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Sloboda N, Lambert L, Ciorna V, Bruel AL, Tran Mau-Them F, Gomola V, Lemelle JL, Klein O, Camoin-Schweitzer MC, Magnavacca M, Legagneur C, Ezsto ML, Bonnet C, Philippe C, Leheup B. Atypical phenotype of a patient with Bardet-Biedl syndrome type 4. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1869. [PMID: 35318824 PMCID: PMC9034675 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by rod–cone dystrophy, truncal obesity, postaxial polydactyly, cognitive impairment, male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, complex female genitourinary malformations, and renal abnormalities. There is a large clinical and also genetic heterogeneity in BBS. Here, we report a patient with polydactyly, hyperechogenic kidneys increased in size with normal corticomedullary differentiation, anal imperforation, and malformation of genitals with presence of a genital tubercle with ventral urethral meatus associated with two unfused lateral genital swelling and absent urethral folds, in the context of 46, XY karyotype. Methods Karyotype and solo exome sequencing were performed to look for a genetic etiology for the features described in our patient. Results We identified a homozygous in‐frame deletion of exons 4 to 6 in the BBS4 gene (NM‐033028 (BBS4‐i001): c.[(157‐?)_(405 +?)del] p.(Ala53‐Trp135del), which is classified as pathogenic variant. This analysis allowed the molecular diagnosis of BBS type 4 in this patient. Conclusion Complex genital malformations are only reported in female BBS6 patients yet, and genital abnormalities and anal imperforation are not reported in male BBS4 patients to date. We discuss the possible hypotheses for this phenotype, including the phenotypic overlap between ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ange-Line Bruel
- Laboratoire de génétique, Innovation en diagnostic génomique des maladies rares UF6254, Plate-forme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau-Them
- Laboratoire de génétique, Innovation en diagnostic génomique des maladies rares UF6254, Plate-forme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Vladimir Gomola
- Service de Chirurgie Viscérale Infantile, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Olivier Klein
- Service de Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | - Marie Magnavacca
- Service de néphrologie pédiatrique, dialyse, transplantation rénale, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Carole Legagneur
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique et Diabétologie, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | | | | | - Christophe Philippe
- Laboratoire de génétique, Innovation en diagnostic génomique des maladies rares UF6254, Plate-forme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France.,INSERM U1231, LNC UMR1231 GAD, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
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Stokman MF, Saunier S, Benmerah A. Renal Ciliopathies: Sorting Out Therapeutic Approaches for Nephronophthisis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653138. [PMID: 34055783 PMCID: PMC8155538 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an autosomal recessive ciliopathy and a major cause of end-stage renal disease in children. The main forms, juvenile and adult NPH, are characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis whereas the infantile form is more severe and characterized by cysts. NPH is caused by mutations in over 20 different genes, most of which encode components of the primary cilium, an organelle in which important cellular signaling pathways converge. Ciliary signal transduction plays a critical role in kidney development and tissue homeostasis, and disruption of ciliary signaling has been associated with cyst formation, epithelial cell dedifferentiation and kidney function decline. Drugs have been identified that target specific signaling pathways (for example cAMP/PKA, Hedgehog, and mTOR pathways) and rescue NPH phenotypes in in vitro and/or in vivo models. Despite identification of numerous candidate drugs in rodent models, there has been a lack of clinical trials and there is currently no therapy that halts disease progression in NPH patients. This review covers the most important findings of therapeutic approaches in NPH model systems to date, including hypothesis-driven therapies and untargeted drug screens, approached from the pathophysiology of NPH. Importantly, most animal models used in these studies represent the cystic infantile form of NPH, which is less prevalent than the juvenile form. It appears therefore important to develop new models relevant for juvenile/adult NPH. Alternative non-orthologous animal models and developments in patient-based in vitro model systems are discussed, as well as future directions in personalized therapy for NPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijn F Stokman
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Saunier
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Benmerah
- Université de Paris, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Inherited Kidney Diseases, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France
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3
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Chen HY, Lehmann OJ, Swaroop A. Genetics and therapy for pediatric eye diseases. EBioMedicine 2021; 67:103360. [PMID: 33975254 PMCID: PMC8122153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular morphogenesis in vertebrates is a highly organized process, orchestrated largely by intrinsic genetic programs that exhibit stringent spatiotemporal control. Alternations in these genetic instructions can lead to hereditary or nonhereditary congenital disorders, a major cause of childhood visual impairment, and contribute to common late-onset blinding diseases. Currently, limited treatment options exist for clinical phenotypes involving eye development. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of early-onset ocular disorders and highlights genetic complexities in development and diseases, specifically focusing on coloboma, congenital glaucoma and Leber congenital amaurosis. We also discuss innovative paradigms for potential therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Y Chen
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
| | - Ordan J Lehmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Anand Swaroop
- Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration & Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, MSC0610, 6 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA.
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Gene and epigenetic editing in the treatment of primary ciliopathies. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:353-401. [PMID: 34175048 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Primary ciliopathies are inherited human disorders that arise from mutations in ciliary genes. They represent a spectrum of severe, incurable phenotypes, differentially involving several organs, including the kidney and the eye. The development of gene-based therapies is opening up new avenues for the treatment of ciliopathies. Particularly attractive is the possibility of correcting in situ the causative genetic mutation, or pathological epigenetic changes, through the use of gene editing tools. Due to their versatility and efficacy, CRISPR/Cas-based systems represent the most promising gene editing toolkit for clinical applications. However, delivery and specificity issues have so far held back the translatability of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies into clinical practice, especially where systemic administration is required. The eye, with its characteristics of high accessibility and compartmentalization, represents an ideal target for in situ gene correction. Indeed, studies for the evaluation of a CRISPR/Cas-based therapy for in vivo gene correction to treat a retinal ciliopathy have reached the clinical stage. Further technological advances may be required for the development of in vivo CRISPR-based treatments for the kidney. We discuss here the possibilities and the challenges associated to the implementation of CRISPR/Cas-based therapies for the treatment of primary ciliopathies with renal and retinal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Renal Services, The Newcastle Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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5
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Vitre B, Guesdon A, Delaval B. Non-ciliary Roles of IFT Proteins in Cell Division and Polycystic Kidney Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:578239. [PMID: 33072760 PMCID: PMC7536321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.578239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are small organelles present at the surface of most differentiated cells where they act as sensors for mechanical or biochemical stimuli. Cilia assembly and function require the Intraflagellar Transport (IFT) machinery, an intracellular transport system that functions in association with microtubules and motors. If IFT proteins have long been studied for their ciliary roles, recent evidences indicate that their functions are not restricted to the cilium. Indeed, IFT proteins are found outside the ciliary compartment where they are involved in a variety of cellular processes in association with non-ciliary motors. Recent works also provide evidence that non-ciliary roles of IFT proteins could be responsible for the development of ciliopathies related phenotypes including polycystic kidney diseases. In this review, we will discuss the interactions of IFT proteins with microtubules and motors as well as newly identified non-ciliary functions of IFT proteins, focusing on their roles in cell division. We will also discuss the potential contribution of non-ciliary IFT proteins functions to the etiology of kidney diseases.
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6
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Molinari E, Sayer JA. Disease Modeling To Understand the Pathomechanisms of Human Genetic Kidney Disorders. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 15:855-872. [PMID: 32139361 PMCID: PMC7274277 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.08890719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The class of human genetic kidney diseases is extremely broad and heterogeneous. Accordingly, the range of associated disease phenotypes is highly variable. Many children and adults affected by inherited kidney disease will progress to ESKD at some point in life. Extensive research has been performed on various different disease models to investigate the underlying causes of genetic kidney disease and to identify disease mechanisms that are amenable to therapy. We review some of the research highlights that, by modeling inherited kidney disease, contributed to a better understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms, leading to the identification of novel genetic causes, new therapeutic targets, and to the development of new treatments. We also discuss how the implementation of more efficient genome-editing techniques and tissue-culture methods for kidney research is providing us with personalized models for a precision-medicine approach that takes into account the specificities of the patient and the underlying disease. We focus on the most common model systems used in kidney research and discuss how, according to their specific features, they can differentially contribute to biomedical research. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists for most inherited kidney disorders, warranting further exploitation of the existing disease models, as well as the implementation of novel, complex, human patient-specific models to deliver research breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Molinari
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - John A. Sayer
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Renal Services, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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7
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary cilia proteins: ciliary and extraciliary sites and functions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1521-1540. [PMID: 29305615 PMCID: PMC5899021 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2740-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are immotile organelles known for their roles in development and cell signaling. Defects in primary cilia result in a range of disorders named ciliopathies. Because this organelle can be found singularly on almost all cell types, its importance extends to most organ systems. As such, elucidating the importance of the primary cilium has attracted researchers from all biological disciplines. As the primary cilia field expands, caution is warranted in attributing biological defects solely to the function of this organelle, since many of these "ciliary" proteins are found at other sites in cells and likely have non-ciliary functions. Indeed, many, if not all, cilia proteins have locations and functions outside the primary cilium. Extraciliary functions are known to include cell cycle regulation, cytoskeletal regulation, and trafficking. Cilia proteins have been observed in the nucleus, at the Golgi apparatus, and even in immune synapses of T cells (interestingly, a non-ciliated cell). Given the abundance of extraciliary sites and functions, it can be difficult to definitively attribute an observed phenotype solely to defective cilia rather than to some defective extraciliary function or a combination of both. Thus, extraciliary sites and functions of cilia proteins need to be considered, as well as experimentally determined. Through such consideration, we will understand the true role of the primary cilium in disease as compared to other cellular processes' influences in mediating disease (or through a combination of both). Here, we review a compilation of known extraciliary sites and functions of "cilia" proteins as a means to demonstrate the potential non-ciliary roles for these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, MC-136, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA.
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8
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Allelic Variation in the Toll-Like Receptor Adaptor Protein Ticam2 Contributes to SARS-Coronavirus Pathogenesis in Mice. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:1653-1663. [PMID: 28592648 PMCID: PMC5473747 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.041434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Host genetic variation is known to contribute to differential pathogenesis following infection. Mouse models allow direct assessment of host genetic factors responsible for susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Based on an assessment of early stage lines from the Collaborative Cross mouse multi-parent population, we identified two lines showing highly divergent susceptibilities to SARS-CoV: the resistant CC003/Unc and the susceptible CC053/Unc. We generated 264 F2 mice between these strains, and infected them with SARS-CoV. Weight loss, pulmonary hemorrhage, and viral load were all highly correlated disease phenotypes. We identified a quantitative trait locus of major effect on chromosome 18 (27.1–58.6 Mb) which affected weight loss, viral titer and hemorrhage. Additionally, each of these three phenotypes had distinct quantitative trait loci [Chr 9 (weight loss), Chrs 7 and 12 (virus titer), and Chr 15 (hemorrhage)]. We identified Ticam2, an adaptor protein in the TLR signaling pathways, as a candidate driving differential disease at the Chr 18 locus. Ticam2−/− mice were highly susceptible to SARS-CoV infection, exhibiting increased weight loss and more pulmonary hemorrhage than control mice. These results indicate a critical role for Ticam2 in SARS-CoV disease, and highlight the importance of host genetic variation in disease responses.
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9
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Shaheen R, Szymanska K, Basu B, Patel N, Ewida N, Faqeih E, Al Hashem A, Derar N, Alsharif H, Aldahmesh MA, Alazami AM, Hashem M, Ibrahim N, Abdulwahab FM, Sonbul R, Alkuraya H, Alnemer M, Al Tala S, Al-Husain M, Morsy H, Seidahmed MZ, Meriki N, Al-Owain M, AlShahwan S, Tabarki B, Salih MA, Faquih T, El-Kalioby M, Ueffing M, Boldt K, Logan CV, Parry DA, Al Tassan N, Monies D, Megarbane A, Abouelhoda M, Halees A, Johnson CA, Alkuraya FS. Characterizing the morbid genome of ciliopathies. Genome Biol 2016; 17:242. [PMID: 27894351 PMCID: PMC5126998 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-1099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ciliopathies are clinically diverse disorders of the primary cilium. Remarkable progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of these genetically heterogeneous conditions; however, our knowledge of their morbid genome, pleiotropy, and variable expressivity remains incomplete. Results We applied genomic approaches on a large patient cohort of 371 affected individuals from 265 families, with phenotypes that span the entire ciliopathy spectrum. Likely causal mutations in previously described ciliopathy genes were identified in 85% (225/265) of the families, adding 32 novel alleles. Consistent with a fully penetrant model for these genes, we found no significant difference in their “mutation load” beyond the causal variants between our ciliopathy cohort and a control non-ciliopathy cohort. Genomic analysis of our cohort further identified mutations in a novel morbid gene TXNDC15, encoding a thiol isomerase, based on independent loss of function mutations in individuals with a consistent ciliopathy phenotype (Meckel-Gruber syndrome) and a functional effect of its deficiency on ciliary signaling. Our study also highlighted seven novel candidate genes (TRAPPC3, EXOC3L2, FAM98C, C17orf61, LRRCC1, NEK4, and CELSR2) some of which have established links to ciliogenesis. Finally, we show that the morbid genome of ciliopathies encompasses many founder mutations, the combined carrier frequency of which accounts for a high disease burden in the study population. Conclusions Our study increases our understanding of the morbid genome of ciliopathies. We also provide the strongest evidence, to date, in support of the classical Mendelian inheritance of Bardet-Biedl syndrome and other ciliopathies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-1099-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katarzyna Szymanska
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Basudha Basu
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nisha Patel
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nour Ewida
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eissa Faqeih
- Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Children's Hospital, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al Hashem
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Derar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hadeel Alsharif
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Aldahmesh
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas M Alazami
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mais Hashem
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niema Ibrahim
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firdous M Abdulwahab
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawda Sonbul
- Department of Pediatrics, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham Alkuraya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialized Medical Center Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Alnemer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Al Tala
- Department of Pediatric, Genetic Unit, Armed Forces Hospital Southern Region, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muneera Al-Husain
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba Morsy
- Human Genetics Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Neama Meriki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Owain
- Department of Medical Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad AlShahwan
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brahim Tabarki
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A Salih
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khalid University Hospital and College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tariq Faquih
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Kalioby
- Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Division of Experimental Ophthalmology and Medical Bioanalytics, Center for Ophthalmology, Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Clare V Logan
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - David A Parry
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Nada Al Tassan
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dorota Monies
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mohamed Abouelhoda
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anason Halees
- Health Information Technology Affairs, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Colin A Johnson
- Leeds Institute of Biomedical & Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Saudi Human Genome Project, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Ramsbottom SA, Pownall ME, Roelink H, Conway SJ. Regulation of Hedgehog Signalling Inside and Outside the Cell. J Dev Biol 2016; 4:23. [PMID: 27547735 PMCID: PMC4990124 DOI: 10.3390/jdb4030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway is conserved throughout metazoans and plays an important regulatory role in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Many levels of regulation exist that control the release, reception, and interpretation of the hedgehog signal. The fatty nature of the Shh ligand means that it tends to associate tightly with the cell membrane, and yet it is known to act as a morphogen that diffuses to elicit pattern formation. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) play a major role in the regulation of Hh distribution outside the cell. Inside the cell, the primary cilium provides an important hub for processing the Hh signal in vertebrates. This review will summarise the current understanding of how the Hh pathway is regulated from ligand production, release, and diffusion, through to signal reception and intracellular transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A. Ramsbottom
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, NE1 3BZ Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)191-241-8612
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