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Integrated ocean management for a sustainable ocean economy. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:1451-1458. [DOI: 10.1038/s41559-020-1259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kockel A, Ban NC, Costa M, Dearden P. Addressing distribution equity in spatial conservation prioritization for small-scale fisheries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233339. [PMID: 32428006 PMCID: PMC7237002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial conservation prioritization is used worldwide for designing marine protected areas (MPA) that achieve set conservation objectives with minimal impacts to marine users. People involved in small-scale fisheries (SSF) may incur negative and disproportionate impacts from implementing MPAs, yet limited available data often restricts their representation in MPA planning. Using a Philippines case study, we focus here on the systematic design of a MPA network that aims to minimize and distribute costs equitably for SSF whilst achieving representation targets for biodiversity conservation. The objectives of the study are to: (1) document a participatory mapping approach for collecting SSF data for prioritization using the local knowledge of fishers; and (2) examine how the completeness and resolution of SSF data may affect prioritization outputs in terms of biodiversity representation, spatial efficiency, and distribution equity. In the data-poor region, we conducted participatory mapping workshops with fishers in 79 communities to collect data on the spatial distribution patterns of different SSF fisheries and communities, and employed remote sensing techniques to define coastal habitats, which were targeted for inclusion in MPAs. The datasets were integrated within the decision-support tool Marxan with Zones to develop three scenarios. The SSF data incorporated in each scenario varied based on their completeness (considered all fishing methods or only dominant methods) and resolution (fishing methods itemized by community or municipality). All scenarios derived MPA plans that met representation targets with similar area coverage. The outputs, however, varied in terms of distribution equity, measured by the distribution of opportunity costs (loss of fishing grounds) across different fisheries and communities. Scenarios that did not include minority fisheries or variations between communities, led to inequitable costs. These results highlight the need to incorporate detailed data on SSF at appropriate resolutions, and how this can be achieved through participatory approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Kockel
- Geography Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maycira Costa
- Geography Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Philip Dearden
- Geography Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Adams VM, Mills M, Weeks R, Segan DB, Pressey RL, Gurney GG, Groves C, Davis FW, Álvarez-Romero JG. Implementation strategies for systematic conservation planning. AMBIO 2019; 48:139-152. [PMID: 29949079 PMCID: PMC6346603 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-018-1067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The field of systematic conservation planning has grown substantially, with hundreds of publications in the peer-reviewed literature and numerous applications to regional conservation planning globally. However, the extent to which systematic conservation plans have influenced management is unclear. This paper analyses factors that facilitate the transition from assessment to implementation in conservation planning, in order to help integrate assessment and implementation into a seamless process. We propose a framework for designing implementation strategies, taking into account three critical planning aspects: processes, inputs, and context. Our review identified sixteen processes, which we broadly grouped into four themes and eight inputs. We illustrate how the framework can be used to inform context-dependent implementation strategies, using the process of 'engagement' as an example. The example application includes both lessons learned from successfully implemented plans across the engagement spectrum, and highlights key barriers that can hinder attempts to bridge the assessment-implementation gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Adams
- Geography and Spatial Sciences, School of Technology, Environments and Design, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia.
| | - Morena Mills
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Berkshire, England, UK
| | - Rebecca Weeks
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Daniel B Segan
- Global Conservation Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, 10460, USA
- Tahoe Regional Planning Agency, 128 Market Street, Stateline, NV, USA
| | - Robert L Pressey
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Georgina G Gurney
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Craig Groves
- Science for Nature and People Partnership, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Frank W Davis
- Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Jorge G Álvarez-Romero
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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Egli L, Meyer C, Scherber C, Kreft H, Tscharntke T. Winners and losers of national and global efforts to reconcile agricultural intensification and biodiversity conservation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:2212-2228. [PMID: 29389056 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Closing yield gaps within existing croplands, and thereby avoiding further habitat conversions, is a prominently and controversially discussed strategy to meet the rising demand for agricultural products, while minimizing biodiversity impacts. The agricultural intensification associated with such a strategy poses additional threats to biodiversity within agricultural landscapes. The uneven spatial distribution of both yield gaps and biodiversity provides opportunities for reconciling agricultural intensification and biodiversity conservation through spatially optimized intensification. Here, we integrate distribution and habitat information for almost 20,000 vertebrate species with land-cover and land-use datasets. We estimate that projected agricultural intensification between 2000 and 2040 would reduce the global biodiversity value of agricultural lands by 11%, relative to 2000. Contrasting these projections with spatial land-use optimization scenarios reveals that 88% of projected biodiversity loss could be avoided through globally coordinated land-use planning, implying huge efficiency gains through international cooperation. However, global-scale optimization also implies a highly uneven distribution of costs and benefits, resulting in distinct "winners and losers" in terms of national economic development, food security, food sovereignty or conservation. Given conflicting national interests and lacking effective governance mechanisms to guarantee equitable compensation of losers, multinational land-use optimization seems politically unlikely. In turn, 61% of projected biodiversity loss could be avoided through nationally focused optimization, and 33% through optimization within just 10 countries. Targeted efforts to improve the capacity for integrated land-use planning for sustainable intensification especially in these countries, including the strengthening of institutions that can arbitrate subnational land-use conflicts, may offer an effective, yet politically feasible, avenue to better reconcile future trade-offs between agriculture and conservation. The efficiency gains of optimization remained robust when assuming that yields could only be increased to 80% of their potential. Our results highlight the need to better integrate real-world governance, political and economic challenges into sustainable development and global change mitigation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Egli
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Workgroup on Endangered Species, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Meyer
- Macroecology & Society, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Scherber
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Holger Kreft
- Biodiversity, Macroecology and Biogeography, Faculty of Forest Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Teja Tscharntke
- Agroecology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
- Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use (CBL), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Cheok J, Pressey RL, Weeks R, VanDerWal J, Storlie C. The plans they are a‐changin’: More frequent iterative adjustment of regional priorities in the transition to local actions can benefit implementation. DIVERS DISTRIB 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cheok
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Robert L. Pressey
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Rebecca Weeks
- Australia Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Jeremy VanDerWal
- Centre for Tropical Biodiversity & Climate Change James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
- eResearch Centre James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
| | - Collin Storlie
- eResearch Centre James Cook University Townsville Qld Australia
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Weeks R. Incorporating seascape connectivity in conservation prioritisation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182396. [PMID: 28753647 PMCID: PMC5533427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In conservation prioritisation, it is often implicit that representation targets for individual habitat types act as surrogates for the species that inhabit them. Yet for many commercially and ecologically important coral reef fish species, connectivity among different habitats in a seascape may be more important than any single habitat alone. Approaches to conservation prioritisation that consider seascape connectivity are thus warranted. I demonstrate an approach that can be implemented within a relatively data-poor context, using widely available conservation planning software. Based on clearly stated assumptions regarding species’ habitat usage and movement ability, this approach can be adapted to different focal species and contexts, or refined as further data become available. I first derive a seascape connectivity metric based on area-weighted proximity between juvenile and adult habitat patches, and then apply this during spatial prioritisation using the decision-support software Marxan. Using a case study from Micronesia, I present two applications: first, to inform prioritisation for a network of marine protected areas to achieve regional objectives for habitat representation; and second, to identify nursery habitat patches that are most likely to supply juveniles to adult populations on reefs within existing protected areas. Incorporating seascape connectivity in conservation prioritisation highlights areas where small marine protected areas placed on coral reefs might benefit from proximity to other habitats in the seascape, and thus be more effective. Within the context of community tenure over resources, identification of critical nursery habitats to improve the effectiveness of existing marine protected areas indicates where collaboration across community boundaries might be required. Outputs from these analyses are likely to be most useful in regions where management is highly decentralised, imposing spatial constraints on the size of individual protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Weeks
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Thiault L, Collin A, Chlous F, Gelcich S, Claudet J. Combining participatory and socioeconomic approaches to map fishing effort in small-scale fisheries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176862. [PMID: 28486509 PMCID: PMC5423602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mapping the spatial allocation of fishing effort while including key stakeholders in the decision making process is essential for effective fisheries management but is difficult to implement in complex small-scale fisheries that are diffuse, informal and multifaceted. Here we present a standardized but flexible approach that combines participatory mapping approaches (fishers’ spatial preference for fishing grounds, or fishing suitability) with socioeconomic approaches (spatial extrapolation of social surrogates, or fishing capacity) to generate a comprehensive map of predicted fishing effort. Using a real world case study, in Moorea, French Polynesia, we showed that high predicted fishing effort is not simply located in front of, or close to, main fishing villages with high dependence on marine resources; it also occurs where resource dependency is moderate and generally in near-shore areas and reef passages. The integrated approach we developed can contribute to addressing the recurrent lack of fishing effort spatial data through key stakeholders' (i.e., resource users) participation. It can be tailored to a wide range of social, ecological and data availability contexts, and should help improve place-based management of natural resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauric Thiault
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, PSL Research University, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, France
- Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, PALOC, UMR 208 MNHN-IRD, Paris, France
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
| | - Antoine Collin
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, France
- PSL University—EPHE, CNRS Prodig, Dinard, France
| | - Frédérique Chlous
- Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, PALOC, UMR 208 MNHN-IRD, Paris, France
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Joachim Claudet
- National Center for Scientific Research, PSL Research University, CRIOBE, USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, PSL Research University, Perpignan, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, France
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Berdej SM, Armitage DR. Bridging Organizations Drive Effective Governance Outcomes for Conservation of Indonesia's Marine Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147142. [PMID: 26794003 PMCID: PMC4721869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study empirically investigates the influence of bridging organizations on governance outcomes for marine conservation in Indonesia. Conservation challenges require ways of governing that are collaborative and adaptive across boundaries, and where conservation actions are better coordinated, information flows improved, and knowledge better integrated and mobilized. We combine quantitative social network analysis and qualitative data to analyze bridging organizations and their networks, and to understand their contributions and constraints in two case studies in Bali, Indonesia. The analysis shows 1) bridging organizations help to navigate the ‘messiness’ inherent in conservation settings by compensating for sparse linkages, 2) the particular structure and function of bridging organizations influence governing processes (i.e., collaboration, knowledge sharing) and subsequent conservation outcomes, 3) ‘bridging’ is accomplished using different strategies and platforms for collaboration and social learning, and 4) bridging organizations enhance flexibility to adjust to changing marine conservation contexts and needs. Understanding the organizations that occupy bridging positions, and how they utilize their positionality in a governance network is emerging as an important determinant of successful conservation outcomes. Our findings contribute to a relatively new body of literature on bridging organizations in marine conservation contexts, and add needed empirical investigation into their value to governance and conservation in Coral Triangle nations and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Berdej
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, Environmental Change and Governance Group, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Derek R. Armitage
- School of Environment, Resources and Sustainability, Environmental Change and Governance Group, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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