crops and varieties. The loss of traditional crop species and variety diversity contributes to the current decline of provisioning, regulating, and cultural ecosystem services, as reported in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Access to local and adapted varieties is pivotal for resilient agroecosystems, in particular under current global change. We reviewed the scientific literature to understand the role of different crop varieties for ecosystem services, comparing the performance and perception of traditional landraces versus modern varieties and ask the following questions: 1. Do landraces and modern varieties differ in terms of provisioning and regulating ecosystem services? 2. When and why do farmers prefer cultural ecosystem services of landraces over high-yielding varieties? Based on 41 publications, our results document that modern varieties are preferred over landraces because of their typically higher provisioning services such as crop yield. However, landraces often guarantee higher provisioning services under non-optimal farming conditions. Landraces can show high resilience under harsh environmental conditions and are a trusted source achieving stable crop yield (e.g., under droughts stress). Regulating services such as resistance against pests and diseases appear to often become lost during breeding for high-yielding, modern varieties. Furthermore, small-scale farmers typically prefer local landraces due to regional cultural features such as family traditions and cooking characteristics for special dishes. In conclusion, both landraces and modern varieties have merit depending on the farmers’ priorities and the social-ecological context. In any case, maintaining and restoring the huge diversity of landrace varieties is necessary for sustaining current and future needs.
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Dekeyser K, Korsten L, Fioramonti L. Food sovereignty: shifting debates on democratic food governance. Food Secur 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-017-0763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Rebollar EA, Sandoval-Castellanos E, Roessler K, Gaut BS, Alcaraz LD, Benítez M, Escalante AE. Seasonal Changes in a Maize-Based Polyculture of Central Mexico Reshape the Co-occurrence Networks of Soil Bacterial Communities. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2478. [PMID: 29326663 PMCID: PMC5741676 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The milpa is a traditional maize-based polyculture in Mexico that is typically practiced as rainfed agriculture. Because milpa cultivation has been practiced over a vast range of environmental and cultural conditions, this agroecosystem is recognized as an important repository of biological and cultural diversity. As for any agroecosystem, the relationship between plant development and the biogeochemical processes of the soil is critical. Although the milpa has been studied from different perspectives, the diversity and structure of microbial communities within milpa soils remain largely unexplored. In this study, we surveyed a milpa system in Central Mexico across cropping season: before planting (dry season; t1), during the early growth of plants (onset of the rainy season; t2), and before harvest (end of the rainy season; t3). In order to examine changes in community structure through time, we characterized bacterial diversity through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and recorded the nutrient status of multiple (5–10) soil samples from our milpa plots. We estimated microbial diversity from a total of 90 samples and constructed co-occurrence networks. Although we did not find significant changes in diversity or composition of bacterial communities across time, we identified significant rearrangements in their co-occurrence network structure. We found particularly drastic changes between the first and second time points. Co-occurrence analyses showed that the bacterial community changed from a less structured network at (t1) into modules with a non-random composition of taxonomic groups at (t2). We conclude that changes in bacterial communities undetected by standard diversity analyses can become evident when performing co-occurrence network analyses. We also postulate possible functional associations among keystone groups suggested by biogeochemical processes. This study represents the first contribution on soil microbial diversity of a maize-based polyculture and shows its dynamic nature in short-term scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eria A Rebollar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Kyria Roessler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Brandon S Gaut
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Luis D Alcaraz
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Benítez
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana E Escalante
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Investigación ecológica participativa como apoyo de procesos de manejo y restauración forestal, agroforestal y silvopastoril en territorios campesinos. Experiencias recientes y retos en la sierra Madre de Chiapas, México. REV MEX BIODIVERS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmb.2016.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Arroyo-Quiroz I, García-Barrios R, Argueta-Villamar A, Smith RJ, Salcido RPG. Local Perspectives on Conflicts with Wildlife and Their Management in the Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. J ETHNOBIOL 2017. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-37.4.719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
24
|
Lade SJ, Haider LJ, Engström G, Schlüter M. Resilience offers escape from trapped thinking on poverty alleviation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1603043. [PMID: 28508077 PMCID: PMC5415336 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The poverty trap concept strongly influences current research and policy on poverty alleviation. Financial or technological inputs intended to "push" the rural poor out of a poverty trap have had many successes but have also failed unexpectedly with serious ecological and social consequences that can reinforce poverty. Resilience thinking can help to (i) understand how these failures emerge from the complex relationships between humans and the ecosystems on which they depend and (ii) navigate diverse poverty alleviation strategies, such as transformative change, that may instead be required. First, we review commonly observed or assumed social-ecological relationships in rural development contexts, focusing on economic, biophysical, and cultural aspects of poverty. Second, we develop a classification of poverty alleviation strategies using insights from resilience research on social-ecological change. Last, we use these advances to develop stylized, multidimensional poverty trap models. The models show that (i) interventions that ignore nature and culture can reinforce poverty (particularly in agrobiodiverse landscapes), (ii) transformative change can instead open new pathways for poverty alleviation, and (iii) asset inputs may be effective in other contexts (for example, where resource degradation and poverty are tightly interlinked). Our model-based approach and insights offer a systematic way to review the consequences of the causal mechanisms that characterize poverty traps in different agricultural contexts and identify appropriate strategies for rural development challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Lade
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Corresponding author. (S.J.L.); (L.J.H.)
| | - L. Jamila Haider
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. (S.J.L.); (L.J.H.)
| | - Gustav Engström
- The Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics and Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Schlüter
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Halpert MT, Chappell MJ. Prima facie reasons to question enclosed intellectual property regimes and favor open-source regimes for germplasm. F1000Res 2017; 6:284. [PMID: 28529703 PMCID: PMC5414820 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10497.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In principle, intellectual property protections (IPPs) promote and protect important but costly investment in research and development. However, the empirical reality of IPPs has often gone without critical evaluation, and the potential of alternative approaches to lend equal or greater support for useful innovation is rarely considered. In this paper, we review the mounting evidence that the global intellectual property regime (IPR) for germplasm has been neither necessary nor sufficient to generate socially beneficial improvements in crop plants and maintain agrobiodiversity. Instead, based on our analysis, the dominant global IPR appears to have contributed to consolidation in the seed industry while failing to genuinely engage with the potential of alternatives to support social goods such as food security, adaptability, and resilience. The dominant IPR also constrains collaborative and cumulative plant breeding processes that are built upon the work of countless farmers past and present. Given the likely limits of current IPR, we propose that social goods in agriculture may be better supported by alternative approaches, warranting a rapid move away from the dominant single-dimensional focus on encouraging innovation through ensuring monopoly profits to IPP holders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine-Thérèse Halpert
- Falk School of Sustainability, Chatham University, Gibsonia, PA, 15232, USA
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, 55404, USA
| | - M. Jahi Chappell
- Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy, Minneapolis, MN, 55404, USA
- Centre for Agroecology, Water, and Resilience, Coventry University, Ryton-on-Dunsmore, Coventry, CV8 3LG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fischer J, Abson DJ, Bergsten A, French Collier N, Dorresteijn I, Hanspach J, Hylander K, Schultner J, Senbeta F. Reframing the Food-Biodiversity Challenge. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:335-345. [PMID: 28284373 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Given the serious limitations of production-oriented frameworks, we offer here a new conceptual framework for how to analyze the nexus of food security and biodiversity conservation. We introduce four archetypes of social-ecological system states corresponding to win-win (e.g., agroecology), win-lose (e.g., intensive agriculture), lose-win (e.g., fortress conservation), and lose-lose (e.g., degraded landscapes) outcomes for food security and biodiversity conservation. Each archetype is shaped by characteristic external drivers, exhibits characteristic internal social-ecological features, and has characteristic feedbacks that maintain it. This framework shifts the emphasis from focusing on production only to considering social-ecological dynamics, and enables comparison among landscapes. Moreover, examining drivers and feedbacks facilitates the analysis of possible transitions between system states (e.g., from a lose-lose outcome to a more preferred outcome).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joern Fischer
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany.
| | - David J Abson
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Arvid Bergsten
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Neil French Collier
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Ine Dorresteijn
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Jan Hanspach
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Hylander
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannik Schultner
- Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lueneburg, Lueneburg, Germany
| | - Feyera Senbeta
- Center for Environment and Development Studies, College of Development Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Moreno-Calles AI, Casas A, Rivero-Romero AD, Romero-Bautista YA, Rangel-Landa S, Fisher-Ortíz RA, Alvarado-Ramos F, Vallejo-Ramos M, Santos-Fita D. Ethnoagroforestry: integration of biocultural diversity for food sovereignty in Mexico. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2016; 12:54. [PMID: 27881142 PMCID: PMC5120568 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-016-0127-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Documenting the spectrum of ecosystem management, the roles of forestry and agricultural biodiversity, TEK, and human culture for food sovereignty, are all priority challenges for contemporary science and society. Ethnoagroforestry is a research approach that provides a theoretical framework integrating socio-ecological disciplines and TEK. We analyze in this study general types of Agroforestry Systems of México, in which peasants, small agriculturalist, and indigenous people are the main drivers of AFS and planning of landscape diversity use. We analyzed the actual and potential contribution of ethnoagroforestry for maintaining diversity of wild and domesticated plants and animals, ecosystems, and landscapes, hypothesizing that ethnoagroforestry management forms may be the basis for food sufficiency and sovereignty in Mexican communities, regions and the whole nation. METHODS We conducted research and systematization of information on Mexican AFS, traditional agriculture, and topics related to food sovereignty from August 2011 to May 2015. We constructed the database Ethnoagroforestry based on information from our own studies, other databases, Mexican and international specialized journals in agroforestry and ethnoecology, catalogues and libraries of universities and research centers, online information, and unpublished theses. We analyzed through descriptive statistical approaches information on agroforestry systems of México including 148 reports on use of plants and 44 reports on use of animals. RESULTS Maize, beans, squashes and chili peppers are staple Mesoamerican food and principal crops in ethnoagroforestry systems practiced by 21 cultural groups throughout Mexico (19 indigenous people) We recorded on average 121 ± 108 (SD) wild and domesticated plant species, 55 ± 27% (SD) of them being native species; 44 ± 23% of the plant species recorded provide food, some of them having also medicinal, firewood and fodder uses. A total of 684 animal species has been recorded (17 domestic and 667 wild species), mainly used as food (34%). CONCLUSIONS Ethnoagroforestry an emergent research approach aspiring to establish bases for integrate forestry and agricultural diversity, soil, water, and cultural richness. Its main premise is that ethnoagroforestry may provide the bases for food sovereignty and sustainable ecosystem management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Moreno-Calles
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia (ENES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Alejandro Casas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Alexis Daniela Rivero-Romero
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia (ENES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Yessica Angélica Romero-Bautista
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia (ENES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Selene Rangel-Landa
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Roberto Alexander Fisher-Ortíz
- Centro Universitario de la Costa Sur (CUC Sur), Universidad de Guadalajara. Avenida Independencia Nacional No. 151, Colonia Centro, Autlán de Navarro, 48900 Jalisco México
| | - Fernando Alvarado-Ramos
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia (ENES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Mariana Vallejo-Ramos
- Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CIGA). UNAM, Campus Morelia, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Col. Ex-Hacienda de San José de la Huerta, Morelia, 58190 Michoacán México
| | - Dídac Santos-Fita
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas Aplicadas (CICBA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México. Instituto literario No 100, Colonia Centro, Toluca, 50000 Estado de México México
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Garibaldi LA, Gemmill-Herren B, D'Annolfo R, Graeub BE, Cunningham SA, Breeze TD. Farming Approaches for Greater Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Food Security. Trends Ecol Evol 2016; 32:68-80. [PMID: 27793463 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Scientists and policy-makers globally are calling for alternative approaches to conventional intensification of agriculture that enhance ecosystem services provided by biodiversity. The evidence reviewed here suggests that alternative approaches can achieve high crop yields and profits, but the performance of other socioeconomic indicators (as well as long-term trends) is surprisingly poorly documented. Consequently, the implementation of conventional intensification and the discussion of alternative approaches are not based on quantitative evidence of their simultaneous ecological and socioeconomic impacts across the globe. To close this knowledge gap, we propose a participatory assessment framework. Given the impacts of conventional intensification on biodiversity loss and greenhouse gas emissions, such evidence is urgently needed to direct science-policy initiatives, such as the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Garibaldi
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Recursos Naturales, Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural (IRNAD), Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mitre 630, PC 8400, San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina.
| | | | | | - Benjamin E Graeub
- Biovision Foundation for Ecological Development, Heinrichstr. 147, PC 8005, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Saul A Cunningham
- Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University, PC 2601, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Tom D Breeze
- Centre for Agri Environmental Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Large-Scale Agricultural Management and Soil Meso- and Macrofauna Conservation in the Argentine Pampas. SUSTAINABILITY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/su8070653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
30
|
Moscoe LJ, Emshwiller E. Farmer Perspectives on OCA (Oxalis tuberosa; Oxalidaceae) Diversity Conservation: Values and Threats. J ETHNOBIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.2993/0278-0771-36.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
31
|
Sabaté J, Harwatt H, Soret S. Environmental Nutrition: A New Frontier for Public Health. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:815-21. [PMID: 26985617 PMCID: PMC4985113 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Food systems must operate within environmental constraints to avoid disastrous consequences for the biosphere. Such constraints must also take into account nutritional quality and health outcomes. Given the intrinsic relationships between the environmental sciences and nutritional sciences, it is imperative that public health embraces environmental nutrition as the new frontier of research and practice and begins a concerted focus on the new discipline of environmental nutrition, which seeks to comprehensively address the sustainability of food systems. We provide an overview to justify our proposition, outline a research and practice agenda for environmental nutrition, and explore how the complex relationships within food systems that affect public health could be better understood through the environmental nutrition model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sabaté
- Joan Sabaté, Helen Harwatt, and Samuel Soret are with the School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Helen Harwatt
- Joan Sabaté, Helen Harwatt, and Samuel Soret are with the School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| | - Samuel Soret
- Joan Sabaté, Helen Harwatt, and Samuel Soret are with the School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schwartz NB, Corzo M. AR. Swidden Counts: A Petén, Guatemala, Milpa System. JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.3998/jar.0521004.0071.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
33
|
McKee M, Haines A, Ebrahim S, Lamptey P, Barreto ML, Matheson D, Walls HL, Foliaki S, Miranda JJ, Chimeddamba O, Garcia-Marcos L, Vineis P, Pearce N. Towards a comprehensive global approach to prevention and control of NCDs. Global Health 2014; 10:74. [PMID: 25348262 PMCID: PMC4215019 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-014-0074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The "25×25" strategy to tackle the global challenge of non-communicable diseases takes a traditional approach, concentrating on a few diseases and their immediate risk factors. DISCUSSION We propose elements of a comprehensive strategy to address NCDs that takes account of the evolving social, economic, environmental and health care contexts, while developing mechanisms to respond effectively to local patterns of disease. Principles that underpin the comprehensive strategy include: (a) a balance between measures that address health at the individual and population level; (b) the need to identify evidence-based feasible and effective approaches tailored to low and middle income countries rather than exporting questionable strategies developed in high income countries; (c) developing primary health care as a universal framework to support prevention and treatment; (d) ensuring the ability to respond in real time to the complex adaptive behaviours of the global food, tobacco, alcohol and transport industries; (e) integrating evidence-based, cost-effective, and affordable approaches within the post-2015 sustainable development agenda; (f) determination of a set of priorities based on the NCD burden within each country, taking account of what it can afford, including the level of available development assistance; and (g) change from a universal "one-size fits all" approach of relatively simple prevention oriented approaches to more comprehensive multi-sectoral and development-oriented approaches which address both health systems and the determinants of NCD risk factors. SUMMARY The 25×25 is approach is absolutely necessary but insufficient to tackle the the NCD disease burden of mortality and morbidity. A more comprehensive approach is recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin McKee
- />European Centre on Health of Societies in Transition (ECOHOST), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1H 9SH UK
| | - Andy Haines
- />Departments of Social and Environmental Health Research and of Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter Lamptey
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mauricio L Barreto
- />Instituto de Saude Coletiva, Federal University of Bahia, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Don Matheson
- />Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Helen L Walls
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK
- />National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Sunia Foliaki
- />Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Jaime Miranda
- />CRONICAS Centre of Excellence in Chronic Diseases, and School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Oyun Chimeddamba
- />Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (SPHPM), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luis Garcia-Marcos
- />Respiratory and Allergy Units, Arrixaca University Children’s Hospital, University of Murcia and IMIB-Arrixaca Research Institute, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paolo Vineis
- />MRC-PHE Center for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Neil Pearce
- />Centre for Global NCDs, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- />Leverhulme Centre for Integrative Research on Agriculture and Health, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|