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Wang Y, Zhang T, Liu R, Chang M, Wei W, Jin Q, Wang X. Reviews of medium- and long-chain triglyceride with respect to nutritional benefits and digestion and absorption behavior. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Jia M, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Ma X. Effects of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Intestinal Health of Monogastric Animals. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:777-784. [PMID: 31889482 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666191231145901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are the main form of Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs) utilized by monogastric animals. MCFAs can be directly absorbed and supply rapid energy to promote the renewal and repair of intestinal epithelial cells, maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosal barrier function, and reduce inflammation and stress. In our review, we pay more attention to the role of MCFAs on intestinal microbiota and mucosa immunity to explore MCFA's positive effect. It was found that MCFAs and their esterified forms can decrease pathogens while increasing probiotics. In addition, being recognized via specific receptors, MCFAs are capable of alleviating inflammation to a certain extent by regulating inflammation and immune-related pathways. MCFAs may also have a certain value to relieve intestinal allergy and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Unknown mechanism of various MCFA characteristics still causes dilemmas in the application, thus MCFAs are used generally in limited dosages and combined with short-chain organic acids (SOAs) to attain ideal results. We hope that further studies will provide guidance for the practical use of MCFAs in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yucheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University,
No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
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3
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Teng F, Reis MG, Yang L, Ma Y, Day L. Structural characteristics of triacylglycerols contribute to the distinct in vitro gastric digestibility of sheep and cow milk fat prior to and after homogenisation. Food Res Int 2020; 130:108911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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4
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Utama QD, Sitanggang AB, Adawiyah DR, Hariyadi P. Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification for the Synthesis of Medium-Long-Medium (MLM) Structured Lipids - A Review. Food Technol Biotechnol 2019; 57:305-318. [PMID: 31866744 PMCID: PMC6902296 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.57.03.19.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Medium-long-medium (MLM) structured lipids typically contain medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12) at sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acids (C14-C24) at sn-2 positions. They have reduced calories and are suitable for the control of obesity, lipid malabsorption and other metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the synthesis of MLM lipids by the enzymatic interesterification. It gives detailed description of biocatalysts, substrates, reactors and synthesis methods, and discusses the use of MLM lipids in food products. The information provided in this review can be considered as the current state-of-the art for developing a future strategy for the synthesis of MLM structured lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qabul Dinanta Utama
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Azis Boing Sitanggang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Dede Robiatul Adawiyah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Purwiyatno Hariyadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
- Southeast Asian Food and Agricultural Science and Technology (SEAFAST) Center, IPB University (Bogor Agricultural University), Darmaga, 16680 Bogor, Indonesia
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5
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Michalski MC, Genot C, Gayet C, Lopez C, Fine F, Joffre F, Vendeuvre JL, Bouvier J, Chardigny JM, Raynal-Ljutovac K. Multiscale structures of lipids in foods as parameters affecting fatty acid bioavailability and lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:354-73. [PMID: 23624223 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
On a nutritional standpoint, lipids are now being studied beyond their energy content and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Dietary FA are building blocks of a huge diversity of more complex molecules such as triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL), themselves organised in supramolecular structures presenting different thermal behaviours. They are generally embedded in complex food matrixes. Recent reports have revealed that molecular and supramolecular structures of lipids and their liquid or solid state at the body temperature influence both the digestibility and metabolism of dietary FA. The aim of the present review is to highlight recent knowledge on the impact on FA digestion, absorption and metabolism of: (i) the intramolecular structure of TAG; (ii) the nature of the lipid molecules carrying FA; (iii) the supramolecular organization and physical state of lipids in native and formulated food products and (iv) the food matrix. Further work should be accomplished now to obtain a more reliable body of evidence and integrate these data in future dietary recommendations. Additionally, innovative lipid formulations in which the health beneficial effects of either native or recomposed structures of lipids will be taken into account can be foreseen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Michalski
- INRA, USC1235, INSERM U1060, CarMeN laboratory, IMBL, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; CRNH Rhône-Alpes, CENS, F-69600 Oullins, France.
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6
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Hita E, Robles A, Camacho B, González PA, Esteban L, Jiménez MJ, Muñío MM, Molina E. Production of structured triacylglycerols by acidolysis catalyzed by lipases immobilized in a packed bed reactor. Biochem Eng J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Camacho F, Robles A, Camacho B, González PA, Esteban L, Molina E. Modeling of the kinetic for the acidolysis of different triacylglycerols and caprylic acid catalyzed by Lipozyme IM immobilized in packed bed reactor. Chem Eng Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Vistisen B, Mu H, Høy CE. Lymphatic recovery of exogenous oleic acid in rats on long chain or specific structured triacylglycerol diets. Lipids 2007; 41:827-34. [PMID: 17152919 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-5037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Specific structured triacylglycerols, MLM (M = medium-chain fatty acid, L = long-chain fatty acid), rapidly deliver energy and long-chain fatty acids to the body and are used for longer periods in human enteral feeding. In the present study rats were fed diets of 10 wt% MLM or LLL (L = oleic acid [18:1 n-9], M = caprylic acid [8:01) for 2 wk. Then lymph was collected 24 h following administration of a single bolus of 13C-labeled MLM or LLL. The total lymphatic recovery of exogenous 18:1 n-9 24 h after administration of a single bolus of MLM or LLL was similar in rats on the LLL diet (43% and 45%, respectively). However, the recovery of exogenous 18:1 n-9 was higher after a single bolus of MLM compared with a bolus of LLL in rats on the MLM diet (40% and 24%, respectively, P = 0.009). The recovery of lymphatic 18:1 n-9 of the LLL bolus tended to depend on the diet triacylglycerol structure and composition (P= 0.07). This study demonstrated that with a diet containing specific structured triacylglycerol, the lymphatic recovery of 18:1 n-9 after a single bolus of fat was dependent on the triacylglycerol structure of the bolus. This indicates that the lymphatic recovery of long-chain fatty acids from a single meal depends on the overall long-chain fatty acid composition of the habitual diet. This could have implications for enteral feeding for longer periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Vistisen
- BioCentrum-DTU, Section of Biochemistry & Nutrition, The Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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9
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Beermann C, Winterling N, Green A, Möbius M, Schmitt JJ, Boehm G. Comparison of the structures of triacylglycerols from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil by liquid chromatography--atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry (LC-APCI-ITMS). Lipids 2007; 42:383-94. [PMID: 17406932 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-3009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The sn position of fatty acids in seed oil lipids affects physiological function in pharmaceutical and dietary applications. In this study the composition of acyl-chain substituents in the sn positions of glycerol backbones in triacylglycerols (TAG) have been compared. TAG from native and transgenic medium-chain fatty acid-enriched rape seed oil were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with online atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization ion-trap mass spectrometry. The transformation of summer rape with thioesterase and 3-ketoacyl-[ACP]-synthase genes of Cuphea lanceolata led to increased expression of 1.5% (w/w) caprylic acid (8:0), 6.7% (w/w) capric acid (10:0), 0.9% (w/w) lauric acid (12:0), and 0.2% (w/w) myristic acid (14:0). In contrast, linoleic (18:2n6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n3) levels decreased compared with the original seed oil. The TAG sn position distribution of fatty acids was also modified. The original oil included eleven unique TAG species whereas the transgenic oil contained sixty. Twenty species were common to both oils. The transgenic oil included trioctadecenoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:1/18:1) and trioctadecatrienoyl-glycerol (18:3/18:3/18:3) whereas the native oil included only the latter. The transgenic TAG were dominated by combinations of caprylic, capric, lauric, myrisitic, palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1n9), linoleic, arachidic (20:0), behenic (22:0), and lignoceric acids (24:0), which accounted for 52% of the total fat. In the original TAG palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids accounted for 50% of the total fat. Medium-chain triacylglycerols with capric and lauric acids combined with stearic, oleic, linoleic, alpha-linolenic, arachidic, and gondoic acids (20:1n9) accounted for 25% of the transgenic oil. The medium-chain fatty acids were mainly integrated into the sn-1/3 position combined with the essential linoleic and alpha-linolenic acids at the sn-2 position. Eight species contained caprylic, capric, and lauric acids in the sn-2 position. The appearance of new TAG in the transgenic oil illustrates the extensive effect of genetic modification on fat metabolism by transformed plants and offers interesting possibilities for improved enteral applications.
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Zheng CT, Jørgensen H, Høy CE, Jakobsen K. Effects of increasing dietary concentrations of specific structured triacylglycerides on performance and nitrogen and energy metabolism in broiler chickens. Br Poult Sci 2007; 47:180-9. [PMID: 16641029 DOI: 10.1080/00071660600610930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Specific structured triacylglycerides (STG) containing medium chain fatty acids in sn-1,3 positions and a long chain fatty acid in sn-2 position were prepared from rapeseed oil and capric acid (C10:0). A total of 80 female broiler chickens (Ross 208) were randomly allocated into five dietary treatments as two series of 40 chicks: a basal diet with graded levels of STG of 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 g/kg diet at the expense of rapeseed oil were fed to the chickens in groups of four. At 12 d of age the chickens were placed pair-wise in metabolism cages. The grower period (d 13-36) was divided into four consecutive balance periods each of 6 d. Two 24 h measurements of gas exchange in two open-air circuit respiration chambers were performed during the second and third day of each balance period. During the whole experiment there was a negative effect of the inclusion of STG on average feed intake. However, this only slightly affected average daily weight gain. Feed conversion efficiency improved linearly with the inclusion level of STG. Daily gain adjusted to mean daily feed intake increased linearly with inclusion rate of STG, indicating that the weight gain was affected by both feed intake and the enhancing effect on digestibility of STG. Weight of small intestine and colon decreased with increasing inclusion of STG. Utilisation of dietary protein relative to intake increased while that of retained fat tended to decrease resulting in a decreased utilisation of metabolisable energy (RE/ME) in birds receiving STG. Heat production (HE) was slightly lower in the STG groups. More of the dietary fat was oxidised when more STG was added, although the total amount of fat in the diets was kept constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-T Zheng
- Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Research Centre Foulum, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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11
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Mu H, Porsgaard T. The metabolism of structured triacylglycerols. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:430-48. [PMID: 16269186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The triacylglycerol (TAG) structure in addition to the overall fatty acid profile is of importance when considering the nutritional effect of a dietary fat. This review aims at summarizing our current knowledge of the digestion, absorption, uptake, and transport of structured TAGs, with particular emphasis on the following aspects: gastric emptying, specificity of pancreatic lipase, lymphatic transport and clearance of chylomicrons, effects of lipid structure on tissue lipid compositions and the fecal loss of fats. So an overview will be provided for how the structure and fatty acid composition of TAGs affect their absorption and the distribution of the fatty acids in the body following digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Mu
- BioCentrum-DTU, Biochemistry and Nutrition Group, Center for Advanced Food Studies, The Technical University of Denmark, Building 224, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Yli-Jokipii KM, Schwab US, Tahvonen RL, Xu X, Mu H, Kallio HPT. Positional distribution of decanoic acid: effect on chylomicron and VLDL TAG structures and postprandial lipemia. Lipids 2005; 39:373-81. [PMID: 15357025 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-004-1241-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although medium-chain FA (MCFA) are mainly absorbed via the portal venous system, they are also incorporated into chylomicron TAG; therefore, the positional distribution of MCFA in TAG is likely to affect their metabolic fate. We studied chylomicron and VLDL TAG structures, as well as the magnitude of postprandial lipemia, after two oral fat loads containing decanoic acid (10:0) predominantly at the sn-1(3),2 (MML) or at the sn-1,3 positions (MLM) of TAG in a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial with 10 healthy, normal-weight volunteers. An MS-MS method was used to analyze TAG regioisomers. The position of decanoic acid in chylomicron TAG reflected its position in the TAG ingested, and TAG with none, one, two, or three decanoic acid residues were detected after ingestion of both fats. More (P < 0.05) 30:0 and 38:1 TAG (acyl carbons:double bonds) and fewer 46:5, 54:5, and 54:4 TAG were found in chylomicrons after ingestion of MML than after MLM. The VLDL TAG composition did not differ between the fat loads but did change (P < 0.05) 2 to 6 h after ingestion of both fats. No statistical differences were seen between the fat loads in areas under the plasma, chylomicron, or VLDL TAG response curves or in FFA concentrations. Thus, the positional distribution of MCFA in TAG affects their metabolic fate, but the magnitude of postprandial lipemia does not seem to be dependent on the positional distribution of MCFA in the ingested fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa M Yli-Jokipii
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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13
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Vistisen B, Mu H, Høy CE. Recoveries of rat lymph FA after administration of specific structured 13C-TAG. Lipids 2003; 38:903-11. [PMID: 14584597 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-003-1143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the specific structured TAG MLM [where M = caprylic acid (8:0) and L = linoleic acid (18:2n-6)] is the simultaneous delivery of energy and EFA. Compared with long-chain TAG (LLL), they may be more rapidly hydrolyzed and absorbed. This study examined the lymphatic recoveries of intragastrically administered L*L*L*, M*M*M*, ML*M, and ML*L* (where * = 13C-labeled FA) in rats. Lymph lipids were separated into lipid classes and analyzed by GC combustion isotope ratio MS. The recoveries of lymph TAG 18:2n-6 8 h after administration of L*L*L*, ML*M, and ML*L* were 38.6, 48.4, and 49.1%, respectively, whereas after 24 h the recoveries were approximately 50% in all experimental groups. The exogenous contribution to lymph TAG 18:2n-6 was approximately 80 and 60% at maximum absorption of the specific structured TAG and L*L*L*, respectively, 3-6 h after administration. The tendency toward more rapid recovery of exogenous long-chain FA following administration of specific structured TAG compared with long-chain TAG was probably due to fast hydrolysis. The lymphatic recovery of 8:0 was 2.2% 24 h after administration of M*M*M*. This minor lymphatic recovery of exogenous 8:0 was probably due to low stimulation of chylomicron formation. These results demonstrate tendencies toward faster lymphatic recovery of long-chain FA after administration of specific structured TAG compared with long-chain TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Vistisen
- BioCentrum-DTU, Section of Biochemistry & Nutrition, The Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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Nagao K, Sato M, Takenaka M, Ando M, Iwamoto M, Imaizumi K. Feeding unsaponifiable compounds from rice bran oil does not alter hepatic mRNA abundance for cholesterol metabolism-related proteins in hypercholesterolemic rats. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:371-7. [PMID: 11302171 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The hypocholesterolemic effect of rice bran oil (RBO) is defined in human and animal experiments which indicate the presence of active component(s) in the unsaponifiable fraction, but the detailed mechanism is not known yet. Exogenously hypercholesterolemic (ExHC) rats were fed for 2 weeks on a 0.5% cholesterol diet supplemented with 10% each of RBO, RBO-simulated oil (RBOSO) in its fatty acid composition, or RBOSO plus 0.25% unsaponifiable compounds (UC) from RBO. Rats fed RBO or the UC resulted in lowing serum and liver cholesterol concentration and preventing reduction of high density lipoproteinic-cholesterol. Dietary RBO or the UC led to an elevation of fecal neutral sterol excretion, but no significant change in fecal bile acid excretion or in hepatic abundance of mRNAs for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, cholesterol-7alpha-hydroxylase, and low density lipoprotein receptor. Besides, serum and liver alpha-tocopherol concentrations were lowered in RBO or the UC-fed rats. These results show that the UC in RBO leads to a decreased serum cholesterol concentration by interrupting the absorption of intestinal hydrophobic compounds rather than by modifying cholesterol metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagao
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Graduate School Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Carvajal O, Nakayama M, Kishi T, Sato M, Ikeda I, Sugano M, Imaizumi K. Effect of medium-chain fatty acid positional distribution in dietary triacylglycerol on lymphatic lipid transport and chylomicron composition in rats. Lipids 2000; 35:1345-51. [PMID: 11201996 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to examine if the positional distribution of medium-chain fatty acid (MCF) in dietary synthetic fat influences lymphatic transport of dietary fat and the chemical composition of chylomicrons in rats with permanent cannulation of thoracic duct. Four types of synthetic triacylglycerol were prepared: (i) sn-1 (3) MCF-sn 2 linoleic acid, (ii) interesterified sn-1(3) MCF-sn 2 linoleic acid, (iii) sn-2 MCF-sn-1(3) linoleic acid, and (iv) interesterified sn-2 MCF-sn-1(3) linoleic acid. A purified diet composed of equal amounts of the synthetic fat and cocoa butter was given to rats with permanent lymph duct cannulation. The positional distribution of MCF in the dietary fat had no significant effect on the lymph flow, triacylglycerol output, phospholipid output, lipid composition of chylomicrons, or the particle size. The positional distribution of MCF in the synthetic triacylglycerol was maintained in the chylomicron triacylglycerol. These results showed that MCF in the dietary triacylglycerol is transported into lymphatics and the positional distribution is well preserved in chylomicron triacylglycerol.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Carvajal
- Division of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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