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English CJ, Mayr HL, Lohning AE, Reidlinger DP. The association between dietary patterns and the novel inflammatory markers platelet-activating factor and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:1371-1391. [PMID: 34651191 PMCID: PMC9086773 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Atherosclerosis is a disease of chronic inflammation. Recent research has identified 2 novel inflammatory biomarkers: platelet-activating factor (PAF) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). Diet has been proposed as a mediator of inflammation, but to date, the focus for these novel biomarkers has been on individual foods and nutrients rather than overall dietary patterns. OBJECTIVE To systematically review the literature on the association between dietary patterns and PAF and Lp-PLA2. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL literature databases were searched. DATA ANALYSIS Study quality was evaluated using the Quality Criteria Checklist. Sixteen studies (n = 4 observational and n = 12 interventional) were included and assessed for associations between dietary patterns and PAF and Lp-PLA2. CONCLUSION Study quality varied from neutral (n = 10) to positive (n = 6). Mediterranean, heart healthy, and vegetarian dietary patterns were associated with improved levels of PAF and Lp-PLA2. Conversely, Western dietary patterns were less favorable. A range of well-established, healthier dietary patterns may lower inflammation and the risk of atherosclerosis. More well-designed studies are needed to confirm these findings and identify other dietary patterns that improve inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J English
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hannah L Mayr
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina , Queensland, Australia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anna E Lohning
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dianne P Reidlinger
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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Meng XH, Li N, Zhu HT, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Plant Resources, Chemical Constituents, and Bioactivities of Tea Plants from the Genus Camellia Section Thea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5318-5349. [PMID: 30449099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tea, as one of the most popular beverages with various bioactivities, is commonly produced from the fresh leaves of two widely cultivated tea plants, Camellia sinensis and C. sinensis var. assamica. Both plants belong to the genus Camellia section Thea, which was considered to have 12 species and 6 varieties according to Min's taxonomic system. Most species, except the cultivated species, are known as wild tea plants and have been exploited and utilized to produce tea by the local people of its growing areas. Thus far, six species and varieties have been phytochemically studied, leading to the identification of 398 compounds, including hydrolyzable tannins, flavan-3-ols, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and other phenolic and related compounds. Various beneficial health effects were reported for tea and its components, involving antioxidant, antitumor, antimutagenic, antidiabetic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, etc. In this review, the geographical distribution of tea plants and the chemical constituents (1-398) reported from the genus Camellia section Thea and some tea products (green, black, oolong, and pu-erh tea) that have ever been studied between 1970 and 2018 have been summarized, taking species as the main hint, and the main biological activities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Hua Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Chong-Ren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources of West China, Kunming Institute of Botany , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Kunming , Yunnan 650201 , People's Republic of China
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3
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Yu X, He Y. Optimization of tea-leaf saponins water extraction and relationships between their contents and tea ( Camellia sinensis) tree varieties. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1734-1740. [PMID: 30258618 PMCID: PMC6145268 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Resulting from the year-on-year increase in tea plantations and the saturated consumption of tea leaves, the relative overcapacity in China's tea-leaf production appears. Discovering the new utilization of tea leaves is helpful to alleviate this phenomenon. The feasibility of extracting saponins from aged tea leaves was investigated and confirmed; three major variables in water extraction were optimized by Box-Behnken designs. The significant variable found in Box-Behnken designs, liquid-solid ratio, was went through single-variable experiments for a more accurate optimization. Seventy-five ml/g, 1 hr, and 80°C were optimal values and tea-leaf saponins yield of tea tree variety Longjing 43 reached 12.19% ± 0.0030% after optimizations, higher than the yield of tea-seed saponins from Camellia oleifera seed meals using the same extraction method (water extraction based on optimizations). According to correlation analyses, tea tree's leaf type and germination stage affected tea-leaf saponins contents positively, indicating tea trees with larger leaves and later germination stage would have a higher content of tea-leaf saponins with a higher yield of tea-leaf saponins under the same extraction method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Lan Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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4
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Yu XL, He Y. Development of a Rapid and Simple Method for Preparing Tea-Leaf Saponins and Investigation on Their Surface Tension Differences Compared with Tea-Seed Saponins. Molecules 2018; 23:E1796. [PMID: 30037015 PMCID: PMC6099727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative overcapacity in China's tea-leaf production and the potential application of tea-leaf saponins in soil remediation encouraged in-depth developments and comprehensive utilizations of tea-leaf resources. Through variables optimizations using Box⁻Behnken designs for ultrasonic power, temperature as well as ultrasonic treatment time in ultrasonic-assisted water extraction and single-variable experiments for acetone-extraction solution ratio in acetone precipitation, a rapid and simple method was developed for preparing tea-leaf saponins. Tea-leaf saponins with the concentration of 3.832 ± 0.055 mg/mL and the purity of 76.5% ± 1.13% were acquired under the optimal values of 78 w, 60 °C, 20 min and 0.1 ratio of acetone-extraction solution. Both Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra and ultraviolet (UV) spectra revealed slight composition differences between tea-leaf saponins and tea-seed saponins, while these differences were not reflected in the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the surface tension of tea-leaf saponins and tea-seed saponins, indicating there was no need to distinguish them at the CMC. Further research attention on where tea-leaf saponins were in low concentrations is deserved to discover whether they had differences in comparison with tea-seed saponins, which was beneficial to apply them in the phytoremediation of contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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5
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Yu XL, He Y. Tea saponins: effective natural surfactants beneficial for soil remediation, from preparation to application. RSC Adv 2018; 8:24312-24321. [PMID: 35539187 PMCID: PMC9082184 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra02859a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea saponins, found in Camellia plants, are natural non-ionic surfactants that offer obvious beneficial effects in soil remediation. Most tea saponins are extracted from the Camellia oleifera seed meal, with the leaves and flowers of Camellia sinensis as potential sources. Water extraction and ultrasound-assisted water extraction combined with acetone precipitation are recommended for the industrial extraction and purification of tea saponins, considering multiple factors. The detailed physical, chemical and biochemical properties of tea saponins need to be clarified, especially whether tea saponins with slightly different structures from distinct sources have different soil remediation properties. Applied in leaching remediation, phytoremediation and microbial remediation, tea saponins desorb heavy metals from contaminated soil as well as enhancing their bioavailability. Tea saponins improve the accumulation of pollutants by hyperaccumulators as well as the degradation of organic pollutants by microorganisms. Currently the mechanisms of tea saponins are not clear, although they are proven to be effective natural surfactants for the remediation of contaminated soils. This review enriches our understanding of tea saponins from various aspects and encourages further studies of industrial extraction and purification, and the field remediation mechanisms of tea saponins, making better use of Camellia plants and contributing to environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Yu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University Hangzhou P. R. China
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Cui C, Zong J, Sun Y, Zhang L, Ho CT, Wan X, Hou R. Triterpenoid saponins from the genus Camellia: structures, biological activities, and molecular simulation for structure–activity relationship. Food Funct 2018; 9:3069-3091. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00755a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the isolation, chemical identification, and biochemical activities of Camellia triterpenoid saponins, updating a previous review and encompassing all new studies through September 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Jianfa Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Rutgers University
- Food Science Department
- New Brunswick
- USA 08901-8520
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization; International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects
- School of Tea and Food Science & Technology
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- P. R. China
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7
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A Review on Platelet Activating Factor Inhibitors: Could a New Class of Potent Metal-Based Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Induce Anticancer Properties? Bioinorg Chem Appl 2017; 2017:6947034. [PMID: 28458618 PMCID: PMC5387815 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6947034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this minireview, we refer to recent results as far as the Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) inhibitors are concerned. At first, results of organic compounds (natural and synthetic ones and specific and nonspecific) as inhibitors of PAF are reported. Emphasis is given on recent results about a new class of the so-called metal-based inhibitors of PAF. A small library of 30 metal complexes has been thus created; their anti-inflammatory activity has been further evaluated owing to their inhibitory effect against PAF in washed rabbit platelets (WRPs). In addition, emphasis has also been placed on the identification of preliminary structure-activity relationships for the different classes of metal-based inhibitors.
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8
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Mura E, Yagi M, Kizaki Y, Matsumiya K, Matsumura Y, Hayashi Y. Analysis of Active Components on Oral Fat Sensations in Oolong Tea. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.23.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Mura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd
| | - Minako Yagi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
| | - Yuki Kizaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University
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9
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Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Tea Saponin and Its Application on Cleaning of Historic Silks. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-013-1523-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Ribeiro BD, Coelho MAZ, Rebelo LPN, Marrucho IM. Ionic Liquids as Additives for Extraction of Saponins and Polyphenols from Mate (Ilex paraguariensis) and Tea (Camellia sinensis). Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie400529h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo D. Ribeiro
- Escola de Química Universidade, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598 Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Alice Z. Coelho
- Escola de Química Universidade, Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21941-598 Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luis Paulo N. Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Marrucho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química
e Biologica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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11
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Zhao P, Gao DF, Xu M, Shi ZG, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. Triterpenoid Saponins from the Genus Camellia. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1931-42. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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12
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Ling TJ, Wan XC, Ling WW, Zhang ZZ, Xia T, Li DX, Hou RY. New triterpenoids and other constituents from a special microbial-fermented tea-Fuzhuan brick tea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:4945-50. [PMID: 20307093 DOI: 10.1021/jf9043524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Fuzhuan brick tea, a special microbial-fermented tea prepared from the leaves of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis, is a traditional beverage used in China throughout history. Phytochemical investigation of this material led to the identification of three new triterpenoids, 3beta,6alpha,13beta-trihydroxyolean-7-one (1), 3beta-acetoxy-6alpha,13beta-dihydroxyolean-7-one (2), and 3beta-O-(8-hydroxyoctanoyl)-12-oleanene (3), together with 11 known compounds, friedelin (4), beta-amyrone (5), beta-amyrin (6), alpha-spinasterone (7), alpha-spinasterol (8), 22,23-dihydro-alpha-spinasterone (9), 22,23-dihydro-alpha-spinasterol (10), alpha-phytol (11), alpha-tocopherol (12), alpha-tocoquinone (13), and caffeine (14). The structures of 1-13 were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Compounds 1 and 2 are the first two examples of triterpenoids possessing a 6-hydroxy-7-one function. All of the compounds, except 6, 8, 10, 11, and 14, were isolated from tea and Camellia spp. for the first time. The antibacterial activities of 1 were assessed against some enteric pathogenic microbes. Compound 1 showed no cytotoxic activity against A-549, Bel-7402, and HCT-8 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jun Ling
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Horticulture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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13
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Ueda M, Furuyashiki T, Yamada K, Aoki Y, Sakane I, Fukuda I, Yoshida KI, Ashida H. Tea catechins modulate the glucose transport system in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Food Funct 2010; 1:167-73. [DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00105h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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14
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Quantitative analysis of saponins in a tea-leaf extract and their antihypercholesterolemic activity. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2009; 73:1513-9. [PMID: 19584556 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel simple method using liquid chromatography/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC/TOF-MS) and LC/UV was established for the quantification of saponins in an extract from green tea leaves. The amount of saponins in a fraction with high in vitro antihypercholesterolemic activity, Fr2-3, was determined to be 72%. An in vivo experiment showed that the addition of 0.5% Fr2-3 to a high-cholesterol diet suppressed the increase in serum cholesterol levels in rats. Fr2-3 induced a decrease in the liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels and an increase in the fecal excretion of cholesterol. These results indicate tea-leaf saponins to be the active components in Fr2-3 and that these saponins exhibited antihypercholesterolemic activity by inhibiting cholesterol absorption in the intestines.
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Morikawa T, Nakamura S, Kato Y, Muraoka O, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. XXVIII. New Triterpene Saponins, Foliatheasaponins I, II, III, IV, and V, from Tencha (the Leaves of Camellia sinensis). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007; 55:293-8. [PMID: 17268104 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.55.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
New triterpene saponins, foliatheasaponins I-V, were isolated from the methanolic extract of Tencha [the leaves of Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE (Theaceae)]. The chemical structures of these new saponins were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Among the new saponins, foliatheasaponins II and III, were found to inhibit release of beta-hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-induced degranulation, in RBL-2H3 cells.
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MATSUI Y, KUMAGAI H, MASUDA H. Antihypercholesterolemic Activity of Catechin-free Saponin-rich Extract from Green Tea Leaves. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2006. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.12.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Yoshikawa M, Morikawa T, Yamamoto K, Kato Y, Nagatomo A, Matsuda H. Floratheasaponins A-C, acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides with anti-hyperlipidemic activities from flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis). JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:1360-5. [PMID: 16180814 DOI: 10.1021/np0580614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The methanolic extract and its n-butanol-soluble fraction from the flowers of the tea plant (Camellia sinensis) were found to suppress serum triglyceride elevation in olive oil-treated mice. From the n-butanol-soluble fraction, three new acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, floratheasaponins A-C (1-3), were isolated together with several flavonol glycosides and catechins. The structures of 1-3 were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence as 21-O-angeloyl-22-O-acetyltheasapogenol B 3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, 21,22-di-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol 3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, and 21-O-angeloyl-22-O-2-methylbutyryl-R1-barrigenol 3-O-[beta-D-galactopyranosyl(1-->2)][beta-D-xylopyranosyl(1-->2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl(1-->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid, respectively. Floratheasaponins (1-3) showed inhibitory effects on serum triglyceride elevation, with their activities being more potent than those of theasaponins E1 (4) and E2 (5) obtained previously from the seeds of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Yoshikawa
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
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Kurita T, Miyagishima A, Nozawa Y, Sadzuka Y, Sonobe T. A dosage design of mitomycin C tablets containing finely powdered green tea. Int J Pharm 2004; 275:279-83. [PMID: 15081158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a method of preparing finely powdered green tea (PT), powder characteristics and release profiles of green tea components from PT. In this study, we performed formulation studies of PT tablets containing mitomycin C (MMC), expecting its combined antitumor effects with mitomycin C and green tea components. The hardness of PT tablets was low (22-50 N) and the disintegration time was about 180 min regardless of hardness or tabletting pressure (15-200 MPa). Perfiller-101 improved tablet characteristics practically into 90 N of hardness and 18.5 min of disintegration time. Release rates of MMC, caffeine and EGCG from the tablets were similar, and depended on the disintegration time. PT and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) increased significantly in MMC uptake in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells as compared with the control dose-dependently in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takurou Kurita
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
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Lu Y, Umeda T, Yagi A, Sakata K, Chaudhuri T, Ganguly DK, Sarma S. Triterpenoid saponins from the roots of tea plant (Camellia sinensis var. assamica). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 53:941-946. [PMID: 10820808 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(99)00559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Three olean-12-ene type triterpenoid saponins, named TR-saponins A, B and C, were isolated as methyl esters from tea roots (Camellia sinesis var. assamica) after treatment with diazomethane. Their structures were established as the methyl esters of 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21, 22-di-O-angeloyl-R1-barrigenol-23-oic acid, 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-angeloyl-22-O-2-me thylbutanoyl-R1- barrigenol-23-oic acid and 3-O-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyl (1-->3)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-16 alpha-O-acetyl-21-O-angeloyl-22-O-2-methylbutanoyl-R1-bar rigenol-23-oic acid, by extensive 1D and 2D-NMR as well as FABMS and HR-MS analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lu
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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Sugiyama K, He P, Wada S, Saeki S. Teas and other beverages suppress D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in rats. J Nutr 1999; 129:1361-7. [PMID: 10395599 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.7.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the effects of various types of beverages (teas, coffee, and cocoa) on D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by measuring plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in 7-wk-old male Wistar rats. The effects of five fractions extracted with different organic solvents from green tea, different types of dietary fibers, and some short chain fatty acids were also investigated. All of the beverages tested significantly suppressed D-galactosamine-induced enhancement of plasma enzyme activities when powdered beverages were added to the diet (30 g/kg) and fed to rats for 2 wk. Plasma ALT activities were 1155 +/- 82 [micromol/(min.L), control], 289 +/- 61 (green tea), 626 +/- 60 (roasted green tea), 471 +/- 84 (puerh tea), 676 +/- 69 (oolon tea), 423 +/- 76 (black tea), 829 +/- 53 (coffee), and 885 +/- 89 (cocoa). The profile of AST activities was similar. The caffeine-containing fraction from green tea had no significant effect, whereas the other four fractions, including the soluble fiber fraction, significantly suppressed liver injury. In addition to tea fibers, many other types of dietary fiber (hemicellulose, chitin, chitosan, alginate, pectin, guar gum, glucomannan, and inulin, but not cellulose) had liver injury-preventive effects when added to the diet (30 g/kg), suggesting that liver injury-prevention may be one of the general effects of dietary fibers. Of three short-chain fatty acids tested (acetate, propionate, and butyrate), only acetate prevented liver injury when added to the diet (15 g/kg), supporting the possibility that the liver injury-preventive effect of dietary fibers may be mediated at least in part by certain organic acids. These results suggest that several beverages possess preventive effects on certain types of liver injury, such as that induced by D-galactosamine, and that different constituents of high and low molecular weights contribute to the liver injury-preventive effects of green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sugiyama
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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