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Ismailov ZB, Belykh ES, Chernykh AA, Udoratina AM, Kazakov DV, Rybak AV, Kerimova SN, Velegzhaninov IO. Systematic review of comparative transcriptomic studies of cellular resistance to genotoxic stress. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108467. [PMID: 37657754 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of resistance by tumor cells to various types of therapy is a significant problem that decreases the effectiveness of oncology treatments. For more than two decades, comparative transcriptomic studies of tumor cells with different sensitivities to ionizing radiation and chemotherapeutic agents have been conducted in order to identify the causes and mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. However, the results of such studies have little in common and often contradict each other. We have assumed that a systematic analysis of a large number of such studies will provide new knowledge about the mechanisms of development of therapeutic resistance in tumor cells. Our comparison of 123 differentially expressed gene (DEG) lists published in 98 papers suggests a very low degree of consistency between the study results. Grouping the data by type of genotoxic agent and tumor type did not increase the similarity. The most frequently overexpressed genes were found to be those encoding the transport protein ABCB1 and the antiviral defense protein IFITM1. We put forward a hypothesis that the role played by the overexpression of the latter in the development of resistance may be associated not only with the stimulation of proliferation, but also with the limitation of exosomal communication and, as a result, with a decrease in the bystander effect. Among down regulated DEGs, BNIP3 was observed most frequently. The expression of BNIP3, together with BNIP3L, is often suppressed in cells resistant to non-platinum genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents, whereas it is increased in cells resistant to ionizing radiation. These observations are likely to be mediated by the binary effects of these gene products on survival, and regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. The combined data also show that even such obvious mechanisms as inhibition of apoptosis and increase of proliferation are not universal but show multidirectional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z B Ismailov
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28b Kommunisticheskaya St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - E S Belykh
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28b Kommunisticheskaya St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - A A Chernykh
- Institute of Physiology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 50 Pervomaiskaya St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - A M Udoratina
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Avenue, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - D V Kazakov
- Institute of Physics and Mathematics of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Oplesnina St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - A V Rybak
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28b Kommunisticheskaya St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia
| | - S N Kerimova
- State Medical Institution Komi Republican Oncology Center, 46 Nyuvchimskoe highway, Syktyvkar 167904, Russia
| | - I O Velegzhaninov
- Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 28b Kommunisticheskaya St., Syktyvkar 167982, Russia.
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2
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Kratz A, Kim M, Kelly MR, Zheng F, Koczor CA, Li J, Ono K, Qin Y, Churas C, Chen J, Pillich RT, Park J, Modak M, Collier R, Licon K, Pratt D, Sobol RW, Krogan NJ, Ideker T. A multi-scale map of protein assemblies in the DNA damage response. Cell Syst 2023; 14:447-463.e8. [PMID: 37220749 PMCID: PMC10330685 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) ensures error-free DNA replication and transcription and is disrupted in numerous diseases. An ongoing challenge is to determine the proteins orchestrating DDR and their organization into complexes, including constitutive interactions and those responding to genomic insult. Here, we use multi-conditional network analysis to systematically map DDR assemblies at multiple scales. Affinity purifications of 21 DDR proteins, with/without genotoxin exposure, are combined with multi-omics data to reveal a hierarchical organization of 605 proteins into 109 assemblies. The map captures canonical repair mechanisms and proposes new DDR-associated proteins extending to stress, transport, and chromatin functions. We find that protein assemblies closely align with genetic dependencies in processing specific genotoxins and that proteins in multiple assemblies typically act in multiple genotoxin responses. Follow-up by DDR functional readouts newly implicates 12 assembly members in double-strand-break repair. The DNA damage response assemblies map is available for interactive visualization and query (ccmi.org/ddram/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Kratz
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Minkyu Kim
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA; University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Marcus R Kelly
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Fan Zheng
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A Koczor
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Jianfeng Li
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Keiichiro Ono
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Yue Qin
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Churas
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jing Chen
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rudolf T Pillich
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jisoo Park
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maya Modak
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Collier
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kate Licon
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Dexter Pratt
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert W Sobol
- University of South Alabama, Department of Pharmacology and Mitchell Cancer Institute, Mobile, AL 36604, USA; Brown University, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Legorreta Cancer Center, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The J. David Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Trey Ideker
- University of California San Diego, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; The Cancer Cell Map Initiative, San Francisco and La Jolla, CA, USA.
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3
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Mitra S, Dash R, Munni YA, Selsi NJ, Akter N, Uddin MN, Mazumder K, Moon IS. Natural Products Targeting Hsp90 for a Concurrent Strategy in Glioblastoma and Neurodegeneration. Metabolites 2022; 12:1153. [PMID: 36422293 PMCID: PMC9697676 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most common aggressive, resistant, and invasive primary brain tumors that share neurodegenerative actions, resembling many neurodegenerative diseases. Although multiple conventional approaches, including chemoradiation, are more frequent in GBM therapy, these approaches are ineffective in extending the mean survival rate and are associated with various side effects, including neurodegeneration. This review proposes an alternative strategy for managing GBM and neurodegeneration by targeting heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Hsp90 is a well-known molecular chaperone that plays essential roles in maintaining and stabilizing protein folding to degradation in protein homeostasis and modulates signaling in cancer and neurodegeneration by regulating many client protein substrates. The therapeutic benefits of Hsp90 inhibition are well-known for several malignancies, and recent evidence highlights that Hsp90 inhibitors potentially inhibit the aggressiveness of GBM, increasing the sensitivity of conventional treatment and providing neuroprotection in various neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, the overview of Hsp90 modulation in GBM and neurodegeneration progress has been discussed with a summary of recent outcomes on Hsp90 inhibition in various GBM models and neurodegeneration. Particular emphasis is also given to natural Hsp90 inhibitors that have been evidenced to show dual protection in both GBM and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Raju Dash
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeasmin Akter Munni
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Nusrat Jahan Selsi
- Product Development Department, Popular Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Nasrin Akter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Molecular Pharmacology, East West University Bangladesh, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazim Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southern University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4000, Bangladesh
| | - Kishor Mazumder
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Il Soo Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
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4
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Maksoud S. The DNA Double-Strand Break Repair in Glioma: Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5326-5365. [PMID: 35696013 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent type of tumor in the central nervous system, which exhibit properties that make their treatment difficult, such as cellular infiltration, heterogeneity, and the presence of stem-like cells responsible for tumor recurrence. The response of this type of tumor to chemoradiotherapy is poor, possibly due to a higher repair activity of the genetic material, among other causes. The DNA double-strand breaks are an important type of lesion to the genetic material, which have the potential to trigger processes of cell death or cause gene aberrations that could promote tumorigenesis. This review describes how the different cellular elements regulate the formation of DNA double-strand breaks and their repair in gliomas, discussing the therapeutic potential of the induction of this type of lesion and the suppression of its repair as a control mechanism of brain tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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5
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Tamaddondoust RN, Wang Y, Jafarnejad SM, Graber TE, Alain T. The highs and lows of ionizing radiation and its effects on protein synthesis. Cell Signal 2021; 89:110169. [PMID: 34662715 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) is a constant feature of our environment and one that can dramatically affect organismal health and development. Although the impacts of high-doses of IR on mammalian cells and systems have been broadly explored, there are still challenges in accurately quantifying biological responses to IR, especially in the low-dose range to which most individuals are exposed in their lifetime. The resulting uncertainty has led to the entrenchment of conservative radioprotection policies around the world. Thus, uncovering long-sought molecular mechanisms and tissue responses that are targeted by IR could lead to more informed policymaking and propose new therapeutic avenues for a variety of pathologies. One often overlooked target of IR is mRNA translation, a highly regulated cellular process that consumes more than 40% of the cell's energy. In response to environmental stimuli, regulation of mRNA translation allows for precise and rapid changes to the cellular proteome, and unsurprisingly high-dose of IR was shown to trigger a severe reprogramming of global protein synthesis allowing the cell to conserve energy by preventing the synthesis of unneeded proteins. Nonetheless, under these conditions, certain mRNAs encoding specific proteins are translationally favoured to produce the factors essential to repair the cell or send it down the path of no return through programmed cell death. Understanding the mechanisms controlling protein synthesis in response to varying doses of IR could provide novel insights into how this stress-mediated cellular adaptation is regulated and potentially uncover novel targets for radiosensitization or radioprotection. Here, we review the current literature on the effects of IR at both high- and low-dose on the mRNA translation machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette Niloufar Tamaddondoust
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seyed Mehdi Jafarnejad
- Patrick G. Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7AE, UK
| | - Tyson E Graber
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tommy Alain
- Molecular Biomedicine Program, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Orth M, Albrecht V, Seidl K, Kinzel L, Unger K, Hess J, Kreutzer L, Sun N, Stegen B, Nieto A, Maas J, Winssinger N, Friedl AA, Walch AK, Belka C, Zitzelsberger H, Niyazi M, Lauber K. Inhibition of HSP90 as a Strategy to Radiosensitize Glioblastoma: Targeting the DNA Damage Response and Beyond. Front Oncol 2021; 11:612354. [PMID: 33816244 PMCID: PMC8011354 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.612354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an essential component of multi-modality treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). However, treatment failure and recurrence are frequent and give rise to the dismal prognosis of this aggressive type of primary brain tumor. A high level of inherent treatment resistance is considered to be the major underlying reason, stemming from constantly activated DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms as a consequence of oncogene overexpression, persistent replicative stress, and other so far unknown reasons. The molecular chaperone heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of treatment resistance, since it crucially assists the folding and stabilization of various DDR regulators. Accordingly, inhibition of HSP90 represents a multi-target strategy to interfere with DDR function and to sensitize cancer cells to radiotherapy. Using NW457, a pochoxime-based HSP90 inhibitor with favorable brain pharmacokinetic profile, we show here that HSP90 inhibition at low concentrations with per se limited cytotoxicity leads to downregulation of various DNA damage response factors on the protein level, distinct transcriptomic alterations, impaired DNA damage repair, and reduced clonogenic survival in response to ionizing irradiation in glioblastoma cells in vitro. In vivo, HSP90 inhibition by NW457 improved the therapeutic outcome of fractionated CBCT-based irradiation in an orthotopic, syngeneic GBM mouse model, both in terms of tumor progression and survival. Nevertheless, in view of the promising in vitro results the in vivo efficacy was not as strong as expected, although apart from the radiosensitizing effects HSP90 inhibition also reduced irradiation-induced GBM cell migration and tumor invasiveness. Hence, our findings identify the combination of HSP90 inhibition and radiotherapy in principle as a promising strategy for GBM treatment whose performance needs to be further optimized by improved inhibitor substances, better formulations and/or administration routes, and fine-tuned treatment sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Orth
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Valerie Albrecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Seidl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linda Kinzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Hess
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Kreutzer
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Stegen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nieto
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jessica Maas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Winssinger
- Department of Organic Chemistry, NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anna A Friedl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel K Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claus Belka
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Horst Zitzelsberger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Niyazi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirsten Lauber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium, Munich, Germany.,Clinical Cooperation Group Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
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7
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Inhibition of TAZ contributes radiation-induced senescence and growth arrest in glioma cells. Oncogene 2018; 38:2788-2799. [PMID: 30542117 PMCID: PMC6461515 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor and resistant to current available therapeutics, such as radiation. To improve the clinical efficacy, it is important to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying tumor responses to radiation. Here, we investigated long-term cellular responses of human GBM cells to ionizing radiation. Comparing to the initial response within 12 hours, gene expression modulation at 7 days after radiation is markedly different. While genes related to cell cycle arrest and DNA damage responses are mostly modulated at the initial stage; immune-related genes are specifically affected as the long-term effect. This later response is associated with increased cellular senescence and inhibition of transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). Mechanistically, TAZ inhibition does not depend on the canonical Hippo pathway, but relies on enhanced degradation mediated by the β-catenin destruction complex in the Wnt pathway. We further showed that depletion of TAZ by RNAi promotes radiation-induced senescence and growth arrest. Pharmacological activation of the β-catenin destruction complex is able to promote radiation-induced TAZ inhibition and growth arrest in these tumor cells. The correlation between senescence and reduced expression of TAZ as well as β-catenin also occurs in human gliomas treated by radiation. Collectively, these findings suggested that inhibition of TAZ is involved in radiation-induced senescence and might benefit GBM radiotherapy.
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8
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Murad H, Alghamian Y, Aljapawe A, Madania A. Effects of ionizing radiation on the viability and proliferative behavior of the human glioblastoma T98G cell line. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:330. [PMID: 29784026 PMCID: PMC5963135 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Radiotherapy is the traditional therapy for glioma patients. Glioma has poor response to ionizing radiation (IR). Studying radiation-induced cell death can help in understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying its radioresistance. T98G cell line was irradiated with Co60 source by 2 or 10 Gy. MTT assay was used to calculate the surviving fraction. Cell viability, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis assays were conducted by flow cytometry for irradiated and control cells for the 10 Gy dose.
Results The SF2 value for irradiated cells was 0.8. Cell viability was decreased from 93.29 to 73.61%, while, the Sub G0/G1 phase fraction was significantly increased at 10 Gy after 48 h. On the other hand, there was an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells which reached 40.16% after 72 h at the same dose, while, it did not exceeds 2% for non-irradiated cells. Our results showed that, the T98G cells is radioresistant to IR up to 10 Gy. Effects of irradiation on the viability of T98G cells were relatively mild, since entering apoptosis was delayed for about 3 days after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossam Murad
- Human Genetics Division, Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - Yaman Alghamian
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria
| | - Abdulmunim Aljapawe
- Human Genetics Division, Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - Ammar Madania
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, Syria
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9
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Wahba A, Ryan MC, Shankavaram UT, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. Radiation-induced alternative transcripts as detected in total and polysome-bound mRNA. Oncotarget 2017; 9:691-705. [PMID: 29416646 PMCID: PMC5787501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing is a critical event in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. To investigate whether this process influences radiation-induced gene expression we defined the effects of ionizing radiation on the generation of alternative transcripts in total cellular mRNA (the transcriptome) and polysome-bound mRNA (the translatome) of the human glioblastoma stem-like cell line NSC11. For these studies, RNA-Seq profiles from control and irradiated cells were compared using the program SpliceSeq to identify transcripts and splice variations induced by radiation. As compared to the transcriptome (total RNA) of untreated cells, the radiation-induced transcriptome contained 92 splice events suggesting that radiation induced alternative splicing. As compared to the translatome (polysome-bound RNA) of untreated cells, the radiation-induced translatome contained 280 splice events of which only 24 were overlapping with the radiation-induced transcriptome. These results suggest that radiation not only modifies alternative splicing of precursor mRNA, but also results in the selective association of existing mRNA isoforms with polysomes. Comparison of radiation-induced alternative transcripts to radiation-induced gene expression in total RNA revealed little overlap (about 3%). In contrast, in the radiation-induced translatome, about 38% of the induced alternative transcripts corresponded to genes whose expression level was affected in the translatome. This study suggests that whereas radiation induces alternate splicing, the alternative transcripts present at the time of irradiation may play a role in the radiation-induced translational control of gene expression and thus cellular radioresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wahba
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Uma T Shankavaram
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Philip J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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10
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Donaires FS, Godoy PRDV, Leandro GS, Puthier D, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. E2F transcription factors associated with up-regulated genes in glioblastoma. Cancer Biomark 2017; 18:199-208. [PMID: 27983535 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-161628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is considered to the most common and malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients have a median survival of approximately one year from diagnosis due to poor response to therapy. OBJECTIVE We applied bioinformatics approaches to predict transcription factors (TF) that are deregulated in glioblastoma in an attempt to point out molecular targets for therapy. METHODS Up-regulated genes in glioblastoma selected from public microarray data were submitted to two TF association analyses. Thereafter, the expression levels of TF obtained in the overlap of analyses were assessed by RT-qPCR carried out in seven glioblastoma cell lines (T98, U251, U138, U87, U343, M059J, and M059K). RESULTS E2F1 and E2F4 were highlighted in both TF analyses. However, only E2F1 was confirmed as significantly up-regulated in all glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. CONCLUSION E2F1 is a potential common regulator of differentially expressed genes in glioblastoma, despite the genetic heterogeneity of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia S Donaires
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo R D V Godoy
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovana S Leandro
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Denis Puthier
- Technological Advances for Genomics and Clinics (TAGC), UMR, S 1090 INSERM Aix-Marseille Université, U928 Parc Scientifique de Luminy Case 928 163, Avenue de Luminy, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences, and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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11
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Wahba A, Lehman SL, Tofilon PJ. Radiation-induced translational control of gene expression. TRANSLATION (AUSTIN, TEX.) 2016; 5:e1265703. [PMID: 28702276 PMCID: PMC5501380 DOI: 10.1080/21690731.2016.1265703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Radiation-induced gene expression has long been hypothesized to protect against cell death. Defining this process would provide not only insight into the mechanisms mediating cell survival after radiation exposure, but also a novel source of targets for radiosensitization. However, whereas the radiation-induced gene expression profiles using total cellular mRNA have been generated for cell lines as well as normal tissues, with few exception, the changes in mRNA do not correlate with changes in the corresponding protein. The traditional approach to profiling gene expression, i.e., using total cellular RNA, does not take into account posttranscriptional regulation. In this review, we describe the use of gene expression profiling of polysome-bound RNA to establish that radiation modifies gene expression via translational control. Because changes in polysome-bound mRNA correlate with changes in protein, analysis of the translational profiles provides a unique data set for investigating the mechanisms mediating cellular radioresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Wahba
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stacey L. Lehman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Philip J. Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Godoy PRDV, Montaldi APL, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. HEB silencing induces anti-proliferative effects on U87MG cells cultured as neurospheres and monolayers. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:5253-5260. [PMID: 27779678 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a lethal tumor and novel strategies are required to overcome resistance. Transcription factor 12 (HEB) has been associated with neural and stem cell proliferation, is overexpressed in certain tumor types and is induced in irradiated U87MG cells. The present study aimed to determine whether HEB knockdown, with or without irradiation, may sensitize GBM cells. U87MG GBM and ACBRI‑371 primary human astrocytes were cultured in monolayers or neurospheres. Cell proliferation and death, cell cycle and sub‑G1 detection, and cluster of differentiation (CD) 133 immunofluorescence were analyzed by flow cytometry, whereas HEB protein expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Greater HEB protein expression was observed in U87MG neurospheres compared with ACBRI‑371, and the two cell lines exhibited nuclear HEB expression. HEB silencing in cells grown in monolayers induced a significant reduction in proliferation and decreased the proportion of cells in G0/G1 phase. In addition, HEB silencing reduced (two‑fold) the number of neurospheres compared with control scrambled (SCR) cells. HEB silencing combined with irradiation reduced U87MG cell proliferation when cultured in monolayers and reduced neurosphere cell number compared with the SCR irradiated group; however, not significantly. Differentiation of U87MG cells from neurospheres was reduced in HEB‑silenced cells, whereas in irradiated cells the proportion of CD133+ cells was similar in HEB‑silenced cells compared with the SCR control. These results suggest that HEB may contribute to the proliferation and maintenance of GBM cells. However, only limited effects were exerted by irradiation in HEB‑silenced cells. HEB may be a potential target to decrease proliferation in U87MG GBM cells, grown as monolayers or neurospheres, and may provide important information for the development of novel strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo R D V Godoy
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040‑901, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula L Montaldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040‑901, Brazil
| | - Elza T Sakamoto-Hojo
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040‑901, Brazil
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13
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Edmondson DA, Karski EE, Kohlgruber A, Koneru H, Matthay KK, Allen S, Hartmann CL, Peterson LE, DuBois SG, Coleman MA. Transcript Analysis for Internal Biodosimetry Using Peripheral Blood from Neuroblastoma Patients Treated with (131)I-mIBG, a Targeted Radionuclide. Radiat Res 2016; 186:235-44. [PMID: 27556353 DOI: 10.1667/rr14263.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Calculating internal dose from therapeutic radionuclides currently relies on estimates made from multiple radiation exposure measurements, converted to absorbed dose in specific organs using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) schema. As an alternative biodosimetric approach, we utilized gene expression analysis of whole blood from patients receiving targeted radiotherapy. Collected blood from patients with relapsed or refractory neuroblastoma who received (131)I-labeled metaiodobenzylguanidine ((131)I-mIBG) at the University of California San Francisco (UCSF) was used to compare calculated internal dose with the modulation of chosen gene expression. A total of 40 patients, median age 9 years, had blood drawn at baseline, 72 and 96 h after (131)I-mIBG infusion. Whole-body absorbed dose was calculated for each patient based on the cumulated activity determined from injected mIBG activity and patient-specific time-activity curves combined with (131)I whole-body S factors. We then assessed transcripts that were the most significant for describing the mixed therapeutic treatments over time using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Modulation was evaluated statistically using multiple regression analysis for data at 0, 72 and 96 h. A total of 10 genes were analyzed across 40 patients: CDKN1A; FDXR; GADD45A; BCLXL; STAT5B; BAX; BCL2; DDB2; XPC; and MDM2. Six genes were significantly modulated upon exposure to (131)I-mIBG at 72 h, as well as at 96 h. Four genes varied significantly with absorbed dose when controlling for time. A gene expression biodosimetry model was developed to predict absorbed dose based on modulation of gene transcripts within whole blood. Three transcripts explained over 98% of the variance in the modulation of gene expression over the 96 h (CDKN1A, BAX and DDB2). To our knowledge, this is a novel study, which uses whole blood collected from patients treated with a radiopharmaceutical, to characterize biomarkers that may be useful for biodosimetry. Our data indicate that transcripts, which have been previously identified as biomarkers of external exposures in ex vivo whole blood and in vivo radiotherapy patients, are also good early indicators of internal exposure. However, for internal sources of radiation, the biokinetics and physical decay of the radionuclide strongly influence the gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Edmondson
- a School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Erin E Karski
- b Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco California 94143
| | - Ayano Kohlgruber
- c Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Harsha Koneru
- c Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550
| | - Katherine K Matthay
- b Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco California 94143
| | - Shelly Allen
- b Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco California 94143
| | | | - Leif E Peterson
- d Center for Biostatistics, Houston Methodist Research Institute. Houston, Texas 77030; and
| | - Steven G DuBois
- b Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco California 94143
| | - Matthew A Coleman
- c Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550;,e Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, California 95817
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14
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Burtt JJ, Thompson PA, Lafrenie RM. Non-targeted effects and radiation-induced carcinogenesis: a review. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:R23-R35. [PMID: 26910391 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/1/r23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to ionising radiation is clearly associated with an increased risk of developing some types of cancer. However, the contribution of non-targeted effects to cancer development after exposure to ionising radiation is far less clear. The currently used cancer risk model by the international radiation protection community states that any increase in radiation exposure proportionately increases the risk of developing cancer. However, this stochastic cancer risk model does not take into account any contribution from non-targeted effects. Nor does it consider the possibility of a bystander mechanism in the induction of genomic instability. This paper reviews the available evidence to date for a possible role for non-targeted effects to contribute to cancer development after exposure to ionising radiation. An evolution in the understanding of the mechanisms driving non-targeted effects after exposure to ionising radiation is critical to determine the true contribution of non-targeted effects on the risk of developing cancer. Such an evolution will likely only be achievable through coordinated multidisciplinary teams combining several fields of study including: genomics, proteomics, cell biology, molecular epidemiology, and traditional epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie J Burtt
- Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 5S9, Canada
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15
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Evaluation of cytotoxic and tumor targeting capability of 177Lu-DOTATATE-nanoparticles: a trailblazing strategy in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Ann Nucl Med 2016; 30:334-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-016-1067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Besse A, Sana J, Lakomy R, Kren L, Fadrus P, Smrcka M, Hermanova M, Jancalek R, Reguli S, Lipina R, Svoboda M, Slampa P, Slaby O. MiR-338-5p sensitizes glioblastoma cells to radiation through regulation of genes involved in DNA damage response. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7719-27. [PMID: 26692101 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain tumor. Despite radical surgery and radiotherapy supported by chemotherapy, the disease still remains incurable with an extremely low median survival rate of 12-15 months from the time of initial diagnosis. The main cause of treatment failure is considered to be the presence of cells that are resistant to the treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) as regulators of gene expression are involved in the tumor pathogenesis, including GBM. MiR-338 is a brain-specific miRNA which has been described to target pathways involved in proliferation and differentiation. In our study, miR-338-3p and miR-338-5p were differentially expressed in GBM tissue in comparison to non-tumor brain tissue. Overexpression of miR-338-3p with miRNA mimic did not show any changes in proliferation rates in GBM cell lines (A172, T98G, U87MG). On the other hand, pre-miR-338-5p notably decreased proliferation and caused cell cycle arrest. Since radiation is currently the main treatment modality in GBM, we combined overexpression of pre-miR-338-5p with radiation, which led to significantly decreased cell proliferation, increased cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis in comparison to irradiation-only cells. To better elucidate the mechanism of action, we performed gene expression profiling analysis that revealed targets of miR-338-5p being Ndfip1, Rheb, and ppp2R5a. These genes have been described to be involved in DNA damage response, proliferation, and cell cycle regulation. To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the role of miR-338-5p in GBM and its potential to improve the sensitivity of GBM to radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Besse
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, University Campus Bohunice, Building A3, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sana
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, University Campus Bohunice, Building A3, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Lakomy
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Leos Kren
- University Hospital Brno, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Fadrus
- University Hospital Brno, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Smrcka
- University Hospital Brno, Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Hermanova
- First Department of Pathological Anatomy, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Jancalek
- Department of Neurosurgery, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stefan Reguli
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Lipina
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Svoboda
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Slampa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Slaby
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, University Campus Bohunice, Building A3, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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17
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Shkreta L, Chabot B. The RNA Splicing Response to DNA Damage. Biomolecules 2015; 5:2935-77. [PMID: 26529031 PMCID: PMC4693264 DOI: 10.3390/biom5042935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The number of factors known to participate in the DNA damage response (DDR) has expanded considerably in recent years to include splicing and alternative splicing factors. While the binding of splicing proteins and ribonucleoprotein complexes to nascent transcripts prevents genomic instability by deterring the formation of RNA/DNA duplexes, splicing factors are also recruited to, or removed from, sites of DNA damage. The first steps of the DDR promote the post-translational modification of splicing factors to affect their localization and activity, while more downstream DDR events alter their expression. Although descriptions of molecular mechanisms remain limited, an emerging trend is that DNA damage disrupts the coupling of constitutive and alternative splicing with the transcription of genes involved in DNA repair, cell-cycle control and apoptosis. A better understanding of how changes in splice site selection are integrated into the DDR may provide new avenues to combat cancer and delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulzim Shkreta
- Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
| | - Benoit Chabot
- Microbiologie et d'Infectiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada.
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18
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Shen Y, Li J, Nitta M, Futalan D, Steed T, Treiber JM, Taich Z, Stevens D, Wykosky J, Chen HZ, Carter BS, Becher OJ, Kennedy R, Esashi F, Sarkaria JN, Furnari FB, Cavenee WK, Desai A, Chen CC. Orthogonal targeting of EGFRvIII expressing glioblastomas through simultaneous EGFR and PLK1 inhibition. Oncotarget 2015; 6:11751-67. [PMID: 26059434 PMCID: PMC4494902 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified a synthetic lethality between PLK1 silencing and the expression of an oncogenic Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFRvIII. PLK1 promoted homologous recombination (HR), mitigating EGFRvIII induced oncogenic stress resulting from DNA damage accumulation. Accordingly, PLK1 inhibition enhanced the cytotoxic effects of the DNA damaging agent, temozolomide (TMZ). This effect was significantly more pronounced in an Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII glioblastoma model relative to an Ink4a/Arf(-/-) PDGF-β model. The tumoricidal and TMZ-sensitizing effects of BI2536 were uniformly observed across Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII glioblastoma clones that acquired independent resistance mechanisms to EGFR inhibitors, suggesting these resistant clones retain oncogenic stress that required PLK1 compensation. Although BI2536 significantly augmented the anti-neoplastic effect of EGFR inhibitors in the Ink4a/Arf(-/-) EGFRvIII model, durable response was not achieved until TMZ was added. Our results suggest that optimal therapeutic effect against glioblastomas requires a "multi-orthogonal" combination tailored to the molecular physiology associated with the target cancer genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shen
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Li
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Masayuki Nitta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diahnn Futalan
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyler Steed
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M. Treiber
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zack Taich
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Deanna Stevens
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jill Wykosky
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hong-Zhuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bob S. Carter
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Richard Kennedy
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Fumiko Esashi
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jann N. Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Frank B. Furnari
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Webster K. Cavenee
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arshad Desai
- San Diego Branch, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Clark C. Chen
- Center for Theoretical and Applied Neuro-Oncology, Moores Cancer Center, Division of Neurosurgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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19
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Effect of Ku70 expression on radiosensitivity in renal carcinoma 786-O cells. Cancer Cell Int 2014; 14:44. [PMID: 24910538 PMCID: PMC4047436 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-14-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy plays an important role in cancer therapy. However, the radioresistance of some human cancers, particularly renal carcinoma, often results in radiotherapy failure. The Ku protein is essential for the repair of a majority of DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells, but effect of Ku70 expression on radiosensitivity in renal carcinoma is unclear. Here, we investigate the impact of Ku70 on radiosensitivity in renal carcinoma cells through regulating the expression of Ku70. Methods The stable overexpression of Ku70 or suppression of Ku70 in renal carcinoma cell line (786-O) was generated by retrovirus-mediated Ku70 cDNA or shRNA targeting Ku70. Ku70 expression was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis, the apoptosis of the stable cells was assayed with flow cytometry and TUNEL assay and the effect of radiation on the livability of stable cells was assessed by MTT assay. Results Up-regulation of Ku70 expression of 786-O cells could inhibit cell apoptosis and reduce susceptibility to radiation. On the contrary, 786-O cells with suppression of Ku70 expression could induce cell apoptosis and significantly enhance the sensitivity to radiation. Conclusions These findings indicated that Ku70 might play an important role in radioresistance of renal carcinoma, and inhibition of Ku70 can increase the radiosensitivity of 786-O cells by enhancing apoptosis, suggesting down-regulation of Ku70 expression combined with radiotherapy will be a potential strategy for renal cell carcinoma therapy.
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20
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Hall JS, Iype R, Senra J, Taylor J, Armenoult L, Oguejiofor K, Li Y, Stratford I, Stern PL, O’Connor MJ, Miller CJ, West CML. Investigation of radiosensitivity gene signatures in cancer cell lines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86329. [PMID: 24466029 PMCID: PMC3899227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic radiosensitivity is an important factor underlying radiotherapy response, but there is no method for its routine assessment in human tumours. Gene signatures are currently being derived and some were previously generated by expression profiling the NCI-60 cell line panel. It was hypothesised that focusing on more homogeneous tumour types would be a better approach. Two cell line cohorts were used derived from cervix [n = 16] and head and neck [n = 11] cancers. Radiosensitivity was measured as surviving fraction following irradiation with 2 Gy (SF2) by clonogenic assay. Differential gene expression between radiosensitive and radioresistant cell lines (SF2> median) was investigated using Affymetrix GeneChip Exon 1.0ST (cervix) or U133A Plus2 (head and neck) arrays. There were differences within cell line cohorts relating to tissue of origin reflected by expression of the stratified epithelial marker p63. Of 138 genes identified as being associated with SF2, only 2 (1.4%) were congruent between the cervix and head and neck carcinoma cell lines (MGST1 and TFPI), and these did not partition the published NCI-60 cell lines based on SF2. There was variable success in applying three published radiosensitivity signatures to our cohorts. One gene signature, originally trained on the NCI-60 cell lines, did partially separate sensitive and resistant cell lines in all three cell line datasets. The findings do not confirm our hypothesis but suggest that a common transcriptional signature can reflect the radiosensitivity of tumours of heterogeneous origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S. Hall
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Rohan Iype
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joana Senra
- Experimental Oncology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, The University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Janet Taylor
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucile Armenoult
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Oguejiofor
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyong Li
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Stratford
- Experimental Oncology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter L. Stern
- Immunology Group. CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Crispin J. Miller
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, CRUK Manchester Institute, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catharine M. L. West
- Translational Radiobiology Group, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Eckers JC, Kalen AL, Xiao W, Sarsour EH, Goswami PC. Selenoprotein P inhibits radiation-induced late reactive oxygen species accumulation and normal cell injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013; 87:619-25. [PMID: 24074935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.2063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation is a common mode of cancer therapy whose outcome is often limited because of normal tissue toxicity. We have shown previously that the accumulation of radiation-induced late reactive oxygen species (ROS) precedes cell death, suggesting that metabolic oxidative stress could regulate cellular radiation response. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether selenoprotein P (SEPP1), a major supplier of selenium to tissues and an antioxidant, regulates late ROS accumulation and toxicity in irradiated normal human fibroblasts (NHFs). METHODS AND MATERIALS Flow cytometry analysis of cell viability, cell cycle phase distribution, and dihydroethidium oxidation, along with clonogenic assays, were used to measure oxidative stress and toxicity. Human antioxidant mechanisms array and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used to measure gene expression during late ROS accumulation in irradiated NHFs. Sodium selenite addition and SEPP1 overexpression were used to determine the causality of SEPP1 regulating late ROS accumulation and toxicity in irradiated NHFs. RESULTS Irradiated NHFs showed late ROS accumulation (4.5-fold increase from control; P<.05) that occurs after activation of the cell cycle checkpoint pathways and precedes cell death. The mRNA levels of CuZn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxiredoxin 3, and thioredoxin reductase 1 increased approximately 2- to 3-fold, whereas mRNA levels of cold shock domain containing E1 and SEPP1 increased more than 6-fold (P<.05). The addition of sodium selenite before the radiation treatment suppressed toxicity (45%; P<.05). SEPP1 overexpression suppressed radiation-induced late ROS accumulation (35%; P<.05) and protected NHFs from radiation-induced toxicity (58%; P<.05). CONCLUSION SEPP1 mitigates radiation-induced late ROS accumulation and normal cell injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaimee C Eckers
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Division, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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22
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MiR-21 mediates the radiation resistance of glioblastoma cells by regulating PDCD4 and hMSH2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 33:525-529. [PMID: 23904372 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-013-1153-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanism by which miR-21 and its target genes mediate radiation resistance of glioblastoma cells. Real-time PCR was employed to detect miR-21 expression in normal brain tissues, glioblastoma tissues and glioblastoma cell lines (A172, T98G and U87MG). T98G cells were transfected with anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides, or plasmids containing PDCD4 or hMSH2 (PDCD4-pcDNA3 and hMSH2-pcDNA3). The survival curve was obtained to investigate the sensitivity of T98G cells to radiation. Cell apoptosis was measured by using the Caspase-3/7 kit and cell cycle by flow cytometry. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of hMSH2 and PDCD4 in miR-21-inhibiting T98G cells. The results showed that miR-21 expression in glioblastoma cells and tissues was conversely associated with the radiation sensitivity. Over-expression of miR-21 resulted in radiation resistance, while knockdown of miR-21 led to higher sensitivity of glioblastma cells to radiation. After miR-21 knockdown, the apoptosis of T98G cells was significantly increased and the G(2) phase arrest was more significant. In addition, miR-21 knockdown increased the expression of endogenous PDCD4 and hMSH2, which contributed to the apoptosis and G(2) arrest of T98G cells. The findings suggested that miR-21 may mediate the resistance of glioblastoma cells against radiation via its target genes PDCD4 and hMSH2. MiR-21 and its target genes may be used as potential molecular targets for clinical radiotherapy sensitization in the future.
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Godoy P, Mello S, Magalhães D, Donaires F, Nicolucci P, Donadi E, Passos G, Sakamoto-Hojo E. Ionizing radiation-induced gene expression changes in TP53 proficient and deficient glioblastoma cell lines. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2013; 756:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kozono S, Ohuchida K, Ohtsuka T, Cui L, Eguchi D, Fujiwara K, Zhao M, Mizumoto K, Tanaka M. S100A4 mRNA expression level is a predictor of radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1601-8. [PMID: 23900547 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving poor outcomes in patients with pancreatic cancer requires a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms contributing to radioresistance. We, therefore, sought to identify genes involved in the radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, CFPAC-1 and Capan-1, were repeatedly exposed to radiation, establishing two radioresistant cell lines. Gene expression profiling using cDNA microarrays was performed to identify genes responsible for radioresistance. The levels of expression of mRNAs encoded by selected genes and their correlation with radiation dose resulting in 50% survival rate were analyzed in pancreatic cancer cell lines. The radiation dose resulting in a 50% survival rate was significantly higher in irradiated (IR) compared to parental CFPAC-1 cells (8.31 ± 0.85 Gy vs. 2.14 ± 0.04 Gy, P<0.0001), but was lower in IR compared with parental Capan-1 cells (2.66 ± 0.24 Gy vs. 2.25 ± 0.03 Gy, P=0.04). cDNA microarray analysis identified 4 genes, including S100 calcium binding protein A4 (S100A4), overexpressed and 23 genes underexpressed in the IR compared with the parental cell lines. The levels of S100A4 mRNA expression were correlated with radiation dose resulting in a 50% survival rate (Pearson's test, R2=0.81, P=0.0025). S100A4 mRNA expression may predict radioresistance of pancreatic cancer cells and may play an important role in the poor response of pancreatic cancer cells to radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Kozono
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Gwak HS, Kim TH, Jo GH, Kim YJ, Kwak HJ, Kim JH, Yin J, Yoo H, Lee SH, Park JB. Silencing of microRNA-21 confers radio-sensitivity through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway and enhancing autophagy in malignant glioma cell lines. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47449. [PMID: 23077620 PMCID: PMC3471817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation is a core part of therapy for malignant glioma and is often provided following debulking surgery. However, resistance to radiation occurs in most patients, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of radio-resistance are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that microRNA 21 (miR-21), a well-known onco-microRNA in malignant glioma, is one of the major players in radio-resistance. Radio-resistance in different malignant glioma cell lines measured by cytotoxic cell survival assay was closely associated with miR-21 expression level. Blocking miR-21 with anti-miR-21 resulted in radio-sensitization of U373 and U87 cells, whereas overexpression of miR-21 lead to a decrease in radio-sensitivity of LN18 and LN428 cells. Anti-miR-21 sustained γ-H2AX DNA foci formation, which is an indicator of double-strand DNA damage, up to 24 hours and suppressed phospho-Akt (ser473) expression after exposure to γ-irradiation. In a cell cycle analysis, a significant increase in the G2/M phase transition by anti-miR-21 was observed at 48 hours after irradiation. Interestingly, our results showed that anti-miR-21 increased factors associated with autophagosome formation and autophagy activity, which was measured by acid vesicular organelles, LC3 protein expression, and the percentage of GFP-LC3 positive cells. Furthermore, augmented autophagy by anti-miR-21 resulted in an increase in the apoptotic population after irradiation. Our results show that miR-21 is a pivotal molecule for circumventing radiation-induced cell death in malignant glioma cells through the regulation of autophagy and provide a novel phenomenon for the acquisition of radio-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Shin Gwak
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Guk Heui Jo
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Youn-Jae Kim
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Heon Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Heon Yoo
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jong Bae Park
- Specific Organs Cancer Branch, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Kaur N, Ranjan A, Tiwari V, Aneja R, Tandon V. DMA, a bisbenzimidazole, offers radioprotection by promoting NFκB transactivation through NIK/IKK in human glioma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39426. [PMID: 22745752 PMCID: PMC3382165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation (IR) exposure often occurs for human beings through occupational, medical, environmental, accidental and/or other sources. Thus, the role of radioprotector is essential to overcome the complex series of overlapping responses to radiation induced DNA damage. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of human glioma U87 cells with DMA (5- {4-methylpiperazin-1-yl}-2-[2'-(3, 4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5'-benzimidazolyl] in the presence or absence of radiation uncovered differential regulation of an array of genes and proteins using microarray and 2D PAGE techniques. Pathway construction followed by relative quantitation of gene expression of the identified proteins and their interacting partners led to the identification of MAP3K14 (NFκB inducing kinase, NIK) as the candidate gene affected in response to DMA. Subsequently, over expression and knock down of NIK suggested that DMA affects NFκB inducing kinase mediated phosphorylation of IKKα and IKKβ both alone and in the presence of ionizing radiation (IR). The TNF-α induced NFκB dependent luciferase reporter assay demonstrated 1.65, 2.26 and 3.62 fold increase in NFκB activation at 10, 25 and 50 µM DMA concentrations respectively, compared to control cells. This activation was further increased by 5.8 fold in drug + radiation (50 µM +8.5 Gy) treated cells in comparison to control. We observed 51% radioprotection in control siRNA transfected cells that attenuated to 15% in siRNA NIK treated U87 cells, irradiated in presence of DMA at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Our studies show that NIK/IKK mediated NFκB activation is more intensified in cells over expressing NIK and treated with DMA, alone or in combination with ionizing radiation, indicating that DMA promotes NIK mediated NFκB signaling. This subsequently leads to the radioprotective effect exhibited by DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navrinder Kaur
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Atul Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Aneja
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Vibha Tandon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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Oxidative DNA damage in neurons: implication of ku in neuronal homeostasis and survival. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:752420. [PMID: 22737170 PMCID: PMC3378965 DOI: 10.1155/2012/752420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative DNA damage is produced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are generated by exogenous and endogenous sources and continuously challenge the cell. One of the most severe DNA lesions is the double-strand break (DSB), which is mainly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway in mammals. NHEJ directly joins the broken ends, without using the homologous template. Ku70/86 heterodimer, also known as Ku, is the first component of NHEJ as it directly binds DNA and recruits other NHEJ factors to promote the repair of the broken ends. Neurons are particularly metabolically active, displaying high rates of transcription and translation, which are associated with high metabolic and mitochondrial activity as well as oxygen consumption. In such a way, excessive oxygen radicals can be generated and constantly attack DNA, thereby producing several lesions. This condition, together with defective DNA repair systems, can lead to a high accumulation of DNA damage resulting in neurodegenerative processes and defects in neurodevelopment. In light of recent findings, in this paper, we will discuss the possible implication of Ku in neurodevelopment and in mediating the DNA repair dysfunction observed in certain neurodegenerations.
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Giuliano S, Iadarola P, Leva V, Montecucco A, Camerini S, Crescenzi M, Salvini R, Bardoni A. An insight into the abundant proteome of 46BR.1G1 fibroblasts deficient of DNA ligase I. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:307-15. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Giuliano
- Department of Biochemistry “A. Castellani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Iadarola
- Department of Biochemistry “A. Castellani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Leva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Council of Research, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Serena Camerini
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Crescenzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Salvini
- Department of Biochemistry “A. Castellani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Bardoni
- Department of Biochemistry “A. Castellani”, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Canazza A, De Grazia U, Fumagalli L, Brait L, Ghielmetti F, Fariselli L, Croci D, Salmaggi A, Ciusani E. In vitro effects of Cyberknife-driven intermittent irradiation on glioblastoma cell lines. Neurol Sci 2011; 32:579-88. [PMID: 21301910 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Radiosurgery is used increasingly upon recurrence of high-grade gliomas to deliver a high dose of focused radiation to a defined target. The purpose of our study was to compare intermittent irradiation (IIR) by using a CyberKnife (CK) with continuous irradiation (CIR) by using a conventional linear accelerator (LINAC). A significant decrease in surviving fraction was observed after IIR irradiation compared with after CIR at a dose of 8 Gy. Three hours after irradiation, most of the DNA damage was repaired in U87. Slightly higher basal levels of Ku70/80 mRNA were found in U87 compared with A172, while radiation treatment induced only minor regulation of Ku70/80 and Rad51 transcription in either cell lines. IIR treatment using CK significantly decreased the survival in U87 and A172 compared with CIR. Although the two cell lines differed in DNA repair capability, the role of Ku70/80 and Rad51 in the cell line radiosensitivity seemed marginal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Canazza
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Milan, Italy
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30
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Morandi E, Severini C, Quercioli D, Perdichizzi S, Mascolo MG, Horn W, Vaccari M, Nucci MC, Lodi V, Violante FS, Bolognesi C, Grilli S, Silingardi P, Colacci A. Gene expression changes in medical workers exposed to radiation. Radiat Res 2009; 172:500-8. [PMID: 19772471 DOI: 10.1667/rr1545.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The use of nuclear resources for medical purposes causes considerable concern about occupational exposure. Nevertheless, little information is available regarding the effects of low-dose irradiations protracted over time. We used oligomicroarrays to identify the genes that are transcriptionally regulated by persistent exposure to extremely low doses of ionizing radiation in 28 exposed professionals (mean cumulative effective dose +/- SD, 19 +/- 38 mSv) compared with a matched sample of nonexposed subjects. We identified 256 modulated genes from peripheral blood mononuclear cells profiles, and the main biological processes we found were DNA packaging and mitochondrial electron transport NADH to ubiquinone. Next we investigated whether a different pattern existed when only 22 exposed subjects with accumulated doses >2.5 mSv, a threshold corresponding to the natural background radiation in Italy per year, and mean equal to 25 +/- 41 mSv were used. In addition to DNA packaging and NADH dehydrogenase function, the analysis of the higher-exposed subgroup revealed a significant modulation of ion homeostasis and programmed cell death as well. The changes in gene expression that we found suggest different mechanisms from those involved in high-dose studies that may help to define new biomarkers of radiation exposure for accumulated doses below 25 mSv.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morandi
- Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency-Emilia-Romagna Region (ER-EPA), 40126, Bologna County, Italy
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Turtoi A, Schneeweiss FHA. Effect of (211)At alpha-particle irradiation on expression of selected radiation responsive genes in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:403-12. [PMID: 19382019 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902838541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Analysis of the relative expression of radiation responsive genes (previously shown to respond to gamma-radiations) after exposure of human lymphocytes to (211)At alpha-particles and the suitability of these genes as potential markers for alpha-biodosimetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood of two healthy human donors were exposed in triplicate for 30 min to different concentrations of Na(211)At at 37 degrees C (absorbed doses: 0.05-1.6 Gy). Following an incubation period (2 h), the total RNA was isolated from the irradiated lymphocytes and the relative expression of the following 18 genes was tested for change using TaqMan probes based upon the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. METHOD BBC3 (B-cell lymphoma 2 binding component 3), CD69 (cluster of differentiation 69), CDKN1A (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), DUSP8 (dual specificity phosphatase 8) EGR1 (early growth response 1), EGR4 (early growth response 4), GADD45A (growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, alpha), GRAP (growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-related adaptor protein), LAP1B (TOR1AIP1; torsin A interacting protein 1), IFNG (interferon gamma), ISG20L1 (interferon-stimulated exonuclease gene 20kDa - like 1), c-JUN (jun oncogene), MDM2 (mouse double minute 2), PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen), PLK2 (polo-like kinase 2), RND1 (rho family GTPase 1), TNFSF9 (tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 9) and TRAF4 (tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 4). RESULTS The expressions of the 18 genes, except GRAP, were up-regulated following exposure to alpha-radiation. A comparison of the results of two individuals tested here showed great variability. Dependence of gene expression upon alpha-dose was observed in certain dose intervals for BBC3 (R(2) = 0.61 [individual 1] / 0.81 [individual 2], significance 0.2-1.6 Gy [1] / 0.05-0.1 Gy [2]) and MDM2 (R(2) = 0.78/0.54; 0.8-1.6 Gy [1], 0.05-0.1 Gy [2]) genes in both individuals. Additionally, for individual 1 the dose dependence was found for the following genes: ISG20L1 (R(2) = 0.69, 0.05-0.1 Gy), PCNA (R(2) = 0.59, 0.8-1.6 Gy) and IFNG (R(2) = 0.74 up to 0.4 Gy, 0.05-0.1 Gy). CONCLUSION Candidate genes for a possible role in future early-phase (2 h) alpha-biodosimetry are BBC3, ISG20L1, MDM2, PCNA and IFNG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Turtoi
- Research Centre Julich, Department of Safety and Radiation Protection, Laboratory of Radiation Biology, Germany.
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Turtoi A, Brown I, Oskamp D, Schneeweiss FHA. Early gene expression in human lymphocytes aftergamma-irradiation–a genetic pattern with potential for biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:375-87. [PMID: 18464067 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802029886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Li BW, Rush AC, Mitreva M, Yin Y, Spiro D, Ghedin E, Weil GJ. Transcriptomes and pathways associated with infectivity, survival and immunogenicity in Brugia malayi L3. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:267. [PMID: 19527522 PMCID: PMC2708187 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Filarial nematode parasites cause serious diseases such as elephantiasis and river blindness in humans, and heartworm infections in dogs. Third stage filarial larvae (L3) are a critical stage in the life cycle of filarial parasites, because this is the stage that is transmitted by arthropod vectors to initiate infections in mammals. Improved understanding of molecular mechanisms associated with this transition may provide important leads for development of new therapies and vaccines to prevent filarial infections. This study explores changes in gene expression associated with the transition of Brugia malayi third stage larvae (BmL3) from mosquitoes into mammalian hosts and how these changes are affected by radiation. Radiation effects are especially interesting because irradiated L3 induce partial immunity to filarial infections. The underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of such vaccines are unkown. RESULTS Expression profiles were obtained using a new filarial microarray with 18, 104 64-mer elements. 771 genes were identified as differentially expressed in two-way comparative analyses of the three L3 types. 353 genes were up-regulated in mosquito L3 (L3i) relative to cultured L3 (L3c). These genes are important for establishment of filarial infections in mammalian hosts. Other genes were up-regulated in L3c relative to L3i (234) or irradiated L3 (L3ir) (22). These culture-induced transcripts include key molecules required for growth and development. 165 genes were up-regulated in L3ir relative to L3c; these genes encode highly immunogenic proteins and proteins involved in radiation repair. L3ir and L3i have similar transcription profiles for genes that encode highly immunogenic proteins, antioxidants and cuticle components. CONCLUSION Changes in gene expression that normally occur during culture under conditions that support L3 development and molting are prevented or delayed by radiation. This may explain the enhanced immunogenicity of L3ir. Gene Ontology and KEGG analyses revealed altered pathways between L3 types. Energy and "immune pathways" are up-regulated and may be needed for L3i invasion and survival, while growth and development are priorities for L3c. This study has improved our understanding of molecules involved in parasite invasion and immune evasion, potential targets of protective immunity, and molecules required for parasite growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Wen Li
- Department of internal medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Bassi C, Mello SS, Cardoso RS, Godoy PDV, Fachin AL, Junta CM, Sandrin-Garcia P, Carlotti CG, Falcão RP, Donadi EA, Passos GAS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Transcriptional changes in U343 MG-a glioblastoma cell line exposed to ionizing radiation. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 27:919-29. [PMID: 19273547 DOI: 10.1177/0960327108102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive and radioresistant brain tumor. Aiming to study how glioma cells respond to gamma-rays in terms of biological processes involved in cellular responses, we performed experiments at cellular context and gene expression analysis in U343-MG-a GBM cells irradiated with 1 Gy and collected at 6 h post-irradiation. The survival rate was approximately 61% for 1 Gy and was completely reduced at 16 Gy. By performing the microarray technique, 859 cDNA clones were analyzed. The Significance Analysis of Microarray algorithm indicated 196 significant expressed genes (false discovery rate (FDR) = 0.42%): 67 down-regulated and 97 up-regulated genes, which belong to several classes: metabolism, adhesion/cytoskeleton, signal transduction, cell cycle/apoptosis, membrane transport, DNA repair/DNA damage signaling, transcription factor, intracellular signaling, and RNA processing. Differential expression patterns of five selected genes (HSPA9B, INPP5A, PIP5K1A, FANCG, and TPP2) observed by the microarray analysis were further confirmed by the quantitative real time RT-PCR method, which demonstrated an up-regulation status of those genes. These results indicate a broad spectrum of biological processes (which may reflect the radio-resistance of U343 cells) that were altered in irradiated glioma cells, so as to guarantee cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cl Bassi
- Department of Genetics, University of Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Vares G, Wang B, Shang Y, Ohyama H, Tanaka K, Nakajima T, Nenoi M, Hayata I. Adaptive response in embryogenesis: vi. Comparative microarray analysis of gene expressions in mouse fetuses. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:70-86. [PMID: 19205986 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802635039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exposure of sublethal doses of ionizing radiation can induce protective mechanisms against a subsequent higher dose irradiation. This phenomenon, called radiation-induced adaptive response (AR), has been described in a wide range of biological models. We previously demonstrated the existence of AR in mice during late organogenesis. In this study, we investigated molecular mechanisms underlying AR in this model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using DNA microarrays, we performed a global analysis of transcriptome regulations in adapted and non-adapted cells collected from whole mouse fetuses, after in utero exposure to priming irradiation. RESULTS We identified AR-specific gene modulations. Our results suggested the involvement of signal transduction and Tumor protein (p53)-related pathways in the induction of AR. CONCLUSIONS Our results are in agreement with previous investigations showing that AR could be dependant on p53 activity. The observed gene modulations may also have possible consequences for subsequent developmental process of the fetus. This is the first report of AR-specific modulations at the molecular level in utero, which could serve as a basis for subsequent studies aimed at understanding AR in this model and possible long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vares
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan
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Small-Molecule Drugs Mimicking DNA Damage: A New Strategy for Sensitizing Tumors to Radiotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:1308-16. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-08-2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fachin AL, Mello SS, Sandrin-Garcia P, Junta CM, Donadi EA, Passos GAS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET. Gene expression profiles in human lymphocytes irradiated in vitro with low doses of gamma rays. Radiat Res 2008; 168:650-65. [PMID: 18088177 DOI: 10.1667/rr0487.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying responses to low radiation doses are still unknown, especially in normal lymphocytes, despite the evidence suggesting specific changes that may characterize cellular responses. Our purpose was to analyze gene expression profiles by DNA microarrays in human lymphocytes after in vitro irradiation (10, 25 and 50 cGy) with gamma rays. A cytogenetic analysis was also carried out for different radiation doses. G 0 lymphocytes were irradiated and induced to proliferate for 48 h; then RNA samples were collected for gene expression analysis. ANOVA was applied to data obtained in four experiments with four healthy donors, followed by SAM analysis and hierarchical clustering. For 10, 25 and 50 cGy, the numbers of significantly (FDR <or= 0.05) modulated genes were 86, 130 and 142, respectively, and 25, 35 and 33 genes were exclusively modulated for each dose, respectively. We found CYP4X1, MAPK10 and ATF6 (10 cGy), DUSP16 and RAD51L1 (25 cGy), and RAD50, REV3L and DCLRE1A (50 cGy). A set of 34 significant genes was common for all doses; while SERPINB2 and C14orf104 were up-regulated, CREB3L2, DDX49, STK25 and XAB2 were down-regulated. Chromosome damage was significantly induced for doses >or=10 cGy (total aberrations) and >or=50 cGy (dicentrics/ rings). Therefore, low to moderate radiation doses induced qualitative and/or quantitative differences and similarities in transcript profiles, reflecting the type and extent of DNA lesions. The main biological processes associated with modulated genes were metabolism, stress response/DNA repair, cell growth/differentiation, and transcription regulation. The results indicate a potential risk to humans regarding the development of genetic instability and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L Fachin
- Departamento de Genética e, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most frequent primary brain tumor in adults. The average survival time of less than 1 year did not improve notably over the last three decades. The dismal prognosis of glioblastoma patients is largely due to the striking radioresistance of this tumor. Here, we attempt a combined view on the genetics, the repair mechanisms and the radioresistance of glioblastoma. Specifically, we address the role of DNA-PKcs and the novel potential end-joining factor KUB3 in maintaining the radioresistant phenotype, the interrelationship between genetic lesions and repair mechanisms, and new perspectives that emerge from the identification of glioblastoma stem cells.
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Ianzini F, Domann FE, Kosmacek EA, Phillips SL, Mackey MA. Human glioblastoma U87MG cells transduced with a dominant negative p53 (TP53) adenovirus construct undergo radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe. Radiat Res 2007; 168:183-92. [PMID: 17638400 DOI: 10.1667/0033-7587(2007)168[183:hguctw]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Human gliomas are among the most aggressive tumors, and they respond poorly to treatment. The efficacy of surgical, radiation and chemotherapy treatment of these tumors is limited by the development of resistance. Interventions aimed at altering the response of these tumors to radiation or chemotherapy treatments are needed to improve survival rate and prognosis. Glioblastomas are generally p53 (TP53) functional tumors; however, DNA repair pathways are activated in these tumors instead of the pathways to apoptosis. Thus resistance to treatment is seen in the ability of these tumors to overcome cell death. We present data that demonstrate that U87MG glioblastoma cells transduced with a dominant-negative p53 adenovirus construct become sensitized to radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe through abrogation of G(2)/M checkpoint control and overaccumulation of cyclin B1. These findings suggest that interventions abrogating the G(2)/M checkpoint sensitize these cells to radiation-induced mitotic catastrophe and may represent a novel mechanism to increase the efficacy of radiation in wild-type p53 gliomas that are resistant to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Ianzini
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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40
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Kim IJ, Lim SB, Kang HC, Chang HJ, Ahn SA, Park HW, Jang SG, Park JH, Kim DY, Jung KH, Choi HS, Jeong SY, Sohn DK, Kim DW, Park JG. Microarray gene expression profiling for predicting complete response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2007; 50:1342-53. [PMID: 17665260 DOI: 10.1007/s10350-007-277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is widely used to improve local control and sphincter preservation in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. In the present study, we investigated whether microarray gene expression analysis could predict complete response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer. METHODS Tumor tissues were obtained from 46 patients with rectal cancer (31 for training and 15 for validation testing). All patients underwent preoperative chemoradiotherapy involving 50.4 gray radiotherapy, followed by surgical excision 6 weeks later. Response to chemoradiotherapy was evaluated according to Dworak's tumor regression grade. Tumor regression Grades 1, 2, and 3 were considered partial responses, and tumor regression Grade 4 was considered a complete response. By using the 31 training samples, genes differentially expressed between partial response and complete response were identified, and clustering analysis was performed. Prediction analysis of response to chemoradiotherapy was performed on the 31 training samples by using a selected set of 95 "predictor" genes. Those findings were validated by independent analysis of the 15 test samples. RESULTS The 31 training samples comprised 20 partial response and 11 complete response cases. A primary set of 261 genes was identified as differentiating between partial response and complete response. By supervised clustering using these 261 genes, 30 of 31 training samples were clustered correctly according to tumor response. A gene set comprising the top-ranked 95 genes displaying differential expression between partial response and complete response was applied to predict response to chemoradiotherapy. Complete response and partial response were accurately predicted in 84 percent (26/31) of training samples and 87 percent (13/15) of validation samples. CONCLUSIONS Microarray gene expression analysis was successfully used to predict complete responses to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Jin Kim
- Cancer Research Institute and Cancer Research Center, Seoul National University, 28 Yongon-Dong, Chongno-Gu, Seoul, Korea
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Kamnasaran D, Qian B, Hawkins C, Stanford WL, Guha A. GATA6 is an astrocytoma tumor suppressor gene identified by gene trapping of mouse glioma model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8053-8. [PMID: 17463088 PMCID: PMC1876570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0611669104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are the most common and lethal adult primary brain tumor. Retroviral gene trapping of nontransformed neonatal astrocytes from a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP):(V12)Ha-Ras murine astrocytoma model led to isolation of the transcription factor Gata6. Loss of Gata6 resulted in enhanced proliferation and transformation of astrocytes. Human malignant astrocytoma cell lines, explant xenografts, and operative specimens demonstrated loss of GATA6 expression. Loss-of-function GATA6 mutations with loss of heterozygosity of the GATA6 locus were found in human malignant astrocytoma specimens but not in lower-grade astrocytomas or normal adult astrocytes. Knockdown of Gata6 expression in (V12)Ha-Ras or p53-/- astrocytes, but not in parental murine or human astrocytes, led to acceleration of tumorgenesis. Knockin GATA6 expression in human malignant astrocytoma cells reduced their tumorgenic growth with decreased VEGF expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that GATA6, isolated from a murine astrocytoma model, is a novel tumor suppressor gene that is a direct target of mutations during malignant progression of murine and human astrocytomas. This work also demonstrates the utility of random mutagenesis strategies, such as gene trapping, on murine cancer models toward discovery of novel genetic alterations in corresponding human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Baoping Qian
- *The Arthur and Sonia Labatts Brain Tumor Research Centre and
| | - Cynthia Hawkins
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - William L. Stanford
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G9; and
| | - Abhijit Guha
- *The Arthur and Sonia Labatts Brain Tumor Research Centre and
- Division of Neurosurgery, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5T 2S8
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West CML, Elliott RM, Burnet NG. The genomics revolution and radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2007; 19:470-80. [PMID: 17419040 DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2007.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of our knowledge through the Human Genome Project has been accompanied by the development of new high-throughput techniques, which provide extensive capabilities for the analysis of a large number of genes or the whole genome. These assays can be carried out in various clinical samples at the DNA (genome), RNA (transcriptome) or protein (proteome) level. There is a belief that this genomic revolution, i.e. sequencing of the human genome and developments in high-throughput technology, heralds a future of personalised medicine. For clinical oncology, this progress should increase the possibility of predicting individual patient responses to radiotherapy. This review highlights some of the work involving sparsely ionising radiation and the new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M L West
- Academic Radiation Oncology, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
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Kis E, Szatmári T, Keszei M, Farkas R, Esik O, Lumniczky K, Falus A, Sáfrány G. Microarray analysis of radiation response genes in primary human fibroblasts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006; 66:1506-14. [PMID: 17069989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify radiation-induced early transcriptional responses in primary human fibroblasts and understand cellular pathways leading to damage correction. METHODS AND MATERIALS Primary human fibroblast cell lines were irradiated with 2 Gy gamma-radiation and RNA isolated 2 h later. Radiation-induced transcriptional alterations were investigated with microarrays covering the entire human genome. Time- and dose dependent radiation responses were studied by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS About 200 genes responded to ionizing radiation on the transcriptional level in primary human fibroblasts. The expression profile depended on individual genetic backgrounds. Thirty genes (28 up- and 2 down-regulated) responded to radiation in identical manner in all investigated cells. Twenty of these consensus radiation response genes were functionally categorized: most of them belong to the DNA damage response (GADD45A, BTG2, PCNA, IER5), regulation of cell cycle and cell proliferation (CDKN1A, PPM1D, SERTAD1, PLK2, PLK3, CYR61), programmed cell death (BBC3, TP53INP1) and signaling (SH2D2A, SLIC1, GDF15, THSD1) pathways. Four genes (SEL10, FDXR, CYP26B1, OR11A1) were annotated to other functional groups. Many of the consensus radiation response genes are regulated by, or regulate p53. Time- and dose-dependent expression profiles of selected consensus genes (CDKN1A, GADD45A, IER5, PLK3, CYR61) were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. Transcriptional alterations depended on the applied dose, and on the time after irradiation. CONCLUSIONS The data presented here could help in the better understanding of early radiation responses and the development of biomarkers to identify radiation susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enikö Kis
- Department of Molecular and Tumor Radiobiology, NCPH-Frederic Joliot-Curie National Research Institute for Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Budapest, Hungary
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Dong GL, Xing LN, Liu XB, Liu W, Jin Q, Zhang SY. Early growth response-1 gene expression and its role in radiation-induced apoptosis of liver cancer cell lines. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2923-2927. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i30.2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the relationship between radiation-induced apoptosis and the expression of early growth response-1 (Egr-1) gene in liver cancer cell lines.
METHODS: The cultured cells (HepG2, SMMC-7721 and HL-7702) were irradiated at 4Gy X-radiation. The expression of Egr-1 gene was detected by fluorescent quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (FQ-PCR) before and 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 h after irradiation. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry (FCM).
RESULTS: The expression of Egr-1 was increased from 1 to 4 h after irradiation in the three kinds of cell lines HepG2, SMMC-7721 and HL-7702, and the highest expression was in HepG2 cells (DEgrHepG2 = 12.9629 ± 1.0649), which was significantly higher than that in SMMC-7721 or HL-7702 cells (DEgr7721 = 0.0017 ± 0.0003, DEgr7702 = 0.0096 ± 0.0008, P < 0.01). Radiation-induced apoptosis was not significant 6 h after irradiation in all the three cell lines, but it reached the peak value at 12 in HepG2 (41.16%) and HL-7702 cells (27.45%). Radiation-induced apoptosis was still relatively low in SMMC-7721 cells at 24 h (24.94%). Radiation-induced changes of S phase and apoptosis was opposite in the tendency from 6 to 12 h in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells.
CONCLUSION: X-radiation may induce cell-cycle changes and cell apoptosis by up-regulation of Egr-1 gene expression, and radiation-induced apoptosis may be associated positively with Egr-1 expression level. HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells of S phase might be susceptible to apoptosis after irradiation.
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Wu J, Daino K, Ichimura S, Nenoi M. The initiator motif is preferentially used as the core promoter element in ionizing radiation-responsive genes. Radiat Res 2006; 166:810-3. [PMID: 17067207 DOI: 10.1667/rr0570.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent improvements in DNA microarray technologies and bioinformatics have made it possible to look for common features of ionizing radiation-responsive genes and their regulatory regions. We analyzed the promoters of 217 radiation-responsive human genes, compiled from microarray databases available in the literature. Using the DBTSS database, the transcriptional start sites were determined, and the core promoter elements, such as the TATA-box, initiator (Inr), GC-box and CCAAT-box, were searched for in the -1000 bp/ +200 bp region of each gene by using MATCH. It was found that the frequency of Inr in radiation-responsive genes was higher than that in general genes, and the frequencies of the GC-box and CCAAT-box were significantly lower than those in general genes. Use of the GC-box and the CCAAT-box in radiation-responsive genes was found to be dependent on the TATA-box status; that is, GC-box frequency was low in TATA box-containing genes, and CCAAT-box frequency was also low in TATA-less genes. When correlations between gene functions and frequencies of core promoter elements were examined, no apparent biased use of the core promoter element in association with a specific gene function was observed. It may be speculated that use of Inr in the core promoter correlates with appearance of radiation-responsive enhancer (silencer) elements in the upstream (downstream) regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyu Wu
- Radiation Effect Mechanisms Research Group, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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Dong GL, Xing LN, Liu XB, Liu W, Jin Q, Zhang SY. Properties of radiation-induced apoptosis and cell cycle changes in liver cancer cell lines. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:2834-2837. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i29.2834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To analyze the properties of radiation-induced apoptosis and cell cycle changes in liver cancer cell lines.
METHODS: Liver cancer cell lines HepG2 and SMMC-7721 were included in this study, and normal liver cell line HL-7702, pulmonary small cell carcinoma cell line HCI-H460 and lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 were used as controls. After routine culture for 48 h, all the cells were irradiated under 4Gy X-radiation. The cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry (FCM) before and 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 h after irradiation.
RESULTS: After irradiation, cell apoptosis started from the 6th h and reached to the peak at 12 h in HepG2 cells (ΔApoHepG2= 45.16%, t = 8.864, P < 0.0025), while at 24 h in SMMC-7721 cells (ΔApo7721 = 24.94%). In comparison with SMMC-7721 cells, HepG2 cells had an earlier and higher apoptosis peak. The cell cycle and apoptosis were generally in the same situation in HCI-H460 and A549 cells as those in SMMC-7721 and HepG2 cells. The pre-S-phase cell apoptosis was found in both kinds of liver cancer cells. Significant blockage of G2/M phase occurred 12 h after irradiation.
CONCLUSION: After 4Gy X-radiation, premitotic apoptosis occurs both in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, X-radiation may induce G2/M-phase cell injuries and deaths in HepG2 cells.
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Song LH, Yan HL, Cai DL. Gene expression profiles in the liver of mice irradiated with (60)Co gamma rays and treated with soybean isoflavone. Eur J Nutr 2006; 45:406-17. [PMID: 16969605 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-006-0614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the radio-protective effect of soybean isoflavone that we observed in our recent animal experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We utilized a cDNA microarray to investigate the expression profiles of 4,096 known genes in the livers of irradiated-mice with or without soybean isoflavone treatment. Dye swap approach was employed to control for gene-specific dye bias and quantitative real-time RT-PCR was performed on several genes to validate the cDNA microarray data. RESULTS Compared with the control group, 68 genes were up-regulated and 28 genes were down-regulated in mice treated with irradiation alone, whereas only 6 genes were down-regulated and 35 genes were up-regulated in mice treated with soybean isoflavone. Interestingly, some of the down-regulated genes in the irradiated group, such as DNA repair and stress response genes and cytoskeleton-associated genes, which are markers of cellular damage after irradiation, were maintained at close to normal expression levels after soybean isoflavone treatment. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of gene expression profiles in the livers of irradiated-mice treated with or without soybean isoflavone suggested that soybean isoflavone may be an efficient tool to reverse irradiation damage of the liver through multiple-pathways and also provides important clues to further pursue the molecular mechanisms underlying the radio-protective activity of soybean isoflavone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Song
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China
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48
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Lee YS, Choi DK, Kim CD, Im M, Mollah ML, Jang JY, Oh TJ, An S, Seo YJ, Hur GM, Cho MJ, Park JK, Lee JH. Expression profiling of radiation-induced genes in radiodermatitis of hairless mice. Br J Dermatol 2006; 154:829-38. [PMID: 16634882 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation induces many cellular events leading to radiodermatitis. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to establish a radiodermatitis model using experimental animals, and to examine the expression profile of radiation-induced genes. METHODS Hairless mice were irradiated on the dorsal skin; then total RNAs were isolated and microarray hybridizations were performed. RESULTS Irradiation with a total of 40 Gy (10 Gy day-1 for four consecutive days) provokes radiodermatitis in the hairless mouse. After microarray analysis, 130 genes that showed upregulation by radiation were selected and organized into four different clusters, depending on the time-kinetic pattern. Classification of these genes into several functional categories revealed that various biological processes were globally affected by radiation. These include transcription regulation, signal transduction, cell communication, cell death regulation and metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate the complexity of the transcriptional profile of the radiation response, providing important clues on which to base further investigations of the molecular events underlying radiodermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Dajeon, and Department of Radiation Oncology, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
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Qutob SS, Chauhan V, Bellier PV, Yauk CL, Douglas GR, Berndt L, Williams A, Gajda GB, Lemay E, Thansandote A, McNamee JP. Microarray Gene Expression Profiling of a Human Glioblastoma Cell Line ExposedIn Vitroto a 1.9 GHz Pulse-Modulated Radiofrequency Field. Radiat Res 2006; 165:636-44. [PMID: 16802863 DOI: 10.1667/rr3561.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of mobile phones has led to public concerns about the health effects associated with exposure to radiofrequency (RF) fields. The paramount concern of most persons relates to the potential of these fields to cause cancer. Unlike ionizing radiation, RF fields used for mobile telecommunications (800-1900 MHz) do not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Most rodent bioassay and in vitro genotoxicity/mutation studies have reported that RF fields at non-thermal levels have no direct mutagenic, genotoxic or carcinogenic effects. However, some evidence has suggested that RF fields may cause detectable postexposure changes in gene expression. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the ability of exposure to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4 h at specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 W/kg to affect global gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. We found no evidence that non-thermal RF fields can affect gene expression in cultured U87MG cells relative to the nonirradiated control groups, whereas exposure to heat shock at 43 degrees C for 1 h up-regulated a number of typical stress-responsive genes in the positive control group. Future studies will assess the effect of RF fields on other cell lines and on gene expression in the mouse brain after in vivo exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Qutob
- Consumer and Clinical Radiation Protection Bureau, Healthy Environment and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 1C1
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Lü X, de la Peña L, Barker C, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. Radiation-Induced Changes in Gene Expression Involve Recruitment of Existing Messenger RNAs to and away from Polysomes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1052-61. [PMID: 16424041 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-3459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although ionizing radiation has been shown to influence gene transcription, little is known about the effects of radiation on gene translational efficiency. To obtain a genome-wide perspective of the effects of radiation on gene translation, microarray analysis was done on polysome-bound RNA isolated from irradiated human brain tumor cells; to allow for a comparison with the effects of radiation on transcription, microarray analysis was also done using total RNA. The number of genes whose translational activity was modified by radiation was approximately 10-fold greater than those whose transcription was affected. The radiation-induced change in a gene's translational activity was shown to involve the recruitment of existing mRNAs to and away from polysomes. Moreover, the change in a gene's translational activity after irradiation correlated with changes in the level of its corresponding protein. These data suggest that radiation modifies gene expression primarily at the level of translation. In contrast to transcriptional changes, there was considerable overlap in the genes affected at the translational level among brain tumor cell lines and normal astrocytes. Thus, the radiation-induced translational control of a subset of mRNAs seems to be a fundamental component of cellular radioresponse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lü
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20892-7440, USA
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