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Halliwell R, Banovic F, Mueller RS, Olivry T. Immunopathogenesis of the feline atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:13-e4. [PMID: 33470018 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline diseases of possible allergic origin with similar clinical phenotypes can have a varied underlying pathogenesis. Clinical phenotype, precise aetiology and underlying immunopathogenesis all need to be considered if advances in this neglected area of dermatology are to be made. OBJECTIVES To document the status of research into the immunopathogenesis of the diseases that fall within the spectrum of the feline atopic syndrome (FAS ), to summarize the conclusions, identify the limitations and recommend future research directions. METHODS AND MATERIALS A search of the literature was undertaken. The strengths and validity of the data and the contributions to our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis were analysed. Skin diseases of presumed allergic aetiology and asthma were assessed separately, as was the role of antibodies, cells and cytokines in each. RESULTS The research varied in its quality and its impact often was limited by a failure to employ strict criteria in case selection. This reflected the difficulties of skin reaction patterns associated with a number of inciting causes. Research into feline asthma was handicapped by the difficulties of investigating clinical material, and much of the useful information was derived from experimental models. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The evidence reviewed was supportive of a role for immunoglobulin (Ig)E in the pathogenesis of both feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) and asthma, albeit not strongly so. The inflammation noted in both FASS and asthma is accompanied by eosinophils and lymphocytes, and these findings, together with the cytokine expression, are suggestive in some (not all) cats of T-helper type 2 immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Halliwell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr 13, Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Takeuchi H, Khan MA, Ahmad SM, Hasan SMT, Alam MJ, Takanashi S, Hore SK, Yeasmin S, Jimba M, Iwata T. Concurrent decreases in the prevalence of wheezing and Ascaris infection among 5-year-old children in rural Bangladesh and their regulatory T cell immunity after the implementation of a national deworming program. Immun Inflamm Dis 2019; 7:160-169. [PMID: 31256445 PMCID: PMC6688081 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epidemiological research on the prevalence of asthma and helminthic infections in various countries has led to the hypothesis that helminthic infections protect against asthma by suppressing the host's immune response. This study was conducted to elucidate whether decreased Ascaris infection following a national deworming program was associated with increased recurrent wheezing among rural Bangladeshi children and to test their anti-inflammatory immunity. METHODS This nested case-control study was conducted from December 2015 to October 2016 in the rural service area of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Of the 1800 5-year old children randomly selected for the study, informed consent was obtained from the guardians of 1658 children. Data were collected using a semistructured questionnaire adopted from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood and blood samples for the analysis of regulatory T (Treg) cell immune responses and the balance between Th1 and Th2 immunity in Ascaris infections. RESULTS A total of 145 children were found to have wheezing, yielding a prevalence rate of 8.7%, which was significantly lower than the rate found in 2001 (16.2%, P < .001); Ascaris infection also decreased from 2001 to 2016. The 127 wheezing children who agreed to participate further were compared to 114 randomly selected never-wheezing children. Wheezing had a significant positive association with antibiotic use, history of pneumonia, parents' history of asthma, and Ascaris infection; children with Ascaris infection were twice as likely to have wheezing (adjusted odds ratio = 2.31, P = .053). Flow cytometry found no significant differences in the rates of Th1, Th2, and CD4 + CD25 + CD127low cells by the wheezing group. CONCLUSIONS Ascaris infection had a positive rather than a negative association with wheezing and the rates of wheezing and Ascaris infections both decreased from 2001 to 2016. These findings undermines the hypothesis that such infections provide protection against asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruko Takeuchi
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Md. Alfazal Khan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh
| | | | - S. M. Tafsir Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh
| | - Md. Jahangir Alam
- Infectious Diseases DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Samar Kumar Hore
- Centre for Equity and Health SystemInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh
| | - Sultana Yeasmin
- Infectious Diseases DivisionInternational Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease ResearchBangladesh
| | - Masamine Jimba
- Department of Community and Global Health, Graduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tsutomu Iwata
- Department of Education for Childcare, Faculty of Child StudiesTokyo Kasei UniversityTokyoJapan
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3
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A Toxocara canis infection influences the immune response to house dust mite allergens in dogs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 202:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jõgi NO, Svanes C, Siiak SP, Logan E, Holloway JW, Igland J, Johannessen A, Levin M, Real FG, Schlunssen V, Horsnell WGC, Bertelsen RJ. Zoonotic helminth exposure and risk of allergic diseases: A study of two generations in Norway. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 48:66-77. [PMID: 29117468 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal and human studies indicate that definitive host helminth infections may confer protection from allergies. However, zoonotic helminths, such as Toxocara species (spp.), have been associated with increased allergies. OBJECTIVE We describe the prevalence of Toxocara spp. and Ascaris spp. seropositivity and associations with allergic diseases and sensitization, in 2 generations in Bergen, Norway. METHODS Serum levels of total IgG4, anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 and Ascaris spp. IgG4 were established by ELISA in 2 cohorts: parents born 1945-1972 (n = 171) and their offspring born 1969-2003 (n = 264). Allergic outcomes and covariates were recorded through interviews and clinical examinations including serum IgEs and skin prick tests. RESULTS Anti-Ascaris spp. IgG4 was detected in 29.2% of parents and 10.3% of offspring, and anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 in 17.5% and 8.0% of parents and offspring, respectively. Among offspring, anti-Toxocara spp. IgG4 was associated with pet keeping before age 15 (OR = 6.15; 95% CI = 1.37-27.5) and increasing BMI (1.16[1.06-1.25] per kg/m2 ). Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with wheeze (2.97[1.45- 7.76]), hayfever (4.03[1.63-9.95]), eczema (2.89[1.08-7.76]) and cat sensitization (5.65[1.92-16.6]) among offspring, but was not associated with allergic outcomes among parents. Adjustment for childhood or current pet keeping did not alter associations with allergies. Parental Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with increased offspring allergies following a sex-specific pattern. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE Zoonotic helminth exposure in Norway was less frequent in offspring than parents; however, Toxocara spp. seropositivity was associated with increased risk of allergic manifestations in the offspring generation, but not among parents. Changes in response to helminth exposure may provide insights into the increase in allergy incidence in affluent countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O Jõgi
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - C Svanes
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - E Logan
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - J W Holloway
- Human Development & Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Igland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - A Johannessen
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - M Levin
- University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - F G Real
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - V Schlunssen
- Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - W G C Horsnell
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine/Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS-University of Orleans and Le Studium Institute for Advanced Studies, Orléans, France
| | - R J Bertelsen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Santiago HC, Nutman TB. Human Helminths and Allergic Disease: The Hygiene Hypothesis and Beyond. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:746-753. [PMID: 27573628 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
There is much debate about the interaction between helminths and allergic disease. The "Hygiene Hypothesis," a very popular concept among scientists and the lay public, states that infections, especially during childhood, can protect against allergic diseases. Indeed, helminth infections are known to induce regulatory responses in the host that can help the control of inflammation (including allergic inflammation). However, these infections also induce type-2-associated immune responses including helminth-specific IgE that can cross-react against environmental allergens and mediate IgE-driven effector responses. Thus, it is the delicate balance between the parasites' anti- and pro-allergenic effects that define the helminth/allergy interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton C Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Webb EL, Nampijja M, Kaweesa J, Kizindo R, Namutebi M, Nakazibwe E, Oduru G, Kabubi P, Kabagenyi J, Nkurunungi G, Kizito D, Muhangi L, Akello M, Verweij JJ, Nerima B, Tukahebwa E, Elliott AM, Sanya R, Mirembe B, Okello J, Levin J, Zziwa C, Tumusiime J, Sewankambo M, Nsubuga D, Cose S, Wammes L, Niwagaba E, Kabami G, Abayo E, Muwonge F, Abiriga D, Nannozi V, Kaweesa J. Helminths are positively associated with atopy and wheeze in Ugandan fishing communities: results from a cross-sectional survey. Allergy 2016; 71:1156-69. [PMID: 26918891 PMCID: PMC4949563 DOI: 10.1111/all.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Parasitic helminths are potent immunomodulators and chronic infections may protect against allergy‐related disease and atopy. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey to test the hypothesis that in heavily helminth‐exposed fishing villages on Lake Victoria, Uganda, helminth infections would be inversely associated with allergy‐related conditions. Methods A household survey was conducted as baseline to an anthelminthic intervention trial. Outcomes were reported wheeze in last year, atopy assessed both by skin prick test (SPT) and by the measurement of allergen‐specific IgE to dust mites and cockroach in plasma. Helminth infections were ascertained by stool, urine and haemoparasitology. Associations were examined using multivariable regression. Results Two thousand three hundred and sixteen individuals were surveyed. Prevalence of reported wheeze was 2% in under‐fives and 5% in participants ≥5 years; 19% had a positive SPT; median Dermatophagoides‐specific IgE and cockroach‐specific IgE were 1440 and 220 ng/ml, respectively. S. mansoni, N. americanus, S. stercoralis, T. trichiura, M. perstans and A. lumbricoides prevalence was estimated as 51%, 22%, 12%, 10%, 2% and 1%, respectively. S. mansoni was positively associated with Dermatophagoides‐specific IgE [adjusted geometric mean ratio (aGMR) (95% confidence interval) 1.64 (1.23, 2.18)]; T. trichiura with SPT [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.08 (1.38, 3.15)]; M. perstans with cockroach‐specific IgE [aGMR 2.37 (1.39, 4.06)], A. lumbricoides with wheeze in participants ≥5 years [aOR 6.36 (1.10, 36.63)] and with Dermatophagoides‐specific IgE [aGMR 2.34 (1.11, 4.95)]. No inverse associations were observed. Conclusions Contrary to our hypothesis, we found little evidence of an inverse relationship between helminths and allergy‐related outcomes, but strong evidence that individuals with certain helminths were more prone to atopy in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. L. Webb
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK
| | - M. Nampijja
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - J. Kaweesa
- Vector Control Division Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda
| | - R. Kizindo
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - M. Namutebi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | | | | | - P. Kabubi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - J. Kabagenyi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - G. Nkurunungi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - D. Kizito
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - L. Muhangi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - M. Akello
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - J. J. Verweij
- Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology St Elisabeth Hospital LC Tilburg the Netherlands
| | - B. Nerima
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
| | - E. Tukahebwa
- Vector Control Division Ministry of Health Kampala Uganda
| | - A. M. Elliott
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London UK
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS Entebbe Uganda
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7
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Suzuki M, Hara M, Ichikawa S, Kamijo S, Nakazawa T, Hatanaka H, Akiyama K, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Takai T. Presensitization to Ascaris antigens promotes induction of mite-specific IgE upon mite antigen inhalation in mice. Allergol Int 2016; 65:44-51. [PMID: 26666495 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with house dust mite (HDM) allergy or Ascariasis produce serum IgE specific to the antigens of HDM or nematode Ascaris, respectively. Although human IgE cross-reactivity has been reported between HDM and Ascaris antigens, it remains unclear whether it contributes to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. We herein investigated the induction of cross-reactive antibodies and T cells in mice and effects of airway exposure to HDM antigens after preimmunization with Ascaris antigens. METHODS Mice were intraperitoneally immunized with HDM or Ascaris antigens with Alum, followed by the intranasal administration of HDM antigens. Serum antigen-specific IgE and IgG were measured by ELISA. Cytokine release in splenocytes from Ascaris-immunized mice upon in vitro restimulation with HDM antigens were measured by ELISA. RESULTS Immunization with Ascaris or HDM antigens induced cross-reactive IgG1. Splenocytes from Ascaris-immunized mice released IL-5 and IL-13 in response to the restimulation with HDM antigens. Subsequent airway exposure to HDM antigens promoted the induction of HDM-specific IgE and upregulation of HDM-specific IgG1 in Ascaris-immunized mice, whereas these responses were not detected or smaller without the Ascaris presensitization. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that the immunization of naïve mice with Ascaris antigens induced production of antibodies and differentiation of Th2 cells, which were cross-reactive to HDM antigens, and accelerated induction of serum HDM-specific IgE upon subsequent airway exposure to HDM antigens in mice. These results suggest that sensitization to HDM towards IgE-mediated allergic diseases is faster in individuals with a previous history of Ascaris infection than in those without presensitization to Ascaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayu Suzuki
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Materials and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Ichikawa
- Department of Materials and Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Japan Women's University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Kamijo
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Nakazawa
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan; Department of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, National Hospital Organization Chiba-East National Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hideki Hatanaka
- National Bioscience Database Center, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Akiyama
- Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiro Takai
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Mpairwe H, Tweyongyere R, Elliott A. Pregnancy and helminth infections. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:328-37. [PMID: 24471654 PMCID: PMC4260141 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that helminth infection may be particularly detrimental during pregnancy, through adverse effects on maternal anaemia and on birth outcomes, and that anthelminthic treatment during pregnancy will therefore be particularly beneficial. However, the few treatment trials that have been conducted have given, but little support to this notion and further trials in settings of nutritional stress are needed. It has also been proposed that prenatal exposure to helminth infection has an important effect on the development of the foetal immune response. There is evidence that this may impact, long-term, upon responses to helminth and nonhelminth antigens, and to allergens. Exposure to helminths in utero may also have nonspecific effects that may modify the offspring's susceptibility to diseases mediated by inflammation, including metabolic disorders. The mechanisms of such effects are not known, but they deserve to be explored as current epidemiological findings suggest the possibility of primary prevention for inflammatory conditions such as allergy, through intervention during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mpairwe
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda
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9
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Santiago HDC, Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Bennuru S, Nutman TB. Helminth infection alters IgE responses to allergens structurally related to parasite proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:93-100. [PMID: 25404363 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Immunological cross-reactivity between environmental allergens and helminth proteins has been demonstrated, although the clinically related implications of this cross-reactivity have not been addressed. To investigate the impact of molecular similarity among allergens and cross-reactive homologous helminth proteins in IgE-based serologic assessment of allergic disorders in a helminth-infected population, we performed ImmunoCAP tests in filarial-infected and noninfected individuals for IgE measurements to allergen extracts that contained proteins with high levels of homology with helminth proteins as well as IgE against representative recombinant allergens with and without helminth homologs. The impact of helminth infection on the levels and function of the IgE to these specific homologous and nonhomologous allergens was corroborated in an animal model. We found that having a tissue-invasive filarial infection increased the serological prevalence of ImmunoCAP-identified IgE directed against house dust mite and cockroach, but not against timothy grass, the latter with few allergens with homologs in helminth infection. IgE ELISA confirmed that filaria-infected individuals had higher IgE prevalences to those recombinant allergens that had homologs in helminths. Mice infected with the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus displayed increased levels of IgE and positive skin tests to allergens with homologs in the parasite. These results show that cross-reactivity among allergens and helminth proteins can have practical implications, altering serologic approaches to allergen testing and bringing a new perspective to the "hygiene hypothesis."
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton da Costa Santiago
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Flávia L Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Sasisekhar Bennuru
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas B Nutman
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Schabussova I, Wiedermann U. Allergy and worms: let's bring back old friends? Wien Med Wochenschr 2014; 164:382-91. [PMID: 25281198 DOI: 10.1007/s10354-014-0308-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In order to survive in their host, parasitic worms (helminths) have evolved cunning strategies to manipulate the host immune system, some of which may lead to protection from immune dysregulatory diseases such as allergy. Thus, loss of exposure to helminths due to a highly hygienic life style might have contributed to the fact that living in an industrialized country is being associated with an increased prevalence of allergic diseases. However, it must be pointed out that certain helminth infections can in fact induce an allergic phenotype. Factors such as different parasite species, timing of infection in relation to allergic sensitization, or duration and intensity of infection may influence the association between helminth infections and the development or clinical course of allergic disease. In the present article, we review studies that have explored the interaction between helminth infections and allergy in epidemiological and experimental studies. Furthermore, the possibility of using helminths or helminth-derived molecules for the treatment of allergic diseases is discussed with a focus on evidence from clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS During the past 10 years, many exciting and important studies have found that certain helminth infections protect against the development of allergic diseases. Not surprisingly, several clinical trials investigated the effects of deliberate exposure to parasites like porcine whipworm (Trichuris suis) or hookworm (Necator americanus) to develop "helminth therapies". Although they proved to be a safe option to control aberrant inflammation, the final goal is to identify the parasite-derived immunnomodulatory molecules responsible for protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Schabussova
- Institut für Spezifische Prophylaxe und Tropenmedizin, Medizinische Universität Wien, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1090, Vienna, Austria,
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Zhan B, Beaumier CM, Briggs N, Jones KM, Keegan BP, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ. Advancing a multivalent 'Pan-anthelmintic' vaccine against soil-transmitted nematode infections. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:321-31. [PMID: 24392641 PMCID: PMC3934375 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.872035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides The Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership is developing a Pan-anthelmintic vaccine that simultaneously targets the major soil-transmitted nematode infections, in other words, ascariasis, trichuriasis and hookworm infection. The approach builds off the current bivalent Human Hookworm Vaccine now in clinical development and would ultimately add both a larval Ascaris lumbricoides antigen and an adult-stage Trichuris trichiura antigen from the parasite stichosome. Each selected antigen would partially reproduce the protective immunity afforded by UV-attenuated Ascaris eggs and Trichuris stichosome extracts, respectively. Final antigen selection will apply a ranking system that includes the evaluation of expression yields and solubility, feasibility of process development and the absence of circulating antigen-specific IgE among populations living in helminth-endemic regions. Here we describe a five year roadmap for the antigen discovery, feasibility and antigen selection, which will ultimately lead to the scale-up expression, process development, manufacture, good laboratory practices toxicology and preclinical evaluation, ultimately leading to Phase 1 clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhan
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX , USA
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12
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Acevedo N, Mohr J, Zakzuk J, Samonig M, Briza P, Erler A, Pomés A, Huber CG, Ferreira F, Caraballo L. Proteomic and immunochemical characterization of glutathione transferase as a new allergen of the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78353. [PMID: 24223794 PMCID: PMC3817249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminth infections and allergy have evolutionary and clinical links. Infection with the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides induces IgE against several molecules including invertebrate pan-allergens. These antibodies influence the pathogenesis and diagnosis of allergy; therefore, studying parasitic and non-parasitic allergens is essential to understand both helminth immunity and allergy. Glutathione transferases (GSTs) from cockroach and house dust mites are clinically relevant allergens and comparative studies between them and the GST from A. lumbricoides (GSTA) are necessary to evaluate their allergenicity. We sought to analyze the allergenic potential of GSTA in connection with the IgE response to non-parasitic GSTs. IgE to purified GSTs from Ascaris (nGSTA and rGSTA), house dust mites (rDer p 8, nBlo t 8 and rBlo t 8), and cockroach (rBla g 5) was measured by ELISA in subjects from Cartagena, Colombia. Also, multidimensional proteomic approaches were used to study the extract of A. lumbricoides and investigate the existence of GST isoforms. We found that among asthmatics, the strength of IgE levels to GSTA was significantly higher than to mite and cockroach GSTs, and there was a strong positive correlation between IgE levels to these molecules. Specific IgE to GSTA was found in 13.2% of controls and 19.5% of asthmatics. In addition nGSTA induced wheal and flare in skin of sensitized asthmatics indicating that it might be of clinical relevance for some patients. Frequency and IgE levels to GSTA were higher in childhood and declined with age. At least six GST isoforms in A. lumbricoides bind human IgE. Four isoforms were the most abundant and several amino acid substitutions were found, mainly on the N-terminal domain. In conclusion, a new allergenic component of Ascaris has been discovered; it could have clinical impact in allergic patients and influence the diagnosis of mite and cockroach allergy in tropical environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Acevedo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Jens Mohr
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Josefina Zakzuk
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Martin Samonig
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Peter Briza
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anja Erler
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies Inc., Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Christian G. Huber
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry and Bioanalytics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
- Foundation for the Development of Medical and Biological Sciences, Cartagena, Colombia
- * E-mail:
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