1
|
Satala D, Bednarek A, Kozik A, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. The Recruitment and Activation of Plasminogen by Bacteria-The Involvement in Chronic Infection Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10436. [PMID: 37445613 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of infections caused by pathogenic bacteria is largely related to the specific properties of the bacterial cell surface and extracellular hydrolytic activity. Furthermore, a significant role of hijacking of host proteolytic cascades by pathogens during invasion should not be disregarded during consideration of the mechanisms of bacterial virulence. This is the key factor for the pathogen evasion of the host immune response, tissue damage, and pathogen invasiveness at secondary infection sites after initial penetration through tissue barriers. In this review, the mechanisms of bacterial impact on host plasminogen-the precursor of the important plasma serine proteinase, plasmin-are characterized, principally focusing on cell surface exposition of various proteins, responsible for binding of this host (pro)enzyme and its activators or inhibitors, as well as the fibrinolytic system activation tactics exploited by different bacterial species, not only pathogenic, but also selected harmless residents of the human microbiome. Additionally, the involvement of bacterial factors that modulate the process of plasminogen activation and fibrinolysis during periodontitis is also described, providing a remarkable example of a dual use of this host system in the development of chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Satala
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Bednarek
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kozik
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mashatan N, Heidari R, Altafi M, Amini A, Ommati MM, Hashemzaei M. Probiotics in vaginal health. Pathog Dis 2023; 81:ftad012. [PMID: 37286796 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis, a type of vaginal inflammation, can be considered the main reason for abnormal discharges of the vagina and vaginal dysbiosis during reproductive years. Epidemiological investigations of females suffering from vaginitis demonstrated that at least 30% to 50% of all women had Bacterial vaginosis (BV). One of the fields of treatment is the use of probiotics, probiotics are commonly defined as viable microorganisms (yeasts or bacteria) that can positively affect the health of their hosts. They are used in foods, notably fermented milk products, and medicine-related products. The development of new probiotic strains is aimed at more active advantageous organisms. Lactobacillus species are the dominant bacteria in a normal vagina that can decrease the pH of the vagina by the production of lactic acid. A number of lactobacilli types can produce hydrogen peroxide as well. The presence of hydrogen peroxide-induced low pH can prevent the growth of several other microorganisms. The vaginal flora of BV cases can modify by replacing the Lactobacillus species with a high density of anaerobic bacteria (i.e. Mobiluncus sp. Bacteroides sp.), Mycoplasma hominis, and Gardnerella vaginalis. More vaginal infections are treated with medications, while there is a possibility of recurrence and chronic infection because of the adverse effects on the indigenous lactobacilli. Probiotics and prebiotics have shown capacities for optimizing, maintaining, and restoring the vaginal microflora. Therefore, biotherapeutics can offer alternative approaches to reduce infections of the vagina and thus promote consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noushin Mashatan
- Graduated, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mana Altafi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Shiraz Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Amini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Ommati
- Henan Key Laboratory of Environmental and Animal Products Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Masoud Hashemzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-14336, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Suzuki C, Aoki-Yoshida A, Aoki R, Sasaki K, Takayama Y, Mizumachi K. The distinct effects of orally administered Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C59 on gene expression in the murine small intestine. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188985. [PMID: 29220366 PMCID: PMC5722381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms of strain-specific probiotic effects and the impact of the oral administration of probiotic strains on the host’s gene expression are not yet well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the strain-specific effects of probiotic strain intake on gene expression in the murine small intestine. Two distinct strains of lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (GG) and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis C59 (C59), were orally administered to BALB/c mice, daily for 2 weeks. The total RNA was isolated from the upper (including the duodenum) and lower (the terminal ileum) small intestine, and gene expression was assessed by microarray analysis. The data revealed (1) oral administration of C59 and GG markedly down-regulated the expression of genes encoding fibrinogen subunits and plasminogen in the upper small intestine; (2) administration of more than 1 × 107 CFU/day of GG changed the gene expression of the host ileum. (3) strain- and dose-related effects on various GO biological processes; and (4) enrichment for B cell-related Gene Ontology terms among up-regulated genes in the terminal ileum of mice administered the 1 × 109 CFU/day of GG. The distinct effects of GG and C59 on gene expression in the intact small intestine provide clues to understand how the health beneficial effects of specific strains of probiotic bacteria are mediated by interactions with intestinal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chise Suzuki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayako Aoki-Yoshida
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Reiji Aoki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sasaki
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Takayama
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Koko Mizumachi
- Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Accurate knowledge of the composition and ecology of the vaginal microbial environment in healthy women is necessary for understanding lactobacilli-dominated normal microbiota and the mechanisms by which it reduces disease risk. The vagina and its microbiota form a balanced ecosystem; any movement outside the normal range for this ecosystem of obligate and/or facultative microbes, termed dysbacteriosis, can lead to infection and disease. This review summarizes recent research on the vaginal ecosystem, the Lactobacillus species that dominate it, and the means by which they suppress the growth, development, and/or proliferation of pathogenic microbial species. Lactobacilli colonization is believed to be beneficial since it prevents other microorganisms from colonizing the vaginal epithelium via competitive adhesion, interactions with the local immunity and plasminogen-plasmin system, and the production of lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and antibacterial substances. In addition, lactobacilli also constitute an important part of the urogenital tract microbiota and the lactobacilli-dominated vaginal microbiome is a major determinant for female urogenital health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kovachev
- a Department of General and Oncogynecology , Military Medical Academy , Sofia , Bulgaria
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Novel exopolysaccharides produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis, and the diversity of epsE genes in the exopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene clusters. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2013; 77:2013-8. [PMID: 24096663 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
To characterize novel variations of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) produced by dairy strains of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and subsp. cremoris, the EPSs of five dairy strains of L. lactis were purified. Sugar composition analysis showed two novel EPSs produced by strains of L. lactis subsp. lactis. One strain produced EPS lacking galactose, and the other produced EPS containing fucose. Among the eps gene clusters of these strains, the highly conserved epsD and its neighboring epsE were sequenced. Sequence and PCR analysis revealed that epsE genes were strain-specific. By Southern blot analysis using epsD, the eps gene cluster in each strain was found to locate to the chromosome or a very large plasmid. This is the first report on the identification of two novel EPSs in L. lactis subsp. lactis. The strains can be detected among other strains by using epsE genes specific to them.
Collapse
|