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Anticancer and Immunomodulatory Benefits of Taro ( Colocasia esculenta) Corms, an Underexploited Tuber Crop. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010265. [PMID: 33383887 PMCID: PMC7795958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taro corms contain valuable bioactive molecules effective against cancer and cancer-related risk factors, such as carcinogens and biological agents, several pathophysiological conditions, including oxidative stress and inflammation, while controlling metabolic dysfunctions and boosting the immunological response. Such broad effects are achieved by the taro health-influencing compounds displaying antitumoral, antimutagenic, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. Taro bioactivities are attributed to the combination of tarin, taro-4-I polysaccharide, taro polysaccharides 1 and 2 (TPS-1 and TPS-2), A-1/B-2 α-amylase inhibitors, monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDGs), digalactosyldiacylglycerols (DGDGs), polyphenols, and nonphenolic antioxidants. Most of these compounds have been purified and successfully challenged in vitro and in vivo, proving their involvement in the aforementioned activities. Although these health-promoting effects have been recognized since ancient times, as well as other valuable features of taro for food profit, such as hypo-allergenicity, gluten-free, and carbohydrates with medium-glycemic index, taro crop remains underexploited. The popularization of taro intake should be considered a dietary intervention strategy to be applied to improve the overall health status of the organism and as supportive therapy to manage tumorigenesis.
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Nakamura Y, Hasegawa Y, Shirota K, Suetome N, Nakamura T, Chomnawang MT, Thirapanmethee K, Khuntayaporn P, Boonyaritthongchai P, Wongs-Aree C, Okamoto S, Shigeta T, Matsuo T, Park EY, Sato K. Differentiation-inducing effect of piperitenone oxide, a fragrant ingredient of spearmint (Mentha spicata), but not carvone and menthol, against human colon cancer cells. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Nunes RDS, Kahl VFS, Sarmento MDS, Richter MF, Costa-Lotufo LV, Rodrigues FAR, Abin-Carriquiry JA, Martinez MM, Ferronatto S, Ferraz ADBF, da Silva J. Antigenotoxicity and antioxidant activity of Acerola fruit (Malpighia glabra L.) at two stages of ripeness. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 66:129-135. [PMID: 21503669 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of acerola fruit at two stages of ripeness were investigated using mice blood cells. The results show that no ripeness stage of acerola extracts presented any genotoxic potential to damage DNA (Comet assay) or cytotoxicity (MTT assay). When antigenotoxic activity was analyzed, unripe fruit presented higher DNA protection than ripe fruit (red color) extract. The antioxidant capacity of substances also showed that unripe samples inhibit the free radical DPPH more significantly than the ripe ones. The results about determination of compounds made using HPLC showed that unripe acerola presents higher levels of vitamin C as compared to ripe acerola. Thus, vitamin C and the complex mixture of nutrients of Malpighia glabra L., and especially its ripeness stages, influenced the interaction of the fruit extract with the DNA. Acerola is usually consumed when ripe (red fruit), although it is the green fruit (unripe) that has higher potential as beneficial to DNA, protecting it against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta da Silva Nunes
- Laboratório de Genética Toxicológica-Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Toxicologia Aplicada, Universidade Luterana do Brasil, 92425-900, Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Abstract
The use of herbal remedies individually or in combination with standard medicines has been used in various medical treatises for the cure of different diseases. Pumpkin is one of the well-known edible plants and has substantial medicinal properties due to the presence of unique natural edible substances. It contains several phyto-constituents belonging to the categories of alkaloids, flavonoids, and palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids. Various important medicinal properties including anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and others have been well documented. The purpose of the present article is to discuss various medicinal and biological potentials of pumpkin that can impart further research developments with this plant for human health benefits.
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Nakamura Y, Watanabe S, Kageyama M, Shirota K, Shirota K, Amano H, Kashimoto T, Matsuo T, Okamoto S, Park EY, Sato K. Antimutagenic; differentiation-inducing; and antioxidative effects of fragrant ingredients in Katsura-uri (Japanese pickling melon; Cucumis melo var. conomon). MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 703:163-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Negi PS, Jayaprakasha GK, Jena BS. Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities of the Extracts from the Fruit Rinds ofGarcinia cowa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10942910903050383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Hung YH, Wang YJ, Chou CC. Antimutagenic activity of Aspergillus awamori-fermented black soybean response to simulated digestive juice treatments and its antimutagenic mechanisms. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nakamura Y, Nakayama Y, Ando H, Tanaka A, Matsuo T, Okamoto S, Upham BL, Chang CC, Trosko JE, Park EY, Sato K. 3-Methylthiopropionic acid ethyl ester, isolated from Katsura-uri (Japanese pickling melon, Cucumis melo var. conomon), enhanced differentiation in human colon cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:2977-84. [PMID: 18426216 PMCID: PMC2435010 DOI: 10.1021/jf072898i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The fully ripened fruit of Katsura-uri Japanese pickling melon ( Cucumis melo var. conomon) has rarely been used for food because the midripened fruit is utilized for making pickles, but the fully ripened fruit is no longer valuable for pickles due to the fruit body being too soft. We have considered the utilization of the fully ripened Katsura-uri fruit that may be used for nonpickling products, particularly if the fully ripened fruit demonstrated health benefits such as anticarcinogenic properties. The phytochemical extract from the fully ripened fruit of Katsura-uri Japanese pickling melon was purified via a bioassay-guided fractionation scheme, which was based on the induction of differentiation in a RCM-1 human colon cancer cell line. On the criteria of two differentiation markers (duct formation and alkaline phosphatase activity), the most potent fraction contained a compound identified as 3-methylthiopropionic acid ethyl ester, based on GC retention time, EI-MS, (1)H NMR, and (13)C NMR spectra. Previously, the role of 3-methylthiopropionic acid ethyl ester was considered as an odor producing compound in many fruits, but this study indicates potential medical benefits of this compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Nakamura
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutritional Health, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo-Hangi, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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Nakamura Y, Matsuo T, Okamoto S, Nishikawa A, Imai T, Park EY, Sato K. Antimutagenic and Anticarcinogenic Properties of Kyo-yasai, Heirloom Vegetables in Kyoto. Genes Environ 2008. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.30.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu SC, Yen GC, Wang BS, Chiu CK, Yen WJ, Chang LW, Duh PD. Antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities of pu-erh tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Serrano J, Goñi I, Saura-Calixto F. Food antioxidant capacity determined by chemical methods may underestimate the physiological antioxidant capacity. Food Res Int 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Caili F, Huan S, Quanhong L. A review on pharmacological activities and utilization technologies of pumpkin. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2006; 61:73-80. [PMID: 16758316 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-006-0016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dietary plants and herbal preparations have been traditionally used as medicine in developing countries and obtained a resurgence of use in the United States and Europe. Research carried out in last few decades has validated several such claims of use of traditional medicine plants. Popularity of pumpkin in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antitumor, immunomodulation, antibacterial, antihypercholesterolemia, intestinal antiparasitia, antiinflammation, antalgic) focused the investigators' attention on this plant. Considerable evidence from several epidemiological studies concerning bioactivities leads have stimulated a number of animal model, cell culture studies and clinical trials designed to test this pharmacological actions. In addition, it was found that technologies such as germination and fermentation could reduce antinutritional materials and affect the pharmacological activities of pumpkin. This review will focus on the main medicinal properties and technologies of pumpkin, and point out areas for future research to further elucidate mechanisms whereby this compound may reduce disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Caili
- College of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering, China Agriculture University, Beijing 100083, China
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Sato I, Suzuki T, Kobayashi H, Tsuda S. Antioxidative and Antigenotoxic Effects of Japanese Horse Chestnut (Aesculus turbinata) Seeds. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:731-4. [PMID: 16082125 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese horse chestnut seed extract (HCSE) dose-dependently inhibited the autooxidation of linoleic acid (IC(50): 0.2 mg/ml), and the inhibition was almost complete at a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The HCSE scavenged DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and superoxide anions with EC(50)s of 0.65 and 0.21 mg/ml, respectively. However, it had no effect on hydrogen peroxide. The HCSE inhibited the genotoxicities of furylfuramide, N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, methyl methanesulfonate, mitomycin C, 2-aminoanthracene and aflatoxin B1 at a concentration of 1 mg/ml or more. Total polyphenol content of the HCSE was 21 mg/g (13 mg/g-seeds). These results indicate that the Japanese horse chestnut seed is an antioxidative and antimutagenic botanical resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Sato
- Laboratories of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Japan
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Jeong JH, Kim HJ, Lee TJ, Kim MK, Park ES, Choi BS. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate attenuates neuronal damage induced by 3-hydroxykynurenine. Toxicology 2004; 195:53-60. [PMID: 14698567 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3-Hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), which is an endogenous metabolite of tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway, is a potential neurotoxin in several neurodegenerative disorders. Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), a major compound of green tea, is recognized as a promising natural substance for protection against neuronal diseases. This study investigated the possible protective roles and mechanism of EGCG, against 3-HK-induced cell death. It was found that 3-HK induces neuronal cell death in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. The reduced cell viability produced characteristic features such as cell shrinkages, plasma membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and nuclear fragmentation. The cells treated with 3-HK showed an increase in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as in caspase activity. In addition, both are involved in the 3-HK-induced apoptosis. EGCG attenuated the cell viability reduction by 3-HK in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. Optical microscopy showed that EGCG inhibited the cell morphological features in the 3-HK-treated cells. Furthermore, the increase in the ROS concentration and the caspase activities by 3-HK were also attenuated by EGCG. These results showed that EGCG has a protective effect on the 3-HK induced cell death by inhibiting ROS production and caspase activity. The results suggest that EGCG might be a promising protective substance against the neuronal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, Chung Ang University, 221 Heuksuk-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
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Yen GC, Chen HY, Peng HH. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of emerging edible plants. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:1045-53. [PMID: 11527563 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates the toxic, mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of emerging edible plants that are consumed as new leafy vegetables in Taiwan. Among eight plant extracts, only the extracts of Sol (Solanum nigrum L.) showed cytotoxicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the absence of S9 mix. The toxicity of extracts from different parts of the Sol plant, such as leaf and stem, immature fruit and mature fruit, towards S. typhimurium TA100 and human lymphocytes was also assayed. The immature fruit extracts of Sol exhibited strong cytotoxicity with dose dependence and induced significant DNA damage in human lymphocytes based on the comet assay. However, no mutagenicity was found in eight plant extracts to TA98 or TA100 either with or without the S9 mixture. Sol and Sec [Sechium edule (Jacq.) Swartz] extracts showed the strongest inhibitory effect towards the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline (IQ) in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100; the ID(50) was less then 1 mg/plate. Cra [Crassocephalum creidioides (Benth.) S. Moore] extracts also expressed moderate antimutagenic activities towards IQ and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) either in TA98 or in TA100; the ID(50) was 1.63-2.41 mg/plate. The extracts from Bas (Basella alba L.), Bou (Boussingaultia gracilis Miers var. pseudobaselloides Bailey), Cen (Centella asiatica L. Urban), Cor (Corchorus olitorius L.) and Por (Portulaca oleracea L.) showed weak to moderate inhibition of mutagenicity of IQ. However, the potential antimutagenicity of these plant extracts towards B[a]P was weaker than that towards IQ. For a direct mutagen, 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (NQNO), only the Sol extracts showed strong inhibitory effects in the TA100 system. The antimutagenic activity of water extracts of Sec was partly reduced by heating at 100 degrees C for 20 min. The heat-stable antimutagens in Sec extracts could be produced in the plant extract preparation process. Fractions with molecular weights above 30,000 showed the strongest antimutagenicity and peroxidase activity in all the fractions of the Sec extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Yen
- Department of Food Science, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuokuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
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