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Ramesh A, Oliveira P, Cameron M, Castanha PMS, Walker T, Lenhart A, Impoinvil L, Alexander N, Medeiros Z, Sá A, Rocha A, Souza WV, Maciel A, Braga C. Postintervention Immunological and Entomological Survey of Lymphatic Filariasis in the City of Olinda, Brazil, 2015-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:470-482. [PMID: 38350158 PMCID: PMC10919178 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a leading cause of disability due to infectious disease worldwide. The Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR) is the only remaining focus of LF in Brazil, where the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti is transmitted solely by the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus. This study reports the results of transmission assessment surveys and molecular xenomonitoring in the city of Olinda, RMR, after nearly 15 years (2015-2016) of interventions for LF elimination. Participants were screened for W. bancrofti antigen via immunochromatographic card tests (ICT) in: 1) door-to-door surveys conducted for all children aged 5-7 years from 4 out of 17 intervention areas treated with at least five annual doses of mass drug administration (MDA), and 2) a two-stage cluster sampling survey of residents aged 5 years and older in non-MDA areas. Mosquitoes were collected via handheld aspirators in four MDA areas, differentiated by species, sex, and physiological status, pooled into groups of up to 10 blood-fed, semigravid, and gravid mosquitoes, and screened for W. bancrofti infection by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). All 1,170 children from MDA areas and the entire population sample of 990 residents in non-MDA areas were ICT negative. In MDA areas, a total of 3,152 female Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in 277 households (range, 0-296 mosquitoes per house) were collected via aspiration. RT-qPCR of 233 pools of mosquitos were negative for W. bancrofti RNA; an independent reference laboratory confirmed these results. These results provide evidence that LF transmission has been halted in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ramesh
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Oliveira
- National Reference Service for Lymphatic Filariasis, Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - Mary Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Priscila M. S. Castanha
- Faculty of Medical Science, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Lucy Impoinvil
- Entomology Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Neal Alexander
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zulma Medeiros
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
| | - André Sá
- Collective Health Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ
| | - Abraham Rocha
- National Reference Service for Lymphatic Filariasis, Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wayner V. Souza
- Collective Health Department, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/FIOCRUZ
| | - Amélia Maciel
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Cynthia Braga
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Brazil
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Jusoh TNAM, Jaafar IS, Shueb RH. Isolation and molecular detection of dengue and chikungunya virus from field-collected adult mosquitoes in Kelantan, Malaysia. J Vector Borne Dis 2024; 61:61-71. [PMID: 38648407 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.392269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES Dengue and chikungunya infections are one of the major health problems that have plagued the human population globally. All dengue virus (DENV) serotypes circulate within Malaysia with particular serotypes dominating in different years/outbreaks. In the state of Kelantan, an increasing number of DENV and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) new cases have been reported, including several deaths. This study aimed to isolate and detect these arboviruses from adult mosquitoes in Kelantan. METHODS Adult mo squito samples were collected from January to August 2019 and were identified according to gender, species and locality. The isolation of the virus was done in C6/36 cells. Dengue NS1 antigen was carried out using direct mosquito lysate and mosquito culture supernatant. Detection and serotyping of the DENV was performed using multiplex RT-PCR and CHIKV detection using a one-step RT-PCR assay. RESULTS Of 91 mosquito pools, four were positive for NS1 antigen comprising two pools (2.2%) of male Ae. albopictus (Pulau Melaka and Kubang Siput) and two pools (2.2%) of Ae. aegypti (Kampung Demit Sungai). DENV 1 was detected in one pool (0.9%) of female Ae. albopictus among 114 tested Aedes pools. Two pools of 114 pools (1.7%) from both male Aedes species were positive with double serotypes, DENV 1 and DENV 2 (Pulau Melaka). However, no pool was positive for CHIKV. INTERPRETATION CONCLUSION The presence of DENV and the main vectors of arboviruses in Kelantan are pertinent indicators of the need to improve vector controls to reduce arbovirus infections among people in the localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Nur A Mat Jusoh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | | | - Rafidah H Shueb
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Maia LJ, de Oliveira CH, Silva AB, Souza PAA, Müller NFD, Cardoso JDC, Ribeiro BM, de Abreu FVS, Campos FS. Arbovirus surveillance in mosquitoes: Historical methods, emerging technologies, and challenges ahead. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2072-2082. [PMID: 38183286 PMCID: PMC10800135 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231209415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses cause millions of infections each year; however, only limited options are available for treatment and pharmacological prevention. Mosquitoes are among the most important vectors for the transmission of several pathogens to humans. Despite advances, the sampling, viral detection, and control methods for these insects remain ineffective. Challenges arise with the increase in mosquito populations due to climate change, insecticide resistance, and human interference affecting natural habitats, which contribute to the increasing difficulty in controlling the spread of arboviruses. Therefore, prioritizing arbovirus surveillance is essential for effective epidemic preparedness. In this review, we offer a concise historical account of the discovery and monitoring of arboviruses in mosquitoes, from mosquito capture to viral detection. We then analyzed the advantages and limitations of these traditional methods. Furthermore, we investigated the potential of emerging technologies to address these limitations, including the implementation of next-generation sequencing, paper-based devices, spectroscopic detectors, and synthetic biosensors. We also provide perspectives on recurring issues and areas of interest such as insect-specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Janssen Maia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Baculovírus, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brasil
| | - Cirilo Henrique de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, Brasil
| | - Arthur Batista Silva
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, Brasil
| | - Pedro Augusto Almeida Souza
- Laboratório de Comportamento de Insetos, Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Salinas 39560-000, Brasil
| | - Nicolas Felipe Drumm Müller
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brasil
| | - Jader da Cruz Cardoso
- Divisão de Vigilância Ambiental em Saúde, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Estadual de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, Brasil
| | - Bergmann Morais Ribeiro
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Laboratório de Baculovírus, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, Brasil
| | | | - Fabrício Souza Campos
- Laboratório de Bioinformática e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi 77402-970, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-003, Brasil
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Is the ZIKV Congenital Syndrome and Microcephaly Due to Syndemism with Latent Virus Coinfection? Viruses 2021; 13:v13040669. [PMID: 33924398 PMCID: PMC8069280 DOI: 10.3390/v13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the Zika virus (ZIKV) mirrors its evolutionary nature and, thus, its ability to grow in diversity or complexity (i.e., related to genome, host response, environment changes, tropism, and pathogenicity), leading to it recently joining the circle of closed congenital pathogens. The causal relation of ZIKV to microcephaly is still a much-debated issue. The identification of outbreak foci being in certain endemic urban areas characterized by a high-density population emphasizes that mixed infections might spearhead the recent appearance of a wide range of diseases that were initially attributed to ZIKV. Globally, such coinfections may have both positive and negative effects on viral replication, tropism, host response, and the viral genome. In other words, the possibility of coinfection may necessitate revisiting what is considered to be known regarding the pathogenesis and epidemiology of ZIKV diseases. ZIKV viral coinfections are already being reported with other arboviruses (e.g., chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and dengue virus (DENV)) as well as congenital pathogens (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and cytomegalovirus (HCMV)). However, descriptions of human latent viruses and their impacts on ZIKV disease outcomes in hosts are currently lacking. This review proposes to select some interesting human latent viruses (i.e., herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), human parvovirus B19 (B19V), and human papillomavirus (HPV)), whose virological features and co-exposition with ZIKV may provide evidence of the syndemism process, shedding some light on the emergence of the ZIKV-induced global congenital syndrome in South America.
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Cameron MM, Ramesh A. The use of molecular xenomonitoring for surveillance of mosquito-borne diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190816. [PMID: 33357052 PMCID: PMC7776931 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The scientific community recognizes that molecular xenomonitoring (MX) can allow infected mosquitoes to serve as a proxy for human infection in vector-borne disease surveillance, but developing reliable MX systems for programmatic use has been challenging. The primary aim of this article is to examine the available evidence to recommend how MX can best be used for various purposes. Although much of the literature published within the last 20 years focuses on using MX for lymphatic filariasis elimination, a growing body of evidence supports its use in early warning systems for emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). An MX system design must consider the goal and target (e.g. diseases targeted for elimination versus EIDs), mosquito and pathogen characteristics, and context (e.g. setting and health system). MX is currently used as a 'supplement' to human surveillance and will not be considered as a 'replacement' until the correlation between pathogen-infection rates in human and mosquito populations is better understood. Establishing such relationships may not be feasible in elimination scenarios, due to increasingly dwindling human infection prevalence after successful control, but may still be possible for EIDs and in integrated disease surveillance systems. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anita Ramesh
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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Jaeger AS, Weiler AM, Moriarty RV, Rybarczyk S, O'Connor SL, O'Connor DH, Seelig DM, Fritsch MK, Friedrich TC, Aliota MT. Spondweni virus causes fetal harm in Ifnar1 -/- mice and is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Virology 2020; 547:35-46. [PMID: 32560903 PMCID: PMC7246013 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Spondweni virus (SPONV) is the most closely related known flavivirus to Zika virus (ZIKV). Its pathogenic potential and vector specificity have not been well defined. SPONV has been found predominantly in Africa, but was recently detected in a pool of Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in Haiti. Here we show that SPONV can cause significant fetal harm, including demise, comparable to ZIKV, in a mouse model of vertical transmission. Following maternal inoculation, we detected infectious SPONV in placentas and fetuses, along with significant fetal and placental histopathology, together suggesting vertical transmission. To test vector competence, we exposed Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes to SPONV-infected bloodmeals. Aedes aegypti could efficiently transmit SPONV, whereas Culex quinquefasciatus could not. Our results suggest that SPONV has the same features that made ZIKV a public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Jaeger
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
| | - Andrea M Weiler
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Ryan V Moriarty
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Sierra Rybarczyk
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Shelby L O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Davis M Seelig
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States
| | - Michael K Fritsch
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Thomas C Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States; Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, United States
| | - Matthew T Aliota
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, United States.
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Ramesh A, Jeffries CL, Castanha P, Oliveira PAS, Alexander N, Cameron M, Braga C, Walker T. No evidence of Zika, dengue, or chikungunya virus infection in field-caught mosquitoes from the Recife Metropolitan Region, Brazil, 2015. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:93. [PMID: 31363498 PMCID: PMC6644828 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15295.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR), north-eastern Brazil, was the epicentre of the 2015 Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic, which was followed by a 2016 chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemic. It historically has amongst the highest incidence of dengue virus (DENV) infections and is the only remaining focus of lymphatic filariasis (LF) in Brazil. In early 2015, a molecular xenomonitoring surveillance project focused on Culex (Cx.) quinquefasciatus commenced to inform LF elimination activities. Aedes (Ae.) aegypti mosquitoes were also collected, concurrent with the first microcephaly cases detected in the RMR. In terms of the 2015 ZIKV epidemic, these are the earliest known field-collected mosquitoes, preserved for potential RNA virus detection, when ZIKV was known to be circulating locally. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected in two sites (0.4 km 2) of Sítio Novo, Olinda, RMR, from July 22 to August 21, 2015. Mosquitoes were morphologically identified, sorted by physiological status, and pooled (up to 10 mosquitoes per house per day or week). RNA was extracted, reverse transcribed and the cDNA tested by real-time PCR. Results: A total of 10,139 adult female Cx. quinquefasciatus and 939 adult female Ae. aegypti were captured. All female Ae. aegypti specimens were included within 156 pools and screened for ZIKV, DENV and CHIKV. In addition, a sub-set of 1,556 Cx. quinquefasciatus adult females in 182 pools were screened for ZIKV. No evidence of infection with any of the three arboviruses was found. Conclusions: The absence of arbovirus detection may have been expected given the extremely restricted geographic area and collection of mosquitoes during a very short time period of peak mosquito abundance (July-September), but low arbovirus circulation (November-March). However, this study demonstrates the potential to retrospectively screen for additional unexpected pathogens in situations of rapid emergence, such as occurred during the outbreak of ZIKV in the RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ramesh
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães(IAM/FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Recife, Brazil
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Claire L. Jeffries
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Priscila Castanha
- Department of Virology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães(IAM/FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Recife, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Paula A. S. Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães(IAM/FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Recife, Brazil
| | - Neal Alexander
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mary Cameron
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Cynthia Braga
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães(IAM/FIOCRUZ Pernambuco), Recife, Brazil
| | - Thomas Walker
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
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